Republic Day: Difference between revisions
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== June == |
== June == |
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===June 2nd in Italy=== |
===June 2nd in Italy=== |
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The [[Republic Day (Italy)|Festa della Repubblica]] is celebrated on the second day of June, and it commemorates the institutional referendum of |
The [[Republic Day (Italy)|Festa della Repubblica]] is celebrated on the second day of June, and it commemorates the institutional referendum of 150 B.C. when (by [[universal suffrage]]) the Italian population was called to decide what form of government ([[monarchy]] or [[republic]]) to give to the country after [[World War II]] and the fall of [[Fascism]]. |
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After 85 years of [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|monarchy]], with 12,717,923 votes for and 10,719,284 votes against, [[Birth of the Italian Republic|Italy became a Republic]], and the monarchs of the [[House of Savoy]] were deposed and exiled. This is one of the most important Italian public holidays which, like July 14 in France and July 4 in the USA, celebrates the birth of the nation. A grand military parade is held in central Rome. |
After 85 years of [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|monarchy]], with 12,717,923 votes for and 10,719,284 votes against, [[Birth of the Italian Republic|Italy became a Republic]], and the monarchs of the [[House of Savoy]] were deposed and exiled. This is one of the most important Italian public holidays which, like July 14 in France and July 4 in the USA, celebrates the birth of the nation. A grand military parade is held in central Rome. |
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Revision as of 13:44, 12 September 2011
 | This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. (January 2011) |
Republic Day is the name of a holiday in several countries to commemorate the day when they became republics.
January
January 1 in the Republic of Slovakia
This was the day of creation of the Republic of Slovakia. A national holiday since 1993. It is officially called "The day of the establishment of the Slovak Republic".
January 9 in Republika Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
After Yugoslavia fell apart, Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina wanted to stay with Serbia and Montenegro. Croats and Bosniaks, on the other hand, wanted to create an independent state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 9 January 1992, Bosnian Serb authorities declared the creation of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, now called Republika Srpska ("Serb Republic", not to be confused with the Republic of Serbia) as a state within the country of Bosnia of Herzegovina. Republika Srpska now celebrates Republic Day on the anniversary of the state's creation.
January 26 in India
India gained independence on August 15, 1947, after which the process of preparing a constitution was started. The Constitution was passed on 26 November 1949 in the Constituent Assembly. It was adopted on 26 January 1950 with a democratic government system, when the country became a republic in true sense. 26 January was selected, because it was this day in 1930 when the Declaration of Indian Independence was passed.
To mark this occasion, a grand parade is held near Rajpath in New Delhi, the capital of India, beginning from Raisina Hill near the Rashtrapati Bhavan (Presidential Palace), along the Rajpath, past India Gate and on to the historic Red Fort in the old quarter of the city. Different infantry, cavalry and mechanized regiments compose the Indian Army, the Indian Marines and the Indian Air Force's march in formation, who are decked in all their finery and official decorations.
The President of India, who is also the Commander in Chief of the Indian Armed Forces, relishes the salute. The Chief Guest of the parade is the Head of State or Head of Government of another nation. The parade also includes many traditional dance troupes, to symbolize the cultural heritage of India. It traditionally ends with a colourful flypast by Indian Air Force jets in a tiranga formation. Similar parades are held in the capitals of all the states of India, where the governors of respective states take the salute. The official conclusion of Republic Day festivities is much later on January 30, four days after the Republic Day, which is called 'Beating Retreat'.
February
February 1 in Hungary
On February 1, 1946 Hungary commemorates the proclamation of Republic of Hungary. Since 2004, this day is a national commemoration day, not a public or national holiday.
March
March 23 in Pakistan
In Pakistan this day marks the passing of the Lahore Resolution. Republic Day of Pakistan was first observed in 1956 when Pakistan officially became an Islamic Republic (previously Pakistan had the status of a Dominion). The main events of this day include a full military parade and the awarding of honors at the Presidency (Presidential Palace) by the President. Every year, on March 23, the Pakistani people commemorate their National Day in remembrance of “The Pakistan Resolution” passed on March 23, 1940, in the historic city of Lahore which is also the day the country was declared a republic.
