St. Martin's Cathedral, Bratislava
| St. Martin's Cathedral Dóm svätého Martina |
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St. Martin's Cathedral, Bratislava |
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| Basic information | |
| Location | Old Town, Bratislava, Slovakia |
| Affiliation | Roman-Catholic |
| Year consecrated | 1452 |
| Ecclesiastical or organizational status | Cathedral |
| Website | http://dom.fara.sk/
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| Architectural description | |
| Architectural type | Fortified church |
| Architectural style | Gothic |
| Specifications | |
| Height (max) | 85 meters |
The St. Martin's Cathedral (Slovak: Katedrála svätého Martina, German: Kathedrale des Heiligen Martin, Hungarian: Szent Márton-dóm or Koronázó templom) is a cathedral in Slovakia's capital, Bratislava. It is situated at the western border of the historical city center below Bratislava Castle. It is the largest and finest, as well as one of the oldest churches in Bratislava, known especially for previously being the coronation church of the Kingdom of Hungary. Currently, it is the cathedral of the Archdiocese of Bratislava.
Together with the Castle on the hill adjacent, and somewhat similar in its striking but fairly stark Gothic lines and colouring, St Martins’ 85 m spire dominates Old Town’s skyline. The tower virtually formed a part of the town’s fortifications, built as it was into the city’s defensive walls.
As with the Castle, the surroundings of St Martins are as memorable as the structure itself. In the cathedral’s case, this includes the picturesque remains of outbuildings in a spacious staired courtyard, and a working seminary with robed adepts on a cobblestoned sidestreet. A small but significant neighbour of the cathedral is a monument to the synagogue, which stood next door for centuries until the communist government demolished it around 1970 to make room for a new bridge. The cathedral contains a rare relic, the body of Saint John the Merciful from the 7th century.
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[edit] Structure, shape and characteristics
- It is composed of three naves.
- Size: 69.37 m x 22.85 m x 16.02 m (L x W x H)
- The tower is 85 m high and was originally part of the medieval city fortifications.
- The shape of the cathedral symbolizes a crucifix; the nave represents Christ's body, and the presbytery represents the inclined head.
Together with the Castle on the hill adjacent, and somewhat similar in its striking but fairly stark Gothic lines and colouring, St Martins’ 85 m spire dominates Old Town’s skyline. The tower virtually formed a part of the town’s fortifications, built as it was into the city’s defensive walls.
As with the Castle, the surroundings of St Martins are as memorable as the structure itself. In the cathedral’s case, this includes the picturesque remains of outbuildings in a spacious staired courtyard, and a working seminary with robed adepts on a cobblestoned sidestreet. A small but significant neighbour of the cathedral is a monument to the synagogue, which stood next door for centuries until the communist government demolished it around 1970 to make room for the new bridge.
On top of the tower the Hungarian Crown's replica is placed on a three times four metre stone pilow. It is weighing 3 quintals. The altar is dominated by St. Martin's equestrian statue group. St. Martin appears in a typical Hungarian hussar dresses who rips his cloak to give it to a beggar being cold.
[edit] Construction history
Long before the construction of the cathedral began, the site had been the crossroads, there was the former centre of the town, a market and probably also a chapel. However, worships were held at Bratislava Castle, where the chapter and provost’s office had their seat. As the visits became less bearable and the castle’s safety was threatened, King Emeric of Hungary requested the Pope Innocent II for permission to relocate the provost's office into forecastle, which was issued in 1204. The church was relocated in 1221, and was originally built in Romansque style and sanctified to the Holy Savior. As the town was growing, especially after the city received privileges in 1291, it became insufficient for the town’s needs, and on its place (with an old cemetery), a construction of a new Gothic cathedral began in 1311.[1] The construction didn't finish until 1452 due to the construction and financial reasons, and construction was even halted due to the Hussite Wars. In 1452, the church was roofed over and consecrated, however, the construction works continued throughout 15th and 16th century:
- a new long presbytery was built in 1461-1497
- the Gothic chapels of Czech Queen Sofia and of Saint Anne were added in the 15th century
- the Baroque Chapel of St. John the Merciful, serving as a mausoloum was completed in the first half of the 18th century by Georg Rafael Donner. It was constructed at the price of 2000 pieces of gold (zlatých) at the expense of cardinal Péter Pázmány
- The famous Baroque equestrian sculpture of St. Martin by Georg Rafael Donner was added in 1744.[2]
- In 1760, the top of the Gothic tower was struck by lightning and later replaced by a Baroque one, which was subsequently destroyed by fire in 1835 and reconstructed in 1847 (with some modifications), and topped by the crown of St. Stephen (see below).
