Usa Jingū
| Usa Jingū 宇佐神宮 | |
|---|---|
.jpg) The southern rōmon of Usa Jingū | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Shinto |
| Deity | Hachiman |
| Type | Hachiman Shrine Chokusaisha |
| Location | |
| Location | 2859, Ōaza Minamiusa, Usa-shi, Ōita-ken[1] |
  Shown within Japan | |
| Geographic coordinates | 33°31′34″N 131°22′29″E / 33.52611°N 131.37472°E |
| Architecture | |
| Date established | 8th century[2] |
| Website | |
| www | |
 Glossary of Shinto | |
Usa Jingū (宇佐神宮), also known as Usa Hachimangū (宇佐八幡宮), is a Shinto shrine in the city of Usa in Ōita Prefecture in Japan. Emperor Ojin, who was deified as Hachiman-jin (the tutelary god of warriors), is said to be enshrined in all the sites dedicated to him; and the first and earliest of these was at Usa in the early 8th century.[2] The Usa Jingū has long been the recipient of Imperial patronage; and its prestige is considered second only to that of Ise.[3]
History
The shrine was founded in Kyushu during the Nara period. Ancient records place the foundation of Usa Jingū in the Wadō era (708–714).[4] A temple called Miroku-ji was built next to it in 779, making it what is believed to be the first shrine-temple (jingū-ji) ever.[5] The resulting mixed complex, called Usa Hachimangu-ji (宇佐八幡宮寺, Usa Hachiman Shrine Temple), lasted over a millennium until 1868, when the Buddhist part was removed to comply with the Kami and Buddhas Separation Act. It is today the center from which over 40,000 branch Hachiman shrines have grown.[1] Usa's Hachiman shrine first appears in the chronicles of Imperial history during the reign of Empress Shōtoku. The empress allegedly had an affair with a Buddhist monk named Dōkyō. An oracle was said to have proclaimed that the monk should be made emperor; and the kami Hachiman at Usa was consulted for verification. The empress died before anything further could develop.[6] In the 16th century, the temple was razed to the ground and repeatedly attacked by the Christian-sympathizing lord of Funai Ōtomo Yoshishige. The wife of Yoshishige, Ōtomo-Nata Jezebel was the High Priestess alongside Nara Clan and resisted against her former husband's attacks.[7]
Usa Jingū was designated as the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) for the former Buzen province.[8]
From 1871 through 1946, Usa was officially designated one of the Kanpei-taisha (官幣大社), meaning that it stood in the first rank of government-supported shrines. Other similarly honored Hachiman shrines were Iwashimizu Hachimangū of Yawata in Kyoto Prefecture and Hakozaki-gū of Fukuoka in Fukuoka Prefecture.[9]
Mikoshi
The earliest recorded use of a mikoshi was in the 8th century. In 749, the shrine's mikoshi was used to carry the spirit of Hachiman from Kyushu to Nara, where the deity was to guard construction of the great Daibutsu at Tōdai-ji. By the 10th century, carrying mikoshi into the community during shrine festivals had become a conventional practice.[10]
Branch shrines
Over the course of centuries, a vast number of Hachiman shrines have extended the reach of the kami at Usa:
In 859, a branch offshoot was established to spread Hachiman's protective influence over Kyoto;[3] and this Iwashimizu Hachimangū still draws worshipers and tourists today.
In 923, the Hakozaki-gū was established at Fukuoka as a branch of the Usa Shrine.[11]
In 1063, Tsurugaoka Hachimangū was established by Minamoto no Yoriyoshi to extend Hachiman's protective influence over Kamakura;[3] and today this branch shrine attracts more visitors than any other shrine in Japan.
Hōjō-e festival
Because of its mixed religious ancestry, one of the important festivals at the shrine is the hōjō-e (放生会), originally a Buddhist ceremony in which captive birds and fish are released.[12] The ceremony is accompanied by sacred kagura dances meant to commemorate the souls of fish killed by fishermen during the previous year. This syncretic rite fusing Buddhism and Shinto, now performed in many shrines all over the country, first took place here.[13]
Architecture
The main hall and the Kujaku Monkei are designated amongst Japan's National Treasures.[1]
The structures which comprise the current shrine complex were built in the middle of the 19th century. Their characteristic configuration, called Hachiman-zukuri, consists of two parallel structures with gabled roofs interconnected on the non-gabled side to form what internally is a single building. Seen from the outside, however, the complex still gives the impression of being two separate buildings.[14] The structure in front is called the ge-in, which is where the deity is said to reside during the daytime. The structure in the rear is called the nai-in, which serves as the deity's sleeping chamber during the night.[2]
See also
- List of Jingū
- List of National Treasures of Japan (crafts-others)
- List of National Treasures of Japan (shrines)
- Ōita Prefectural Museum of History
References
Citations
- ^ a b c Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT): Usa Jinju Shrine[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c Japan National Tourist Organization (JNTO): Usa-jingū shrine
- ^ a b c Hardacre, Helen. (1989). Shinto and the State, 1868-1988, p. 12.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1962). Studies in Shinto and Shrines, p. 195.
- ^ Cambridge History of Japan Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. 1993. pp. 524–530. ISBN 978-0-521-22352-2.
- ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 78-81; Brown, Delmer etal. (1993). The Cambridge History of Japan, p. 411 n144 citing Ross Bender, "The Hachiman Cult and the Dōkyō Incident" in Monumenta Nipponica. 24 (Summer 1979): 124.
- ^ Ward (2009), p. 124.
- ^ "Nationwide List of Ichinomiya," p. 3.; retrieved 2011-08-09
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, pp. 124-126.
- ^ Tsubaki Grand Shrine of America: Omikoshi procession Archived 2009-02-13 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Fukuoka/Hakata Tourist Information website: Hakozaki Shrine
- ^ Bocking, Brian (1997). A Popular Dictionary of Shinto - 'Iwashimizu Hachimangū'. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1051-5.
- ^ Satō, Makoto: "Shinto and Buddhism". Encyclopedia of Shinto, Kokugakuin University, retrieved on August 14, 2011
- ^ JAANUS, Hachiman-zukuri accessed on December 1, 2009
Sources
- Bender, Ross. "The Hachiman Cult and the Dōkyō Incident," Monumenta Nipponica. 24 (Summer 1979): 124.
- Hardacre, Helen. (1989). Shinto and the State, 1868-1988. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02052-5; OCLC 19067219
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1962). Studies in Shinto and Shrines. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 3994492
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon (Nipon o daï itsi ran). Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. (in French)
- Ward, Haruko Nawata (2009), "Ōtomo-Nata Jezebel:... Priestess of Hachiman", in Poska, Allyson; Zanger, Abby (eds.), Women Religious Leaders in Japan's Christian Century, 1549–1650, Women and Gender in the Early Modern World, Farnham: Ashgate, pp. 111–126, ISBN 9780754664789.
External links
- Usa Shrine JAPAN : the Official Guide
- Shrine image, 180° panorama
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