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List of pinnipeds

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Five pinniped species, clockwise from top left: New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri), southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina), Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus), walrus (Odobenus rosmarus), and grey seal (Halichoerus grypus)
Combined range of all pinnipeds

Pinnipedia is an infraorder of mammals in the order Carnivora, composed of seals, sea lions, and the walrus. A member of this group is called a pinniped or a seal.[a] They are widespread throughout the ocean and some larger lakes, primarily in colder waters. Pinnipeds range in size from the 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) and 50 kg (110 lb) Baikal seal to the 6 m (20 ft) and 3,700 kg (8,200 lb) male southern elephant seal, which is also the largest member of Carnivora.[1] Several species exhibit sexual dimorphism, such as the southern elephant seal, where the males can be more than three times as long and six times as massive as the females, or the Ross seal, which has females typically larger than the males. Four seal species are estimated to have over one million members, while seven are classified as endangered with population counts as low as 300, and two, the Caribbean monk seal and the Japanese sea lion, went extinct in the 20th century.

The 34 extant species of Pinnipedia are split into 22 genera within 3 families: Odobenidae, comprising the walrus; Otariidae, the eared seals, split between the sea lions and fur seals; and Phocidae, the earless or true seals. Odobenidae and Otariidae are combined into the superfamily Otarioidea, with Phocidae in Phocoidea. Extinct species have also been placed into the three extant families, as well as the extinct family Desmatophocidae, though most extinct species have not been categorized into a subfamily. Nearly one hundred extinct Pinnipedia species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.

Conventions

IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (2 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (0 species)
 EN Endangered (7 species)
 VU Vulnerable (3 species)
 NT Near threatened (1 species)
 LC Least concern (23 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the pinniped's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification

The infraorder Pinnipedia consists of 3 families containing 34 extant species belonging to 22 genera and divided into 48 extant subspecies, as well the extinct Caribbean monk seal and Japanese sea lion species, which are the only pinniped species to go extinct since prehistoric times. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species.

Pinnipedia  

Pinnipeds

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis. This includes splitting the monk seal genus Monachus into Monachus and Neomonachus, the reorganization of grey seal subspecies, and the removal of the Laptev walrus subspecies.[2][3][4]

Family Odobenidae

Main article: Odobenidae
Genus Odobenus – Brisson, 1762 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Walrus

Brown walrus

O. rosmarus
Linnaeus, 1758

Two subspecies
  • O. r. rosmarus (Atlantic walrus)
  • O. r. divergens (Pacific walrus)
Arctic Ocean and subarctic seas
Map of range 		Size: Male: 270–356 cm (106–140 in) long; 800–1,700 kg (1,764–3,748 lb)
Female: 225–312 cm (89–123 in) long; 400–1,250 kg (882–2,756 lb)[5]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, coastal marine, and other[6]

Diet: Primarily eats bivalve mollusks, as well as other invertebrates, slow-moving fish, and occasionally birds, seals, and other marine mammals[6] 		 VU 


112,500 Unknown[6]

Family Otariidae

Main article: Otariidae
Genus Arctocephalus – Geoffroy, F. Cuvier, 1826 – eight species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Antarctic fur seal

Brown and gray seal

A. gazella
Peters, 1875 		Subantarctic islands
Map of range 		Size: Male: 180 cm (71 in) long; 130–200 kg (287–441 lb)
Female: 120–140 cm (47–55 in) long; 22–50 kg (49–110 lb)[7]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[7]

Diet: Eats krill, cephalopods, fish, and penguins[7] 		 LC 


700,000–1,000,000 Population declining[7]

Brown fur seal

Brown and gray seal

A. pusillus
Schreber, 1775

Two subspecies
  • A. p. pusillus
  • A. p. doriferus
Southern African and Australian coasts (dark blue indicates breeding grounds)
Map of range 		Size: Male: 201–227 cm (79–89 in) long; 218–360 kg (481–794 lb)
Female: 136–171 cm (54–67 in) long; 41–113 kg (90–249 lb)[8]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[8]

