Wikipedia:WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/DNB Epitome 48

This listing page belongs to Wikipedia:WikiProject Dictionary of National Biography, spun out of the “missing article” project, and is concerned with checking whether Wikipedia has articles for all those listed in the Dictionary of National Biography (DNB), a 63-volume British biographical dictionary published 1885-1900 and now in the public domain. This page relates to volume 48 running from name Reilly to name Robins.

Scope of the subproject:

It is envisaged that the following work will be done:

Checks made that links on this page point to a wikipedia article about the same person;
Addition of new articles for all red-links based on DNB text;
Checking whether blue-linked articles would benefit from additional text from DNB.

Listings are posted as bulleted lists, with footnotes taken from the DNB summaries published in 1904. The listings and notes are taken from scanned text that is often corrupt and in need of correction. Not all the entries on the list correspond to actual DNB articles; some are “redirects” and there are a few articles devoted to families rather than individuals.

If you are engaged in this work you will probably find quite a number of unreferenced articles among the blue links. You are also encouraged to mention the DNB as a reference on such articles whenever they correspond to the summary, as part of the broader campaign for good sourcing. A suggested template is {{DNB}}.

Locating the full text:

DNB text is now available on Wikisource for all first edition articles, on the page s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vol 48 Reilly - Robins. Names here are not inverted, as they are in the original: Joe Bloggs would be found at Wikisource s:Bloggs, Joe (DNB00). The text for the first supplement is available too: NB that this Epitome listing includes those supplement articles also.

List maintenance and protocols:

List maintenance tasks are to check and manipulate links in the list with piping or descriptive parenthetical disambiguators, and to mark list entries with templates to denote their status; whilst as far as possible retaining the original DNB names:

piping: [[Charles Abbot]] -> [[Charles Abbot, 1st Baron Colchester|Charles Abbot]]
descriptive parenthetical disambiguators [[Charles Abbot]] -> [[Charles Abbot (botanist)]]
both combined [[Charles Abbot]] -> [[Charles Abbot (botanist)|Charles Abbot]]

The work involves:

Checking that bluelinks link to the correct person; if so, {{tick}} them. If not, try to find the correct article and pipe or disambiguate the link.
Check whether redlinks can be linked to an article by piping or disambiguation.
Create articles based on the DNB text for redlinks for which no wikipedia article can be found
Check whether existing blue-linked articles could benefit from an input of DNB text (e.g. the article is a stub), and if so, update the article from DNB

A number of templates are provided to mark-up entries:

{{mnl}} the link runs to a wrong person; - produces the text: ^{[link currently leads to a wrong person]}. It is preferable to amend the link by adding a disambiguator to make it red, if an article for the correct person cannot be found
{{dn}} the link runs to a dab page - produces the text ^{[disambiguation needed]}. It is preferable to amend the link by adding a disambiguator to make it red, if an article for the correct person cannot be found
{{tick}} the link has been checked and runs to the correct person - Y
{{tick}} {{tick}} the text of the linked article has been checked against DNB text and would not benefit from additional DNB text - Y Y
{{tick}} {{cross}} the text of the linked article looks short enough to suggest it would benefit from additional DNB text - Y N

Note that before creating new articles based on DNB text you should undertake searches to check that the article's subject does not already have an article. It is easily possible that the disambiguation used in this page is not the disambiguation used in an existing wikipedia article. Equally, feel free to improve upon the disambiguation used in redlinks on this page by amending them.

Supplement articles:

Because of the provenance of the listing, a number of the original articles will not in fact be in the announced volume, but in one of the three supplement volumes published in 1901. Since the DNB did not include articles about living people, this will be the case whenever the date of death is after the publication date of the attributed volume. In due course there will be a separate listing.

General thoughts:

This project is intended as a new generation in “merging encyclopedias”, as well as being one of the most ambitious attempted. For general ideas of where we are, and some justification of the approach being taken, see the essay Wikipedia:Merging encyclopedias.