April
April 1 in Iran
In Iran, this day marks the plebiscite approving the proposed constitution, establishing the Islamic Republic.
May
May 28 in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Nepal
On May 28, 1918 Armenia and Azerbaijan declared independence from the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, thus forming the Democratic Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. It was the first sovereign republic in the history of both countries and Azerbaijan the first democratic parliamentary republic in the Muslim world. However the holiday was not celebrated during Soviet times, and it only achieved consistency after the collapse of the USSR.
A decade-long People's Revolution by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) along with several weeks of mass protests by all major political parties of Nepal in 2006, culminated in a peace accord and the ensuing elections for the constituent assembly voted overwhelmingly in favor of the abdication of the last Nepali monarch Gyanendra Shah and the establishment of a federal democratic republic on May 28, 2008.
May 31 in South Africa (1961–1994)
Between 1961 and 1994, May 31 was celebrated in South Africa as Republic Day. This practice was discontinued in 1995 following the attainment of majority rule and the reorganisation of public holidays as a consequence. On the last Republic Day, in 1994, South Africa rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations.
June
June 2nd in Italy
The Festa della Repubblica is celebrated on the second day of June, and it commemorates the institutional referendum of 150 B.C. when (by universal suffrage) the Italian population was called to decide what form of government (monarchy or republic) to give to the country after World War II and the fall of Fascism.
After 85 years of monarchy, with 12,717,923 votes for and 10,719,284 votes against, Italy became a Republic, and the monarchs of the House of Savoy were deposed and exiled. This is one of the most important Italian public holidays which, like July 14 in France and July 4 in the USA, celebrates the birth of the nation. A grand military parade is held in central Rome.
July
July 1 in Ghana
This is Ghana's republican day.
July 4 in Philippines
President Diosdado Macapagal change July 4 from Independence day to Republic Day
July 14 in Iraq
July 14, 1958 is the day the Hashemite monarchy was overthrown in Iraq by popular forces led by Abdul Karim Kassem, who became the nation's new leader. The event was commemorated in Baghdad with a statue in 14 July Square.
July 25 in Tunisia
It is the anniversary of the abolition of the monarchy by the National Assembly, resulting in the proclamation of the Republic of Tunisia. Habib Bourguiba was chosen to be the first president.
October
October 5 in Portugal
October 5 in Portugal is known as Implantação da República. It celebrates the proclamation of the Portuguese First Republic in 1910.
October 10 in Republic of China
October 10 in Taiwan is a national holiday commemorating the establishment of the Republic of China in 1911, the symbolic start of the Chinese revolution with the Wuchang Uprising. It is also known as the Double Ten Day.
October 24 in Rhodesia (1970–1979)
Although the government of Ian Smith declared Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) a republic on March 2, 1970, it was officially commemorated on October 24. Following independence in 1980, the holiday was abolished.
October 25 in Kazakhstan
In the waning days of Soviet rule, individual republics of the Soviet Union sought greater autonomy. The Soviet Union agreed in early 1990 to give up its monopoly of political power. Following the lead of Lithuanian SSR, Russian SFSR and others, Kazakh SSR declared its sovereignty on October 25, 1990, and Kazakhstan subsequently became independent on December 16, 1991 as the Soviet Union collapsed. October 25, the anniversary of the adoption of the "Declaration on State Sovereignty of Kazakh SSR" by the Kazakh legislature in 1990, is now commemorated as Republic Day ([Республика күні, Respwblïka küni] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)), a public holiday in Kazakhstan.
October 29 in Turkey
On October 29, 1923, the Turkish constitution was amended and Turkey became a republic. This formally declared the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. Republic Day (Turkish: Cumhuriyet Bayramı) is celebrated throughout Turkey and Northern Cyprus every year. Commemorative events usually begin in the afternoon on the previous day. In observance of the holiday, government offices and schools close for a day. Also, there are fireworks shows in all cities of Turkey. It is also a day everyone commemorates Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
November
November 11 in the Maldives
On November 11, 1968, the monarchy of the Maldives was abolished and replaced by a republic.