Diet: Eat a wide variety of fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans, and sometimes African penguins and other seabirds[8] 		 LC 


1,060,000 Population increasing[8]

Galápagos fur seal

Brown and gray seal

A. galapagoensis
Heller, 1904 		Galápagos Islands
Map of range 		Size: Male: 150–160 cm (59–63 in) long; 60–68 kg (132–150 lb)
Female: 110–130 cm (43–51 in) long; 27–33 kg (60–73 lb)[9]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[9]

Diet: Eats small squids and a variety of fish[9] 		 EN 


10,000 Population declining[9]

Guadalupe fur seal

Gray seal

A. townsendi
Merriam, 1897 		Islands off of the southern Pacific coast of North America (dark blue indicates breeding grounds)
Map of range 		Size: Male: 180 cm (71 in) long; 160–170 kg (353–375 lb)
Female: 148 cm (58 in) long; 49 kg (108 lb)[10]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[10]

Diet: Primarily eats squid, as well as fish[10] 		 LC 


10,000 Population increasing[10]

Juan Fernández fur seal

Gray seal

A. philippii
Peters, 1866 		Islands off of the Pacific coast of South America
Map of range 		Size: Male: 150–200 cm (59–79 in) long; 140 kg (309 lb)
Female: 140 cm (55 in) long; 50 kg (110 lb)[11]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[12]

Diet: Primarily eat lanternfish, as well as a narrow range of fish from the Scomberesocidae, Carangidae, Engraulidae, and Bathylagidae families, and cephalopods[12] 		 LC 


16,000 Population increasing[12]

New Zealand fur seal

Brown and gray seal

A. forsteri
Lesson, 1828 		Southern Australian and New Zealand coasts
Map of range 		Size: Male: 150–250 cm (59–98 in) long; 120–180 kg (265–397 lb)
Female: 100–150 cm (39–59 in) long; 30–50 kg (66–110 lb)[13]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[14]

Diet: Eat a wide variety of cephalopods, fish, and birds[14] 		 LC 


100,000 Population increasing[14]

South American fur seal

Brown and gray seal

A. australis
Zimmermann, 1783

Two subspecies
  • A. a. australis
  • A. a. gracilis
Southern South American coasts
Map of range 		Size: Male: 200 cm (79 in) long; 90–200 kg (198–441 lb)
Female: 140 cm (55 in) long; 60 kg (132 lb)[15]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[15]

Diet: Primarily eat pelagic fish, demersal fish, and cephalopods[15] 		 LC 


109,500 Population increasing[15]

Subantarctic fur seal

Brown and gray seal

A. tropicalis
Gray, 1872 		Southern parts of the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans
Map of range 		Size: Male: 180 cm (71 in) long; 70–165 kg (154–364 lb)
Female: 119–152 cm (47–60 in) long; 25–67 kg (55–148 lb)[16]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[16]

Diet: Primarily eats lanternfish, cod icefish, and cephalopods, as well as crustaceans and rockhopper penguins[16] 		 LC 


200,000 Population steady[16]

Genus Callorhinus – Gray, 1859 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Northern fur seal

Brown seal

C. ursinus
Linnaeus, 1758 		Northern Pacific Ocean (dark blue indicates breeding grounds)
Map of range 		Size: Male: 213 cm (84 in) long; 180–275 kg (397–606 lb)
Female: 142 cm (56 in) long; 40–50 kg (88–110 lb)[17]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[17]

Diet: Eats a variety of epipelagic and vertically migrating mesopelagic fish and squid[17] 		 VU 


650,000 Population declining[17]

Genus Eumetopias – Gill, 1866 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Steller sea lion

Brown seal

E. jubatus
Schreber, 1776 		Northern Pacific Ocean (red indicates breeding grounds)
Map of range 		Size: Male: 300–340 cm (118–134 in) long; 1,120 kg (2,469 lb)
Female: 230–290 cm (91–114 in) long; 350 kg (772 lb)[18]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[19]

Diet: Eats a variety of fish and cephalopods, as well as northern fur seal, harbor seals, and ringed seals[19] 		 NT 


