| Tu-95LAL |
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| The Tu-95LAL test aircraft. The bulge in the middle covers the reactor. |
| Role |
Experimental nuclear aircraft |
| Manufacturer |
Tupolev |
| First flight |
1961 |
| Number built |
1 |
| Developed from |
Tupolev Tu-95 |
The Tupolev Tu-95LAL, (Russian: Летающая Атомная Лаборатория - Letaiouchaia Atomnaia Laboratoriia - flying nuclear laboratory), experimental aircraft was a modified Tupolev Tu-95 Soviet bomber aircraft which flew from 1961 to 1965, analogous to the United States' earlier Convair NB-36H Crusader. It was intended to see if a nuclear reactor could be used to power an aircraft, primarily testing airborne operation of a reactor and shielding for components and crew. Without the need to refuel a nuclear powered aircraft would have greatly extended range compared to conventional designs.[1]
[edit] Description
During the cold war the USSR had an experimental nuclear aircraft program, like the USA. On 12 August 1955 the Council of Ministers of the USSR issued a directive ordering bomber-related design bureaus to join forces in researching nuclear aircraft. The design bureaus of Andrei Tupolev and Vladimir Myasishchev became the chief design teams, while N.D. Kuznetsov and A.M. Lyulka, were assigned to develop the engines. They chose to focus on the direct cycle system from the start, testing ramjets, jet engines and even turboprops.[1]
The Tupolev bureau, knowing the complexity of the task assigned to them, estimated that it would be two decades before the program could produce a working prototype. They assumed that the first operational nuclear-assisted airplane could take to the air in the late 1970s or early 1980s. In order to gain experience with the operational problems, they proposed building a flying testbed as soon as possible, mounting a small reactor in a Tupolev Tu-95M to create the Tu-95LAL.[1][2]
The VVRL-lOO reactor was fitted in the bomb bay of the aircraft, requiring an aerodynamic fairing over the top. From 1961 to 1969, the Tu-95LAL completed over 40 research flights.[3] Most of these were made with the reactor shut down. The main purpose of the flight phase was examining the effectiveness of the radiation shielding which was one of the main concerns for the engineers. Liquid sodium, beryllium oxide, cadmium, paraffin wax and steel plates were used for protection. The results were disappointing; radiation levels were high and the test pilots and crew were heavily irradiated. A letter from test pilot V. A. Guryanov reads in part "...We'd all been irradiated, but we ignored it. Of the two test crews, only three men survived: a young navigator, a military navigator, and me. The first to go — a young technician — took only three years to die..."[3] As in the US, development was curtailed on grounds of cost and environmental concerns. The emerging potential of the Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile made the expensive nuclear aircraft program superfluous, and it was scaled back.[1]
[edit] Tu-119
The next stage in the development of a nuclear powered bomber would nave been the Tupolev Tu-119, a modified Tu-95, to have been powered by both kerosene fuelled and nuclear fuelled turboprop engines; two Kuznetsov NK-14A nuclear fuelled engines inboard fed with heat from a fuselage mounted reactor and two Kuznetsov NK-12 turboprops outboard. The Tu-119 was never completed due to the nuclear powered bomber project being cancelled, on grounds of cost and the dire environmental impact of possible mishaps and accidents.[1]
[edit] Specifications (Tu-95LAL)
[edit] See also
- Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
[edit] References
- Citations
- Bibliography
[edit] External links
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