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Nagpuri culture refers to the culture of the Nagpuria people, the native speakers of the Nagpuri language, which includes literature, festivals, folk song and dance.[1][2] It is also referred to as the culture related to the Nagpuri language.[3]

Language

Main articles: Nagpuri language and Nagpuri literature

Nagpuri is the native language of Sadan, the Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group of Chotanagpur. It is spoken in the western and central Chota Nagpur plateau region. It is spoken by around 12 million people, 5 million as a native language and 7 million as a second language.[4][5] The evidence of poetry writing in the language is from the 17th century.[6] The Nagvanshi king Raghunath Shah and Dalel Singh, the king of Ramgarh were poet.[7] Some prominent poets were Hanuman Singh, Jaigovind Mishra, Barju Ram Pathak, Ghasiram Mahli and Das Mahli.[8] Some prominent writers in modern the period are Praful Kumar Rai, Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo, Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari, Girdhari Ram Gonjhu and Sahani Upendra Pal Singh.[9]

Folk music and dance

Folk dance

Some Nagpuri folk dances are jhumair, mardani jhumair, janani jhumair, domkach, angnai, fagua, jadur, matha, natua and paiki.[10][5][11] Paiki is ceremonial martial folk dance performed in marriage and functions of Sadan community.[12][13] The musical instruments used are dhol, mandar, bansi, nagara, dhak, shehnai, khartal, and narsinga.[10][14] These musical instruments are traditionally made by Ghasi and Mahli community.[15] Akhra is important part of Nagpuri culture which where people dance in village.[16][17] Ghasi community have played important role in preservation of folk music.[18] They have been playing musical instruments in marriage ceremony.[19]

Folk song

Folk songs are songs sung by people since time immemorial. These songs are composed by different people during different periods. Nagpuri folk songs can be divided into five categories, such as Sanskar geet (ritual song), Ritu geet (seasonal song), Brat geet (Fasting song), Kria geet (work song) and Vividh geet (various songs).[20]

Sanskar geet: Sanskar geets are sung during child birth related rituals and weddings. In childbirth rituals, Sohar songs are sung. Domkach and Lahasua songs are sung during marriage.

Ritu geet: Ritu geet are seasonal songs such as Barahamasa, Fagua. Barahamasa songs describe the characteristics of different seasons. Fagua songs describe the characteristics of the spring season.

Brat geet: Brat geets are sung during festivals such as Karam, Jitiya, Deouthan, Diwali, Sarhul, Kadoleta etc.

Kria geet: Kria geet are work-related song sung during agricultural activities such as Ropni i.e sowing of rice seedlings.

Vividh geet: In this category, the songs of Jhumar, Bhajan (devotional songs), Udasi (sad song), Godna song (song during tattooing) fall.[20]

Theth Nagpuri is a genre of typical Nagpuri music which is based on traditional ragas of folk songs such as Jhumar, Pawas, Udasi and Fagua.[21] It is connected to Nagpuri tradition.[22] Notable exponent of Nagpuri folk music and dance are Govind Sharan Lohra, Mahavir Nayak and Mukund Nayak.

Cuisine

Main article: Jharkhandi cuisine

The Staple food of the region is rice. People also eat forest products such as wild flowers and fruits. Some traditional dishes are Chhilka Roti, Arsa roti, Malpua, Dhooska, Til laddu, Dudhauri etc.[23][24][25] Some traditional leafy vegetables or Saag are Khesari, Kohnda, Koinar, Methi, Munga, Poi, Putkal and Sarla saag.[26] Some wild edible wild flowers are as Jilhur phool and Sanai phool (Crotalaria juncea). Gunda is a traditional dish which is a powder of leafy vegetables which are dried and grinded and made into soup with rice water. Some Gunda are Chakod gunda, Munga Gunda and Sarla gunda etc.[27] Karil, the new bamboo shoots are edible. Some edible mushrooms are khukdi, especially the white mushroom, Putu (white puffball) and rugda (puffball), which grow during the rainy season in field and forest.[28][29][30] Mahua flower is edible and its seed used for preparation of oil.[31] The traditional alcoholic beverage are Handi, a rice bear and Mahua daru, a wine prepared by Mahua flowers. People drink it during festivals and marriage feasts.[32]

Chilka Roti, traditional bread of Chotanagpur

Clothes

The traditional clothes of Sadan are Dhoti, Sari, Kurta and Chadar. But in the modern age, shirts, pants, coats are also worn.[33]

Traditional clothes, Laal Paad, made by Chik Baraik have ritual value in marriage ceremonies.[34] People wear them at traditional festivals and functions.[35]

Festivals

Several festivals are observed by Sadans including Ashadhi Puja, Karam, Jitiya, Nawakhani, Sohrai/Diwali, Surjahi Puja, Makar Sankranti, Fagun, Bad Pahari and Sarhul.[16][36][33]