81,300 Population increasing[19]

Genus Neophoca – Gray, 1866 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Australian sea lion

Brown seal

N. cinerea
Péron, 1816 		Southwestern Australian coast
Map of range 		Size: Male: 180–250 cm (71–98 in) long; 180–250 kg (397–551 lb)
Female: 130–180 cm (51–71 in) long; 61–105 kg (134–231 lb)[20]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[20]

Diet: Eats cephalopods, fish, and crustaceans[20] 		 EN 


6,500 Population declining[20]

Genus Otaria – Péron, 1816 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
South American sea lion

Brown seal

O. flavescens
Shaw, 1800 		Southeastern and western South American coast and islands
Map of range 		Size: Male: 210–260 cm (83–102 in) long; 300–350 kg (661–772 lb)
Female: 150–200 cm (59–79 in) long; 170 kg (375 lb)[21]

Habitat: Inland wetlands, neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[21]

Diet: Eats a wide variety of benthic fish, pelagic fish, and invertebrates[21] 		 LC 


222,500 Population steady[21]

Genus Phocarctos – Peters, 1866 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
New Zealand sea lion

Brown seal

P. hookeri
Gray, 1844 		Southern New Zealand coast and islands
Map of range 		Size: Male: 210–270 cm (83–106 in) long; 300–450 kg (661–992 lb)
Female: 180–200 cm (71–79 in) long; 90–165 kg (198–364 lb)[22]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[22]

Diet: Eats a wide variety of fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans, as well as penguins[22] 		 EN 


3,000 Population declining[22]

Genus Zalophus – Gill, 1866 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
California sea lion

Brown and gray seal

Z. californianus
Lesson, 1828 		Pacific North American coast (dark blue indicates breeding grounds)
Map of range 		Size: 165–220 cm (65–87 in) long; 275–390 kg (606–860 lb)[23]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[24]

Diet: Eats a variety of fish and squid[24] 		 LC 


180,000 Population increasing[24]

Galápagos sea lion

Brown seal

Z. wollebaeki
Sivertsen, 1953 		Galápagos Islands
Map of range 		Size: Male: 200–250 cm (79–98 in) long; 200–400 kg (441–882 lb)
Female: 150–200 cm (59–79 in) long; 50–110 kg (110–243 lb)[25]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[26]

Diet: Eats sardines, as well as lanternfish, deep-sea smelt, and small squid[26] 		 EN 


9,200–10,600 Population declining[26]

Japanese sea lion†

Black and white photo of seals

Z. japonicus
Peters, 1866 		Sea of Japan Size: Male: 230–250 cm (91–98 in) long; 450–560 kg (992–1,235 lb)
Female: 160 cm (63 in) long[27]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[27]

Diet: Unknown; believed to be similar to California sea lions[27] 		 EX 


0 Population steady[27]

Family Phocidae

Main article: Phocidae
Genus Cystophora – Agardh, 1841 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Hooded seal

Yellow and black hooded seal

C. cristata
Erxleben, 1777 		Central and western North Atlantic ocean (blue indicates breeding grounds)
Map of range 		Size: Male: 250–270 cm (98–106 in) long; 200–400 kg (441–882 lb)
Female: 200–220 cm (79–87 in) long; 145–300 kg (320–661 lb)[5]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[28]

Diet: Preys on fish and invertebrates throughout the water column[28] 		 VU 


340,000 Unknown[28]

Genus Erignathus – Gill, 1866 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bearded seal

Gray seal

E. barbatus
Erxleben, 1777

Two subspecies
  • E. b. barbatus
  • E. b. nautica
Arctic ocean
Map of range 		Size: 200–260 cm (79–102 in) long; 200–360 kg (441–794 lb) tail[5]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, and intertidal marine[29]

Diet: Primarily eats crabs, shrimp, clams, snails, benthic and demersal fish, and spoon worms[29] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[29]

Genus Halichoerus – Nilsson, 1820 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Grey seal

