Oswaldo Aranha

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Oswaldo Aranha
Minister of Finance
In office
16 June 1953 – 24 August 1954
PresidentGetúlio Vargas
Preceded byHorácio Lafer
Succeeded byEugênio Gudin
In office
16 November 1931 – 24 July 1934
PresidentGetúlio Vargas
Preceded byJosé Maria Whitaker
Succeeded byArtur de Sousa Costa
Minister of Agriculture
In office
8 June 1954 – 28 June 1954
PresidentGetúlio Vargas
Preceded byJoão Cleofas de Oliveira
Succeeded byApolônio Jorge de Faria Sales
President of the United Nations General Assembly
In office
1947–1948
Preceded byPaul-Henri Spaak
Succeeded byJosé Arce
Minister of External Relations
In office
15 March 1938 – 23 August 1944
PresidentGetúlio Vargas
Preceded byMário de Pimentel Brandão
Succeeded byPedro Leão Veloso
Minister of Justice and Interior Affairs
In office
3 November 1930 – 21 December 1931
PresidentGetúlio Vargas
Preceded byAfrânio de Melo Franco
Succeeded byJoaquim Maurício Cardoso
Governor of Rio Grande do Sul
In office
9 October 1930 – 26 October 1930
Preceded byGetúlio Vargas
Succeeded bySinval Saldanha
Personal details
Born
Osvaldo Euclides de Sousa Aranha

(1894-02-15)February 15, 1894
Alegrete, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
DiedJanuary 27, 1960(1960-01-27) (aged 65)
Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Resting placeorder6
Parent
  • order6
Alma materFederal University of Rio de Janeiro Faculty of Law
OccupationDiplomat
ProfessionLawyer

Osvaldo Euclides de Sousa[1] Aranha (Portuguese pronunciation: [ozˈvawdu aˈɾaɲɐ], February 15, 1894 – January 27, 1960) was a Brazilian politician, diplomat and statesman, who came to national prominence in 1930 under Getúlio Vargas.[2]

He is known in international politics for lobbying for the creation of the State of Israel as head of the Brazilian delegation to the UN and President of the UN General Assembly in 1947.[3] As head of the Brazilian delegation, he was President of the United Nations General Assembly in 1947 during the UNGA 181 vote on the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, in which he postponed the vote for three days to ensure its passage.[4][5] For his efforts in the Palestinian situation, he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1948.[6]

Life

Osvaldo Aranha was born in Brazil in the city of Alegrete in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Aranha obtained his bachelor's degree in Law and Social Sciences through the Law School of now-called Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Faculdade de Direito do Rio de Janeiro) in 1916. After his graduation, he returned to the state of Rio Grande do Sul and practiced as a lawyer for eight years, establishing a personal and professional contact with Getulio Vargas, who also was a lawyer. His first public post was that of Assistant Police Commissioner in his native state.

Aranha fought the insurrection of 1923, deflagrated by sectors that opposed the fifth consecutive re-election of Borges de Medeiros as governor of Rio Grande do Sul. By personally commanding an irregular armed force composed by civilians, Aranha fought new uprisings promoted by the opposition in the years that led to the Revolution of 1930.

In a speedy political career, Oswaldo Aranha run for his first elective office in 1926 and was elected Mayor of Alegrete, but soon became a member of the state legislature and later elected to the National Congress in 1928.

When Vargas ran as opposition candidate for president of Brazil in 1930 and lost, Aranha joined with the tenentes to convince Vargas to organize a revolt.[2] When the revolt succeeded, Aranha took the first of several positions in the Cabinet of Brazil under now-President Vargas, heading the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Justice, and the Ministry of External Relations, among other positions.[7]

Aranha also served as Ambassador to the United States in 1934 where he gained recognition as a strong supporter of Pan-Americanism. In 1937 He returned to Brazil to head the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Dr. Aranha played a large role in the Rio de Janeiro Conference of 1942.