Helpful access templates:

helpful templates

There are two templates to help link to the correct page: {{Cite DNBIE}} and {{DNBIE}}. The page number automatically link to the correct url for the page at the Internet Archive site.

{{Cite DNBIE|title=Dove, John|page=358}}

Lee, Sidney, ed. (1903). "Dove, John". Index and Epitome. Dictionary of National Biography. Cambridge University Press. p. 358.

and

{{DNBIE|title=Dove, John|page=358}}

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1903). "Dove, John". Index and Epitome. Dictionary of National Biography. Cambridge University Press. p. 358.

if a wstitle= parameter is used in place of title= then the templates also link the DNB article on Wikisource:

{{cite DNBIE|wstitle=Dove, John (d.1665?)|page=358}}

Lee, Sidney, ed. (1903). "Dove, John (d.1665?)". Index and Epitome. Dictionary of National Biography. Cambridge University Press. p. 358.

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^ Hugh Reilly or more properly Reily (d. 1695?), political writer; master in chancery and clerk of the council in Ireland in James II's reign; accompanied James II into exile; published Ireland's Case briefly stated 1695 (frequently reprinted under various titles).
^ Thomas Devin Reilly (1824–1854), Irish revolutionary writer; of Trinity College, Dublin; joined the staff of the Nation 1845, and attached himself to John Mitchel; fled to New York to avoid prosecution, 1848, and afterwards edited the Washington Union.
^ William Edward Moyses Reilly (1827-1886), major-general; educated at Christ's Hospital, London; entered the artillery, 1845; served in the Crimea; O.B., 1865; accompanied the French army of the Loire during the Franco-Prussian war; inspector-general of artillery, with rank of major-general, 1885.
^ Philip de Reimes (1246?–1296). See Philip de Rim.
^ Alexander Robert Reinagle (1799–1877), musician; son of Joseph Reinagle; organist of St. Peter-in-the-East, Oxford, 1823-53; composed the hymn-tune St. Peter.
^ George Philip Reinagle (1802–1835), marine painter; son of Ramsay Richard Reinagle; first exhibited at the Royal Academy, 1822: painted incidents of naval engagements, including Navarino, which he witnessed.
^ Joseph Reinagle (1762–1836), music composer; principal cello in the Salomon concerts under Haydn; composed for the violin, violoncello, and pianoforte.
^ Philip Reinagle (1749–1833), animal and landscape painter; abandoned portraits for animal-painting, c. 1785; began to exhibit landscapes, 1787; R.A., 1813.
^ Ramsay Richard Reinagle (1775–1862), portrait, landscape, and animal painter; son of Philip Reinagle; R.A., 1823; compelled to resign in consequence of an attempt to exhibit another artist's picture as his own, 1848.
^ Reinbald (fl. 1062–1066). See Regenbald.
^ Charles Frederick Reinhold (1737–1815), bass singer; son of Thomas Reinhold; originally a chorister at the Chapel Royal, London; began, In 1769, a long career as singer at Maryleboue Gardens, London.
^ Thomas Reinhold (1690?–1751), singer born In Dresden: followed Handel to London, where he created principal parts in many of Handel's operas and oratorios.
^ Charles Christian Reisen (1680–1725), gem-engraver; of Norwegian parentage: was examined as an expert at Atterbury's trial, as to the impression of a seal, and had had considerable note as an engraver.
^ Anthony Relhan (1715–1776), physician; B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1735: studied medicine at Leyden; M.D. Dublin, 1743; practised at Brighton; published a history of Brighton, 1761.
^ Richard Relhan (1754–1823), botanist and editor of Tacitus; son of Anthony Relhan; M.A., 1779 and follow, 17-tl, of King's College, Cambridge: MLJL MA, 17NS: i1:--!" "Flon I'antubrigii-nsis 1 1786. and edited Tacitus' Germanii and Agricola 1009, and * Hbtoria 1810; genus Relhania named after him.