Gray seal

H. grypus
Fabricius, 1791

Two subspecies
  • H. g. atlantica
  • H. g. grypus
Shores of the North Atlantic Ocean
Map of range 		Size: Male: 195–230 cm (77–91 in) long; 170–310 kg (375–683 lb)
Female: 165–195 cm (65–77 in) long; 105–186 kg (231–410 lb)[5]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[30]

Diet: Primarily eats benthic and demersal fish[30] 		 LC 


316,000 Population increasing[30]

Genus Histriophoca – Gill, 1873 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Ribbon seal

Black and gray seal

H. fasciata
Zimmermann, 1783 		Arctic and subarctic regions of the North Pacific Ocean (blue indicates reduced summer range)
Map of range 		Size: 165–175 cm (65–69 in) long; 72–90 kg (159–198 lb)[31]

Habitat: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[32]

Diet: Preys on fish, crustaceans, and other invertebrates[32] 		 LC 


183,000 Unknown[32]

Genus Hydrurga – Gistel, 1848 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Leopard seal

Black and gray seal

H. leptonyx
Blainville, 1820 		Antarctic Ocean
Map of range 		Size: Male: 250–320 cm (98–126 in) long; 200–455 kg (441–1,003 lb)
Female: 241–338 cm (95–133 in) long; 225–591 kg (496–1,303 lb)[5]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[33]

Diet: Primarily eats krill, fish, squid, penguins, other seabirds, and juvenile seals[33] 		 LC 


18,000 Unknown[33]

Genus Leptonychotes – Gill, 1872 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Weddell seal

Black and gray seal

L. weddellii
Lesson, 1826 		Coastal Antarctic Ocean
Map of range 		Size: 280–330 cm (110–130 in) long; 400–600 kg (882–1,323 lb)[34]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[35]

Diet: Primarily eats cod icefish, as well as Antarctic toothfish, lanternfish, and cephalopods[35] 		 LC 


300,000 Unknown[35]

Genus Lobodon – Gray, 1844 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Crabeater seal

Gray seal

L. carcinophaga
Hombron, Jacquinot, 1842 		Antarctic Ocean
Map of range 		Size: Male: 203–241 cm (80–95 in) long; 200–300 kg (441–661 lb)
Female: 216–241 cm (85–95 in) long; 200–300 kg (441–661 lb)[5]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[36]

Diet: Primarily eats Antarctic krill, as well as fish and squid[36] 		 LC 


4,000,000 Unknown[36]

Genus Mirounga – Gray, 1827 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Northern elephant seal

Gray seal

M. angustirostris
Gill, 1866 		Northeastern Pacific Ocean (red dots indicate breeding grounds)
Map of range 		Size: Male: 400–500 cm (157–197 in) long; 2,000–2,700 kg (4,409–5,952 lb)
Female: 200–300 cm (79–118 in) long; 600–900 kg (1,323–1,984 lb)[5]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[37]

Diet: Primarily eats squid, lanternfish, and other mesopelagic fish[37] 		 LC 


110,000 Population increasing[37]

Southern elephant seal

Brown seal

M. leonina
Linnaeus, 1758 		Antarctic and subantarctic region
Map of range 		Size: Male: 450–600 cm (177–236 in) long; 1,500–3,700 kg (3,307–8,157 lb)
Female: 200–300 cm (79–118 in) long; 400–600 kg (882–1,323 lb)[5]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[38]

Diet: Primarily eats lanternfish, cod icefish, and squid[38] 		 LC 


325,000 Population steady[38]

Genus Monachus – Fleming, 1822 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Mediterranean monk seal

Gray seal

M. monachus
Hermann, 1779 		Scattered portions of the Mediterranean Sea Size: 230–280 cm (91–110 in) long; 240–300 kg (529–661 lb)[39]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[40]

Diet: Eats benthic fish, pelagic fish, cephalopods, and lobsters[39][40] 		 EN 


300–500 Population increasing[40]

Genus Neomonachus – Slater, Helgen, 2014 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Caribbean monk seal†

Gray seal

N. tropicalis
Gray, 1850 		Caribbean Sea Size: 200–240 cm (79–94 in) long; 200 kg (441 lb)[5][39]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[41]

