Prostitution in Myanmar

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Prostitution in Burma is illegal.[1] Prostitution is a major social issue that particularly affects women and children.

Burma is a major source of prostitutes (an estimate of 20,000–30,000) in Thailand, with the majority of women trafficked taken to Ranong, a location that borders Burma at its south, and Mae Sai, which is located at the eastern tip of Burma.[2][3] Burmese sex workers also operate in Yunnan, China, particularly the border town of Ruili.[4] The majority of Burmese prostitutes in Thailand are from ethnic minorities.[3] Additionally, 60% of Burmese prostitutes are under 18 years of age.[5] Burma is also a source country of sex workers and forced labourers in China, Bangladesh, Taiwan, India, Malaysia, Korea, Macau, and Japan.[6] Internal trafficking of women for the purpose of prostitution occurs from rural villages to urban centres, military camps, border towns, and fishing villages.[6]

Women are often lured into prostitution with the promise of legitimate jobs, substantially higher pay, and because their low educational levels makes it difficult for them to find jobs elsewhere. In many instances, such women come from remote regions.[7]

In Yangon, prostitution often occurs in hotels that also operate as brothels. The recent appearance of massage parlours began in 1995, with ethnic minority groups such as the Wa running such businesses in particular.[8] Nightclubs in Yangon are also frequented by prostitutes who work independently.[9] Throughout the country, the sex industry generally operates out of restaurants, brothels posing as guesthouses, and nightclubs.[10] Since Cyclone Nargis hit in May 2008, the number of prostitutes in Yangon has increased significantly, thus depreciating prices for prostitution services. In all of South East Asia Burma is by far the best value when securing the services of a prostitute eclipsing even the choice and price in Laos.[11] A red light district has also emerged Naypyidaw, Burma's new national capital, with brothels primarily disguised as beauty parlors and massage salons that attract mainly businessmen and military personnel.[12] Approximately 70 brothels, mostly in the form of tents and bamboo huts, operate on a cheaper red light zone, along a 30 mile stretch of highway to Naypyidaw.[12]

Names

Prostitutes in Burma are called by a number of different terms. They are called ပြည့်တံဆာ (lit. "fulfilling the rod's hunger") and အပြာမယ် (lit. "blue mistress," with "blue" being a reference to pornography). In slang usage, ကြက်မ ("chicken"), ဖါမ ("female pimp"), နတ်သမီး ("female nat"), and ညမွှေးပန်း ("fragrant flowers of the night") are also used.[11]

Legality

Prostitution is illegal. [2]

History

Prostitution was banned in 1785, during the early Konbaung dynasty period.[13]

Under the Suppression of Prostitution Act, which was enacted in 1949, the act of soliciting or seducing in public is illegal, as is forcing or enticing women into prostitution or owning brothels. The Penal Code guarantees protection of female children from sexual abuse, with any persons found having sexual intercourse with a girl of under 14 years (with or without consent) charged with rape. The Child Law, enacted in 1993, raised the age of consensual sex to 16 and illegalized prostitution. It is an offence to knowingly allow a girl younger than sixteen years of age under one's guardianship to engage in prostitution. There is no obvious corresponding offence for boys. The Child Law also makes it a punishable offence to use children in the creation of pornographic materials. [14]

The Great Depression in the 1930s caused unprecedented unemployment and displacement in British Burma, forcing many women to serve clients, mainly British troops and Indian sepoys.[15] According to some accounts, Burma had the largest thriving prostitution industry in British India because of the economic crisis.[15]

HIV/AIDS

Main article: HIV/AIDS in Burma

Burma has the third highest HIV prevalence rate in Asia, after Cambodia and Thailand. Sex workers are particularly at risk, with 32% infected with the disease.[16] The criminal nature of sex work in Burma, as it is prohibited by the 1949 Suppression of Prostitution Act, also contributes to the ineffectiveness of reaching out to sex workers in Burma with regard to HIV/AIDS awareness and condom usage.[17] In Yangon, there are over 100 brothels and up to 10,000 sex workers, mostly of the Bamar ethnic group, with between 70 to 90% having a history of sexually transmitted infections and less than 25% having been tested for HIV.[17] An anecdotal study found that nearly half of sex workers in Yangon have HIV/AIDS.[17]

References

  1. ^ [1]
  2. ^ Barry, Kathleen. The Prostitution of Sexuality. NYU Press. ISBN 0-8147-1277-0.
  3. ^ a b "WOMEN". Burma: Country in Crisis. Soros. 2005. Retrieved 2007-01-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ^ Kyaw Zwa Moe (2005-01). "Yunnan's Sin City". The Irrawaddy. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |u rl= ignored (help)
  5. ^ Hughes, Donna M. "Burma/Myanmar". Factbook on Global Sexual Exploitation. University of Rhode Island. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
  6. ^ a b "V. Country Narratives -- Countries A through G". Trafficking in Persons Report. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
  7. ^ Chelala, Cesar. "Women, prostitution, and AIDS". THE STATE OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN'S HEALTH. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
  8. ^ Aung Zaw (2001-02-01). "No Sex Please—We're Burmese". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
  9. ^ O'Connell, Chris (2003-10-08). "Burma à la Mode". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
  10. ^ Htet Aung (2008-09). "Selling Safer Sex in Conservative Burma". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 2008-07-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ a b Aung Htet Wine (2008-07). "Sex and the (Burmese) City". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 2008-07-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ a b http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=19324
  13. ^ Thant Myint-U (2001). The Making of Modern Burma. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-79914-7.
  14. ^ "Burma - Government laws". HumanTrafficking.org. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
  15. ^ a b Ikeya, Chie (2008). "The Modern Burmese Woman and the Politics of Fashion in Colonial Burma". The Journal of Asian Studies. 67. Cambridge University Press: 1301. doi:10.1017/S0021911808001782.
  16. ^ "Asia" (PDF). UNAIDS. 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-09. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ^ a b c Talikowski, Luke (2005). "http://www.acewh.dal.ca/pdf/GBA%20Scenarios/Female_sex_work_in_Yangon_%20Myanmar.pdf" (PDF). Sexual Health. 2 (3): 193–202. PMID 16335547. Retrieved 2009-04-07. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); External link in |title= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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