Religion

Nagpuria people follow folk tradition. The deities are Suraj (Sun), Chand (Moon), Bar Pahari (hill deity), Gaurea (pastoral deity) and Gaon khut (gaon deoti/founder of village/village deity) etc. In some festivals, people worship these deities at home themselves during festivals such as during Asari, Nawakhani, Sohrai and Fagun and rituals performed by elders. They offer grain and sacrifice animals ( especially chicken and goat) to deities and ancestors. The cooked meat and Tapan (rice bear) are distributed among family members.[37][38] Megasthenes, the Greek Ambassador to Maurya, Emperor Chandragupta Maurya, mentioned India in his book Indica. According to him, Indians make wine from rice, drink rice bear in sacrifice and mainly eat rice pottage.[39]

In the village festival, the rituals are performed by the village priest "Pahan" and his assistant "Pujar".[12][40] Sarna, the sacred grove, is a place where, according to traditional belief, the village deity resides. Pahan offer grain, and sacrifices animals to the Sun, village deity and ancestors for good harvest and safety of village in Sarna.[12] The Nagpuri religious tradition is a folk tradition and is non-vedic tradition. According to June McDaniel, folk hinduism is based on local traditions and cults of local deities and is the oldest, non-literate system. It is a pre-vedic tradition extending back to prehistoric times, or before the writting of the Vedas.[41]

During the Vedic period, Vedic religion was centred around the North-Western Indian subcontinent, particularly Kuru and Panchala Mahajanpada. Several tribes who were living on the border of Brahmanical India, including Magadha, Madra, Salva, Kikata, Nishadas and Shakya, the clan of Gautama Buddha, they were following the non-vedic culture.[42][43] Yaksha tradition existed in India was related to tutelary deity of city, lake and tree which co-existed with vedic tradition.[44][45] The influence of Vedic religion reached in the region after arrival of Brahmin during post later Vedic Period. The Nagvanshi kings constructed several temples during their reign and invited Brahmins from different parts of the country for priestly duties.[46] A Sanskrit inscription of the 9th century in Gumla district mentions the establishment of the Mahamaya temple by the king Gajghat Rai and rajguru Rastrakuta Brahmin Shianath Dev.[47] But rituals in the village are carried out by village priest Pahan.[40][48]

In 1989, the Jharkhand Co-ordination committee (JCC), who was instrumental in the demand for a separate Jharkhand state in front of the central government, also stated in their paper that Sadan may be the earliest Aryan population and could be the subcategoriable as Naga people as they differ from dominant Aryan group and did't strictly follow Brahmanical religion.[49]

Marriage tradition

Nagpuri weddings are held for several days. Prior to marriage, the groom's relatives go bride's home to see and negotiate for marriage and a token amount (bride price) is paid by the groom's family to the family of the bride as part of the marriage expenses, which is called damgani.

Some rituals of marriage are Damgani (giving bride price), panbandhi, matikoran (bringing soil for ritual), madwa and dalhardi, nahchhur, amba biha, panikotan, baraat, pairghani, sindoor dan, harin marek (hunting deer), chuman (giving gifts). There are different songs for different marriage rituals. Domkach folk dance performed during marriage. The Wedding conducted by thakur/Nai (barber). The village priest called pahan digs soil in Matikoran.[50]

The practice of bride price was mentioned in Ramayana and Mahabharata where during weddings of Kaikeyi, Gandhari and Madri, bride price was given. The practice of giving bride price was considered Asura Vivah in Smriti texts such as Grihas Sutra and Dharma Sutra.[51][52]

Traditional administrative System

In Chotoanagpur, there was a traditional administrative system to govern villages known as to the Parha system. In the Parha system, there were the posts of Mahto (village chief), Pahan (village priest), Pujar or Pani bharwa (assistant of Pahan), Bhandari (treasurer), Chowkidar (watchman), Diwan (minister) and Raja (king). During the reign of Nagvanshi, the landowners were known as Bhuinhar. Bhuinhar refers to the first people who cleared forest, built farmland and houses in a village. Sadans were in the post of Diwan, Thakur, Pandey, Karta (executive), Lal, Mahato, Pahan and Raja.[33]

The owner of lands known as Bhuinhars. Mahto made assessments and settlement of all land not held by hereditary cultivators. He collects rent. Pahan, the village priest, does all the rituals for village deities. Bhandari assists with the of rents and summoning ryots who work for farmers or Zamindars. There was Gorait, who was a messenger to Zamindar, and Kotwar, who was a police officer in each village. The village has a blacksmith and a Gowala who rear the cattle of the village.[53]

Cinema

Main article: Nagpuri cinema

Nagpuri language films have been produced since 1992. Sona Kar Nagpur (1992) was the first nagpuri film produced and directed by Dhananjay Nath Tiwari. The Nagpuri cinema faces several challenges, such as lack of funds and lack of infrastructure, as the majority of the audience reside in villages. Despite all these, several films are produced per year and few get released.[54]

See also

References

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