Diet: Believed to have eaten eels, lobsters, octopus, and coral reef fish[41] 		 EX 


0 Population steady[41]

Hawaiian monk seal

Gray seal

N. schauinslandi
Matschie, 1905 		Hawaiian islands
Map of range 		Size: 210–250 cm (83–98 in) long; 170–240 kg (375–529 lb)[39]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[42]

Diet: Eats benthic fish, pelagic fish, cephalopods, and lobsters[39][42] 		 EN 


600 Population decreasing[42]

Genus Ommatophoca – Gray, 1844 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Ross seal

Gray seal

O. rossii
Gray, 1844 		Coastal Antarctic Ocean
Map of range 		Size: Male: 168–208 cm (66–82 in) long; 129–216 kg (284–476 lb)
Female: 190–250 cm (75–98 in) long; 159–204 kg (351–450 lb)[5]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, and coastal marine[43]

Diet: Primarily eats squid, as well as fish and krill[43] 		 LC 


40,000 Unknown[43]

Genus Pagophilus – Gray, 1844 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Harp seal

Black and gray seal

P. groenlandicus
Erxleben, 1777

Two subspecies
  • P. g. groenlandicus
  • P. g. oceanicus
Northern Atlantic Ocean
Map of range 		Size: Male: 171–190 cm (67–75 in) long; 135 kg (298 lb)
Female: 168–183 cm (66–72 in) long; 120 kg (265 lb)[44]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[45]

Diet: Eats a wide variety of fish and invertebrates[45] 		 LC 


4,500,000 Population increasing[45]

Genus Phoca – Linnaeus, 1758 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Spotted seal

Gray seal

P. largha
Pallas, 1811 		Northern Pacific Ocean (dark areas indicate breeding grounds)
Map of range 		Size: Male: 161–176 cm (63–69 in) long; 85–110 kg (187–243 lb)
Female: 151–169 cm (59–67 in) long; 65–115 kg (143–254 lb)[39]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[46]

Diet: Eats a variety of fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans[46] 		 LC 


320,000 Unknown[46]

Harbor seal

Gray seal

P. vitulina
Gray, 1864

Five subspecies
  • P. v. concolor (Western Atlantic common seal)
  • P. v. mellonae (Ungava seal)
  • P. v. richardii (Pacific common seal)
  • P. v. stejnegeri (Insular seal)
  • P. v. vitulina (Eastern Atlantic common seal)
Northern Hemisphere coastlines
Map of range 		Size: Male: 160–186 cm (63–73 in) long; 87–170 kg (192–375 lb)
Female: 148–169 cm (58–67 in) long; 60–142 kg (132–313 lb)[39]

Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[47]

Diet: Eats a wide variety of fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans[47] 		 LC 


190,000 Population increasing[47]

Genus Pusa – Scopoli, 1771 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Baikal seal

Gray seal

P. sibirica
Gmelin, 1788 		Lake Baikal
Map of range 		Size: 110–140 cm (43–55 in) long; 50–130 kg (110–287 lb)[48]

Habitat: Inland wetlands[48]

Diet: Primarily eat sculpin fish, as well as other fish[48] 		 LC 


54,000 Population steady[48]

Caspian seal

Gray seal

P. caspica
Gmelin, 1788 		Caspian Sea
Map of range 		Size: 126–140 cm (50–55 in) long; 50–86 kg (110–190 lb)[49][50]

Habitat: Inland wetlands[49]

Diet: Eats a variety of fish[49] 		 EN 


68,000 Unknown[49]

Ringed seal

Gray seal

P. hispida
Schreber, 1775

Five subspecies
 Arctic Ocean
Map of range 		Size: 110–175 cm (43–69 in) long; 32–124 kg (71–273 lb)[51]

Habitat: Inland wetlands, neritic marine, and oceanic marine[52]

Diet: Eats a variety of invertebrates and small fish[52] 		 LC 


1,500,000 Unknown[52]