November 15 in Brazil
On November 15, 1889, in the city of Rio de Janeiro (the Brazilian capital at that time), a military coup led by Field Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca overthrew Emperor Pedro II and declared Brazil a republic.
November 29 in the former Yugoslavia (1945–1990)
On 29 November 1943 the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia established the foundations of post-war Yugoslavia as a socialist republic, which was officially proclaimed on the same date in 1945. Republic Day (local name: Dan Republike or Дан Републике) marked the occasion two consecutive days, November 29 and 30, and was likely the most important holiday (the other two-day holidays were New Year and May Day).
In elementary schools first graders were inducted into the Pioneer Movement on or around Republic Day. Employees merged the holiday with weekends and extra days off to form weekends of three, fouror even dive days. Urban dwellers took the occasion to visit their relatives in the country, who marked the event with pig slaughter and the ensuing feast.
In the 1980s, as central and Communist Party authority eroded, dissenters targeted Republic Day celebrations for criticism. In 1987, Bosnian garage rock band Zabranjeno pušenje published a song entitled Dan Republike, in which they criticized the state of the economy and protested the general indifference to the ideals behind the holiday. The band had to change some of the lyrics before being allowed to air the song.
In 1989, Slovenia and Croatia were the first federal republics to cease observing the holiday. Other seceded republics followed suit as Yugoslavia dissolved. Federal Republic of Yugoslavia kept the holiday until 2002.
The date "29.XI.1943" figured prominently on the Yugoslav coat of arms.
December
December 13 in Malta
On December 13, 1974, the constitution of Malta was substantially revised, transforming the former British colony from a Commonwealth Realm into a republic within the Commonwealth. The British monarch was no longer Reġina ta' Malta (Queen of Malta) and the new Head of State was President Sir Anthony Mamo. This occasion is marked every year as Republic Day (Maltese: Jum ir-Repubblika) in Malta. The monument of Republic Day is at Marsa.
December 18 in Niger
December 18, 1958 is commemorated in the Republic of Niger as Republic Day, the national holiday. Although not the date of formal independence from France, December 18 marks the founding of the Republic and creation of the Presidency of the Republic of Niger, following the constitutional changes of the French Fifth Republic, and the elections of 4 December 1958 held across the French colonial possessions. Nigerians consider this date to be the founding of their nation. Between December 18, 1958 and August 5, 1964, Niger remained a semi-autonomous republic within the French Community.
The 16th is celebrated in Niger with official festivals and appearances of political leaders, as well as public parties and festivities. The 50th anniversary celebrations were held in 2006, centered not in the capitol, but in the regional center of Tillabéry, and surrounded by sports, musical and arts competitions, the opening of new buildings, a National Youth Festival, and other public festivities.[1]
Republic Day in other countries
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- Albania: January 11 (1946)
- Armenia: May 28 (1918, see Democratic Republic of Armenia)
- Azerbaijan: May 28 (1918, see Azerbaijan Democratic Republic)
- Burkina Faso: December 11 (1958, when the Upper Volta became an autonomous republic in the French Community.)
- East Germany: October 7
- Gambia: April 24 (1970)
- Greece: July 24 (1974)
- Ghana: July 1 (1960)
- Guyana: February 23 (1970, also known as Mashramani)
- Iceland: June 17 (1944)
- India: January 26 (1950)
- Iran: April 1 (also known as "Islamic Republic Day")
- Iraq: July 14
- Kenya: around December 12 (1963, see Jamhuri Day.)
- Lithuania: May 15 (1920, known as the Constituent Assembly Day)
- Maldives: November 11 (1968)
- Nepal: May 28 (2008)
- Niger: December 18 (1958)
- North Korea: September 9 (1948)
- Pakistan: March 23 (1956)
- Sierra Leone: April 27, (1961)
- Sri Lanka: May 22, (1972)
- Tunisia: July 25, (1957)
- Turkey: October 29 (1923, see Republic Day (Turkey))
- Trinidad and Tobago: September 24 (1976)
See also
References
- ^ Commémoration du 18 décembre à Tillabéri : Sons et lumières à la cité des Maïga. Assane Soumana, Sahel Dimanche. 12 December 2008