- The church attained its present-day appearance during the period from 1869 to 1877, when it was re-Gothicised after suffering damage by fire, war, earthquake and other disasters.
[edit] Coronations
The cathedral became the coronation church of the sovereigns of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1563, succeeding the Virgin Mary Church in Székesfehérvár, once Székesfehérvár was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. On 8 September 1563 the Crown of St. Stephen was placed on the head of Maximilian II, son of Emperor Ferdinand I of Habsburg. In total, the coronations of 11 kings and queens plus 8 of their consorts took place here between 1563 and 1830, including that of Maria Theresa of Austria.
List of crowned kings/queens and of their consorts, with dates in parentheses:[3]
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[edit] Crown of St. Stephen
The tower is topped by huge gold-plated representation of the Crown of St. Stephen. It was placed in 1847 following the recovery of the damaged tower, to commemorate the cathedral's glory and importance as a coronation church. It weighs 150 kg, measures over 1 m in diameter, and rests on a 1,2 x 1,2 m gold-plated pillow. A total of 8 kg of gold was required to construct the crown and pillow. Total height 1,64 m remove in 16.8.2010 to reconstruction.
[edit] Catacombs, crypts and sepulchres
Since the cathedral was built over an old cemetery, there are catacombs of unknown length and crypts containing the sepulchres of many significant historical figures, up to 6 m below the church. Three different crypts have been discovered so far.
- Pálffy family crypt (krypta rodiny Pálffy) is located underneath the main altar (sanctuary) and is accessed from the exterior. Entrance to this crypt is at the northern side of St. Martin's Cathedral, covered by a white marble plate with the coat of arms of the Pálffy family. Above is a funeral sculpture by Ján Draškovch from the year 1613, depicting a knight in armour and a sea shell. The Pálffy family was an important family in Bratislava, being established as the hereditary owners of the Bratislava Castle.
- Jesuit crypt (Jezuitská krypta) is accessible from the St. Anna Chapel. It is located underneath the road between the St. Martin's Cathedral and the priest seminary.
- Archbishop crypt (Arcibiskupská krypta) is accessible from the St. Anna Chapel. It is the only accessible crypt. It branches into four different hallways underneath the nave in the direction of Kapitulská Street and it contains over 90 graves.
Over the centuries, the cathedral's sepulchres filled with many significant figures, such as ecclesiastic dignitaries, presidents of the historic Pozsony county as well as J. I. Bajza, the author of the first Slovak novel, but also with dozens of bishops, cannons, French priests fleeing the French revolution and many people outside the Catholic church.
[edit] Present
Today, the church is slowly deteriorating, and is endangered by vibrations caused by heavy traffic on the access ramp to the nearby bridge, Nový Most. However, restoration efforts began in 1997. The cathedral has been a National Cultural Monument since 11 November 2002. There's a festival called Korunovačné slávnosti (Coronation Feasts), held since 2003, simulating coronation of one of the Kings. From 1995 to February 2008 it was the concathedral of the Archdiocese of Bratislava-Trnava.
[edit] Additional information
- It is one of two Hungarian Gothic minsters today's in Slovakia.
- Beethoven's Missa Solemnis was played for the first time in this church.
[edit] Picture gallery
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Front view of the cathedral
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Statue of Saint Martin
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Interior of the cathedral
[edit] See also
[edit] References
Reconstruction of gold-plated representation of the Crown of St. Stephen in Slovak video http://abu-bratislava.sk/portal/node/255 in Slovak Photo http://abu-bratislava.sk/portal/skladanie_koruny
[edit] External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: St. Martin's Cathedral |
- Dóm sv. Martina (Slovak)
Coordinates: 48°08′31.7″N 17°06′17.2″E / 48.142139°N 17.104778°E
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