Prehistoric pinnipeds

See also: List of fossil pinnipedimorphs
Restoration of Acrophoca longirostris
Restoration of Archaeodobenus akamatsui
Restoration of Gomphotaria pugnax
Restoration of Imagotaria downsi
Restoration of Pliopedia pacifica
Restoration of Thalassoleon mexicanus

In addition to extant pinnipeds, many prehistoric species have been classified as a part of Pinnipedia. Morphogenic and molecular phylogenic research has placed them within the extant families as well as the extinct families Desmatophocidae and Panotariidae within the Otarioidea superfamily. Within Pinnipedia, prehistoric species have been placed into both extant genera and separate extinct genera. The list of fossil taxa is primarily based on the historiographical data from Valenzuela-Toro and Pyenson (2019), itself largely based on data from the Paleobiology Database, unless otherwise cited.[53] Where available, the approximate time period for the species is given in millions of years before the present (Mya), also based on data from the Paleobiology Database.[54] All listed species are extinct; where a genus or family within Pinnipedia comprises only extinct species, it is indicated with a dagger symbol †.

  • Superfamily Otarioidea
    • Family Odobenidae
      • Genus Aivukus† (7.3–5.3 Mya)
        • A. cedrosensis (7.3–5.3 Mya)
      • Genus Archaeodobenus† (12–7.2 Mya)
        • A. akamatsui (12–7.2 Mya)
      • Genus Dusignathus† (7.3–2.5 Mya)
        • D. santacruzensis (7.3–5.3 Mya)
        • D. seftoni (3.6–2.5 Mya)
      • Genus Gomphotaria† (7.3–5.3 Mya)
        • G. pugnax (7.3–5.3 Mya)
      • Genus Imagotaria† (12–10 Mya)
        • I. downsi (12–10 Mya)
      • Genus Kamtschatarctos (16–11 Mya)
        • K. sinelnikovae (16–11 Mya)
      • Genus Nanodobenus† (16–7.2 Mya)
        • N. arandai (16–7.2 Mya)
      • Genus Neotherium† (16–13 Mya)
        • N. mirum (16–13 Mya)
      • Genus Odobenus (0.79 Mya–present)
        • O. mandanoensis (0.79–0.12 Mya)
      • Genus Ontocetus† (4.9–0.012 Mya)
        • O. emmonsi (4.9–0.012 Mya)
      • Genus Osodobenus†[55]
      • Genus Pelagiarctos† (16–13 Mya)
        • P. thomasi (16–13 Mya)
      • Genus Pliopedia† (5.4–3.6 Mya)
        • P. pacifica (5.4–3.6 Mya)
      • Genus Pontolis† (12–7.2 Mya)
        • P. barroni[55]
        • P. kohnoi[55]
        • P. magnus (12–7.2 Mya)
      • Genus Proneotherium† (21–15 Mya)
        • P. repenningi (21–15 Mya)
      • Genus Protodobenus† (5.4–3.6 Mya)
        • P. japonicus (5.4–3.6 Mya)
      • Genus Prototaria† (16–13 Mya)
        • P. planicephala (16–13 Mya)
        • P. primigena (16–13 Mya)
      • Genus Pseudotaria† (12–7.2 Mya)
        • P. muramotoi (12–7.2 Mya)
      • Genus Titanotaria† (7.3–5.3 Mya)
        • T. orangensis (7.3–5.3 Mya)
      • Genus Valenictus† (5.4–1.8 Mya)
        • V. chulavistensis (4.9–1.8 Mya)
        • V. imperialensis (5.4–3.6 Mya)
    • Family Otariidae
      • Genus Callorhinus (7.3 Mya–present)
        • C. gilmorei (3.6–1.8 Mya)
        • C. inouei (7.3–3.6 Mya)
        • C. macnallyae (7.3–2.5 Mya)
      • Genus Hydrarctos† (7.3–5.3 Mya)
        • H. lomasiensis (7.3–5.3 Mya)
      • Genus Neophoca (2.6 Mya–present)
      • Genus Oriensarctos† (2.6–0.78 Mya)
        • O. watasei (2.6–0.78 Mya)
      • Genus Otaria (12 Mya–present)
        • O. fischeri (12–7.2 Mya)
      • Genus Pithanotaria† (7.3–5.3 Mya)
        • P. starri (7.3–5.3 Mya)
      • Genus Proterozetes† (0.79–0.12 Mya)
        • P. ulysses (0.79–0.12 Mya)
      • Genus Thalassoleon† (5.4–3.6 Mya)
        • T. mexicanus (5.4–3.6 Mya)
    • Family Panotariidae†
      • Genus Eotaria† (21–13 Mya)
        • E. circa (16–13 Mya)
