Sorghum
| Sorghum | |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Monocots |
| (unranked): | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Panicoideae |
| Genus: | Sorghum L. |
| Species | |
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About 30 species, see text |
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Sorghum is a genus of numerous species of grasses, one of which is raised for grain and many of which are used as fodder plants either cultivated or as part of pasture. The plants are cultivated in warmer climates worldwide. Species are native to tropical and subtropical regions of all continents in addition to the South West Pacific and Australasia. Sorghum is in the subfamily Panicoideae and the tribe Andropogoneae (the tribe of big bluestem and sugar cane).
For more specific details on commercially exploited Sorghum see commercial sorghum.
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[edit] Cultivation and uses
One species, Sorghum bicolor[1], is an important world crop, used for food (as grain and in sorghum syrup or "sorghum molasses"), fodder, the production of alcoholic beverages, as well as biofuels. Most varieties are drought tolerant and heat tolerant, and are especially important in arid regions where the grain is staple or one of the staples for poor and rural people. They form an important component of pastures in many tropical regions. Sorghum is an important food crop in Africa, Central America, and South Asia and is the "fifth most important cereal crop grown in the world".[2]
The reclaimed stalks of the sorghum plant are used to make a decorative millwork material marketed as Kirei board.
Sweet sorghum syrup is known as molasses in some parts of the U.S., although it is not true molasses.
Some species of sorghum can contain levels of hydrogen cyanide, hordenine and nitrates lethal to grazing animals in the early stages of the plant's growth. Stressed plants, even at later stages of growth, can also contain toxic levels of cyanide.[citation needed]
In China, sorghum is fermented and distilled to produce maotai, which is regarded as one of the country's most famous liquors. Sorghum was ground and the flour was the main alternative to wheat in north China for a long time.
In India (where it is commonly called Jwaarie or Jowar or Jondhahlaa and is one of the staple sources of nutrition for rural and poor), and other places, sweet sorghum stalks are used for producing bio-fuel by squeezing the juice and then fermenting into ethanol.[3] Texas A&M University in the United States is currently running trials to find the best varieties for ethanol production from sorghum leaves and stalks in the USA.[4]
Another Sorghum species, Johnson grass (S. halapense), is classified as an invasive species in the US by the Department of Agriculture.[5]
[edit] Species
- Sorghum almum
- Sorghum amplum
- Sorghum angustum
- Sorghum arundinaceum
- Sorghum bicolor — Cultivated sorghum, often individually called sorghum
- Sorghum bicolor subsp. drummondii — Sudan grass
- Sorghum brachypodum
- Sorghum bulbosum
- Sorghum burmahicum
- Sorghum ecarinatum
- Sorghum exstans
- Sorghum grande
- Sorghum halepense — Johnson grass
- Sorghum interjectum
- Sorghum intrans
- Sorghum laxiflorum
- Sorghum leiocladum
- Sorghum macrospermum
- Sorghum matarankense
- Sorghum nitidum
- Sorghum plumosum
- Sorghum propinquum
- Sorghum purpureosericeum
- Sorghum stipoideum
- Sorghum timorense
- Sorghum trichocladum
- Sorghum versicolor
[edit] Hybrids
- Sorghum × almum
- Sorghum × drummondii
[edit] Sorghum genome
In 2009, a team of international researchers announced they had sequenced the sorghum genome.[6][7]
[edit] See also
- Baijiu alcoholic beverage distilled from sorghum
- Push–pull technology pest control strategy for maize and sorghum
[edit] References
- ^ Mutegi, Evans; Fabrice Sagnard, Moses Muraya, Ben Kanyenji, Bernard Rono, Caroline Mwongera, Charles Marangu, Joseph Kamau, Heiko Parzies, Santie de Villiers, Kassa Semagn, Pierre Traoré, Maryke Labuschagne (2010-02-01). "Ecogeographical distribution of wild, weedy and cultivated Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench in Kenya: implications for conservation and crop-to-wild gene flow". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 57 (2): 243-253. doi:10.1007/s10722-009-9466-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-009-9466-7. Retrieved 2010-08-02.
- ^ Sorghum, U.S. Grains Council.
- ^ Sweet Sorghum : A New "Smart Biofuel Crop" AgriBusinessWeek, 30 June 2008
- ^ Ceres and Texas A&M to Develop and Market High-Biomass Sorghum for Biofuels Texas A&M University System Agriculture Program, 1 October 2007
- ^ Johnson Grass, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Accessed 2257 UDT, 12 March, 2009.
- ^ Sequencing of sorghum genome completed EurekAlert, January 28, 2010, Retrieved August 30, 2010
- ^ Paterson, Andrew H. et al (2009) The Sorghum bicolor genome and the diversification of grasses Nature 457, 551-556, January 29, 2009, doi:10.1038/nature07723, Retrieved August 30, 2010
- Watson, Andrew M. Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World: The Diffusion of Crops and Farming Techniques, 700–1100. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. ISBN 052124711X.
[edit] External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sorghum |
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Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on |
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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Sorghum. |
- Crop Wild Relatives Gap Analysis Portal reliable information source on where and what to conserve ex-situ, regarding Sorghum genepool
- FAO Report (1995) "Sorghum and millets in human nutrition"
- FAO "Compendium on post-harvest operations"—Contains discussion on origin, processing and uses of sorghum
- Alternative Field Crops
- Grain Sorghum Irrigation
- Sorghum on US Grains Council Web Site
- National Grain Sorghum Producers
- National Sweet Sorghum Producers and Processors Association
- Sorghum handbook, US Grain Council
- Sorghum Growth Stages
- Sweet Sorghum Ethanol Association, organization for the promotion and development of sweet Sorghum as a source for biofuels, especially ethanol
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