Support for Allies in World War II

While serving as Minister of External Relations, Brazil took part in the first three consultative meetings of the Ministers of External Relations of the American Republics which defined Pan-American policy during the early stages of World War II and worked out the recommendation for the collective severance of diplomatic relations with the Axis Powers.[8] During the 1942 Rio conference, he announced that Brazil had cut all diplomatic ties with Nazi Germany, thereby siding with the USA and its Allies. Eventually most Central and South American states did the same, with the exception of Argentina and Chile.

At the first Special Session of the U.N. General Assembly held in 1947, Oswaldo Aranha, then head of the Brazilian delegation to the U.N., began a tradition that has remained until today whereby the first speaker at this major international forum is always a Brazilian.[9]

Honor in Israel

A plaque commemorating Aranha in 'Aranha square' in Jerusalem

Aranha supported and heavily lobbied for the partition of Palestine toward the creation of the State of Israel. Streets in Israeli cities such as Beer-Sheva and Ramat-Gan, and a square in Jerusalem are named after Aranha. In 2007, a street in Tel Aviv was named in his honor at a ceremony attended by his relatives and Brazil's ambassador to Israel.[10]

Controversy

A book by historian Maria Luiza Tucci Carneiro argues that Aranha was aware of secret circulars asking that Jews be denied entry visas to Brazil and did little to change this.[11] Jeffrey Lesser's prize-winning Welcoming the Undesirables: Brazil and the Jewish Question questions this conclusion, showing that Jewish entry rose notably after the secret circulars were emitted, with the active collaboration of many Brazilian diplomats and businesspeople.[3]

The circular asking for the denial of visas to Jews, however, was not edited by Osvaldo Aranha nor was it made during his term as Minister of External Relations for Brazil. Mário de Pimentel Brandão was responsible for signing this harmful secret circular in 1937 during his term as Minister of External Relations for Brazil.[12]

During Oswaldo Aranha's time as Minister for External Relations, from 1938-1944, many Jews were granted visas to Brazil - despite the circulars. In 1939, Jews were granted 4601 permanent and temporary resident visas to Brazil. In that year, 9% of all permanent residency visas and 14% of temporary Brazilian visas were emitted to people of Jewish origin. In 1940, 2500 Jewish immigrants were given visas to Brazil.[13]

Albert Einstein asked Osvaldo Aranha for help in obtaining a visa for his friend, German Jew Helene Fabian-Katz. Einstein had previously appealed to the United States government for help, but the US denied Fabian-Katz a visa. Helene Fabian-Katz was granted a visa to Brazil and joined her brother, who was already living in São Paulo.[13]

Footnotes and references

  1. ^ Sometimes spelled "Souza"
  2. ^ a b Osvaldo Aranha from U·X·L Newsmakers, via findarticles.com
  3. ^ "Ministéria das Relações Exteriores" [1],
  4. ^ United Nations list of GA Presidents
  5. ^ Servant of God: a personal narrative, Muhammad Zafrulla Khan, 1983 Pakistan's representative Muhammad Zafarullah Khan: "At about lunch time [on 26 November] a rumour was heard that the president [of the Assembly] did not intend to proceed to the vote that day... His excuses were flimsy, but he was adamant. At the end of the afternoon sitting he adjourned the session to Friday morning. On Thursday President Truman put through personal telephone calls to certain heads of state and persuaded them to shift their position on the question of the partition of Palestine from opposition to support."
  6. ^ "Nobel Nomination Database: Oswaldo Euclides de Sousa Aranha". Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  7. ^ Strong Arm's Strong Arm, a June 1954 article from Time magazine
  8. ^ Oswaldo Aranha from the United Nations website
  9. ^ Oswaldo Aranha from Brazil's Ministry of External Relations website
  10. ^ "Tel Aviv Street Named for Brazilian", Dateline World Jewry, World Jewish Congress, September, 2007
  11. ^ "Anti-Semitismo na Era Vargas (ISBN 978-85-273-0271-5)", Maria Luiza Tucci Carneiro
  12. ^ "Estado Novo (1937-1945)"
  13. ^ a b "O Anti-Semitismo nas Américas: Memória e História (ISBN 978-85-314-1050-5)", Maria Luiza Tucci Carneiro, [2]

External links

  • Aranha on the cover of the January 19, 1942 issue of Time
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Osvaldo Aranha.
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