        • E. crypta (21–13 Mya)
  • Superfamily Phocoidea
    • Family Desmatophocidae†
      • Genus Atopotarus† (21–13 Mya)
        • A. courseni (21–13 Mya)
      • Genus Allodesmus† (29–7.2 Mya)
        • A. demerei (12–7.2 Mya)
        • A. kernensis (29–13 Mya)
        • A. naorai (14–11 Mya)
        • A. packardi (16–11 Mya)
        • A. sinanoensis (14–11 Mya)
        • A. uraiporensis (16–13 Mya)
      • Genus Desmatophoca† (24–15 Mya)
        • D. brachycephala (24–20 Mya)
        • D. oregonensis (21–15 Mya)
      • Genus Eodesmus†[56]
    • Family Phocidae
      • Genus Acrophoca† (7.3–5.3 Mya)
        • A. longirostris (7.3–5.3 Mya)
      • Genus Afrophoca† (21–13 Mya)
        • A. libyca (21–13 Mya)
      • Genus Auroraphoca† (5.4–3.6 Mya)
        • A. atlantica (5.4–3.6 Mya)
      • Genus Australophoca† (12–7.2 Mya)
        • A. changorum (12–7.2 Mya)
      • Genus Batavipusa† (12–2.5 Mya)
        • B. neerlandica (12–2.5 Mya)
      • Genus Callophoca† (12–2.5 Mya)
        • C. obscura (12–2.5 Mya)
      • Genus Cryptophoca† (14–9.7 Mya)
        • C. maeotica (14–9.7 Mya)
      • Genus Devinophoca† (14–11 Mya)
        • D. claytoni (14–11 Mya)
        • D. emryi (14–11 Mya)
      • Genus Frisiphoca† (12–7.2 Mya)
        • F. aberratum (12–7.2 Mya)
        • F. affine (12–7.2 Mya)
      • Genus Gryphoca† (16–3.6 Mya)
        • G. nordica (12–3.6 Mya)
        • G. similis (16–3.6 Mya)
      • Genus Hadrokirus† (7.3–5.3 Mya)
        • H. martini (7.3–5.3 Mya)
      • Genus Histriophoca (13 Mya–present)
        • H. alekseevi (13–11 Mya)
      • Genus Homiphoca† (5.4–3.6 Mya)
        • H. capensis (5.4–3.6 Mya)
      • Genus Kawas† (12–7.2 Mya)
        • K. benegasorum (12–7.2 Mya)
      • Genus Leptophoca†
        • L. amphiatlantica
        • L. proxima (16–7.2 Mya)
      • Genus Messiphoca† (7.3–5.3 Mya)
        • M. mauretanica (7.3–5.3 Mya)
      • Genus Miophoca† (7.3–5.3 Mya)
        • M. vetusta (7.3–5.3 Mya)
      • Genus Monachopsis† (12–0.78 Mya)
        • M. pontica (12–0.78 Mya)
      • Genus Monotherium† (12–7.2 Mya)
        • M. delognii (12–7.2 Mya)
      • Genus Nanophoca† (12–3.6 Mya)
        • N. vitulinoides (12–3.6 Mya)
      • Genus Noriphoca† (24–20 Mya)
        • N. gaudini (24–20 Mya)
      • Genus Pachyphoca† (14–7.2 Mya)
        • P. chapskii (14–11 Mya)
        • P. ukrainica (12–7.2 Mya)
      • Genus Palmidophoca† (16–13 Mya)
        • P. callirhoe (16–13 Mya)
      • Genus Phoca (3.6 Mya–present)
        • P. moori (3.6–2.5 Mya)
      • Genus Phocanella† (5.4–3.6 Mya)
        • P. pumila (5.4–3.6 Mya)
      • Genus Piscophoca† (7.3–5.3 Mya)
        • P. pacifica (7.3–5.3 Mya)
      • Genus Platyphoca† (12–3.6 Mya)
        • P. danica (12–7.2 Mya)
        • P. vulgaris (5.4–3.6 Mya)
      • Genus Pliophoca† (5.4–2.5 Mya)
        • P. etrusca (5.4–2.5 Mya)
      • Genus Pontophoca†
        • P. jutlandica (12–7.2 Mya)
        • P. sarmatica (13–11 Mya)
        • P. simionescui (13–7.2 Mya)
      • Genus Praepusa†
        • P. archankutica
        • P. boeska (5.4–3.6 Mya)
        • P. magyaricus (13–11 Mya)
        • P. pannonica (13–11 Mya)
        • P. vindobonensis (14–0.78 Mya)
      • Genus Pristiphoca†
        • P. occitana (16–2.5 Mya)
        • P. rugidens
      • Genus Properiptychus† (14–11 Mya)
        • P. argentinus (14–11 Mya)
      • Genus Prophoca† (16–0.012 Mya)
        • P. rousseaui (16–0.012 Mya)
      • Genus Sarmatonectes† (13–11 Mya)
        • S. sintsovi (13–11 Mya)
      • Genus Terranectes† (12–5.3 Mya)
        • T. magnus (12–5.3 Mya)
        • T. parvus (12–5.3 Mya)
      • Genus Virginiaphoca†(12–3.6 Mya)
        • V. magurai (12–3.6 Mya)

Notes

  1. ^ "Seal" can refer to the entire pinniped infraorder, but is often also used to mean either pinnipeds with the exception of the walrus, or fur seals and true seals while excluding the walrus and sea lions.

References

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  3. ^ Olsen, M. T.; Galatius, A.; Biard, V.; Gregersen, K.; Kinze, C. C. (April 2016). "The forgotten type specimen of the grey seal [Halichoerus grypus (Fabricius, 1791)] from the island of Amager, Denmark". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 178 (3): 713–720. doi:10.1111/zoj.12426.
  4. ^ Higdon, J. W.; Stewart, D. B. (2018). State of Circumpolar Walrus Populations: Odobenus rosmarus (PDF). WWF Arctic Programme. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
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  9. ^ a b c d Trillmich, F. (2015). "Arctocephalus galapagoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T2057A45223722. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2057A45223722.en.
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  17. ^ a b c d Gelatt, T.; Ream, R.; Johnson, D. (2015). "Callorhinus ursinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T3590A45224953. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T3590A45224953.en.
  18. ^ Keranen, Danielle (2013). "Eumetopias jubatus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  19. ^ a b c Gelatt, T.; Sweeney, K. (2016). "Eumetopias jubatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8239A45225749. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T8239A45225749.en.
  20. ^ a b c d Goldsworthy, S. D. (2015). "Neophoca cinerea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T14549A45228341. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T14549A45228341.en.
  21. ^ a b c d Cárdenas-Alayza, S.; Crespo, E.; Oliveira, L. (2016). "Otaria byronia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41665A61948292. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41665A61948292.en.
  22. ^ a b c d Chilvers, B. L. (2015). "Phocarctos hookeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T17026A1306343. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T17026A1306343.en.
  23. ^ "California Sea Lion". National Geographic. 10 May 2011. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
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  25. ^ "Galapagos sea lion (Zalophus wollebaeki)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
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  27. ^ a b c d Lowry, L. (2017) [amended version of 2015 assessment]. "Zalophus japonicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T41667A113089431. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T41667A113089431.en.
  28. ^ a b c Kovacs, K. M. (2016). "Cystophora cristata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T6204A45225150. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6204A45225150.en.
  29. ^ a b c Kovacs, K. M. (2016). "Erignathus barbatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8010A45225428. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T8010A45225428.en.
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