^ James Relly (1722?–1778), universalist; one of Whitfield's preachers, but (c. 1761) definitely adopted unimsallsm; published religions works.
^ Joseph Relph (1712–1743), Cumberland poet; perpetual curate of Sebergham: his works published (1747) as A Miscellany of Poems
^ Remigius (d. 1092), bishop of Lincoln; contributed, while almoner of Fécamp, a ship and twenty knights to William the Conqueror's force for the invasion of England: consecrated bishop of Dorchester (1067), a see which he transferred to Lincoln, in consequence of the decree of the council of Windsor (1072).
^ Sir Thomas Rempston or Ramston (d. 1406), constable of the Tower of London; M.P. Nottinghamshire, 1381, 1382, 1393, and 1395; joined Henry, earl of Derby, In France, 1399, and on his accession to the throne as Henry IV had the custody of Richard II as constable of the Tower of London; K.G., 1400; drowned in the Thames.
^ Sir Thomas Rempston or Rampston (d. 1458), soldier; son of Sir Thomas Rempston (4. 1406) q. T.l: M.P. Nottinghamshire. 1413 and 141(1; took part in the French wars of Henry V and Henry VI: K.O.
^ John Remsdyke (fl. 1767–1778). See Jan van Rymsdyk.
^ Mrs Renaud, actress (d. 1831). See Mrs Powell.
^ James Meadows Rendel (1790–1866), engineer; was employed as a surveyor under Telford, and (c. 1822) set up a business at Plymouth; member of the council of the Royal Society: wus specially famous as a constructor of harbours, canals, and docks. Among his works are the Torquay breakwater (1836), the Birkenhead docks, and Portland harbour (1847).
^ William Render (fl. 1790–1801), grammarian and translator; a native of Germany; studied at Giessen; came to London, c. 1790; translated works by Kotzebtie and Goethe, besides publishing several educational manuals.
^ John Rendle (1758–1815), divine; B. A. Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, 1781, and fellow; published The History of Tiberius ( 1814), in which he maintained thai Tiberius was a Christian convert.
^ William Rendle (1811–1893), antiquary; practised in Southwark as a physician for nearly fifty years; F.R.C.S., 1873; wrote several valuable treatises on the history of Southwark.
^ Laurence Renehan (1797–1857), president of Maynooth College; professor of scripture (1827-34), vice-president (1834-45), and president (1845-57) of Maynooth College; made a large collection of Irish ecclesiastical records, which he bequeathed to the college.
^ James Rennell (1742–1830), geographer; entered the navy, 1768, and the East India Company's service, 1763; appointed surveyor-general of Bengal, 1764, and was employed on the survey of the province the first prepared from 1704 to 1777: published his Bengal Atlas 1779, and other valuable works relating to the geography of Western Asia, Africa, and the Atlantic.
^ Thomas Rennell (1787–1824), divine; only son of Thomas Rennell(1754-18l0); of Eton and King's College, Cambridge: M.A., 1813: B.D., 1822: became vicar of Kensington, 1816; published miscellaneous treatises.
^ Thomas Rennell (1754–1840), dean of Winchester; educated at Eton; fellow of King's College, Cambridge; M.A. per literas regias, 1779: D.D., 1794; master of the Temple, 1797-1827; dean of Winchester, 1805-40; had a high reputation as a scholar and divine.
^ George Rennie (1749–1828), agriculturist: wrote on agriculture and kindred subjects.
^ George Rennie (1802–1860), sculptor and politician; son of George Rennie (1749-1828); exhibited statues and busts at the Royal Academy, 1828-37; liberal M.P. for Ipswich, 1841, retiring, 1847; governor of the Falkland Islands,; whose condition he greatly improved, 1847-55.
^ George Rennie (1791–1866), civil engineer; eldest son of John Rennie; educated at St. Paul's School, London, and Edinburgh University; entered into partnership with his brother, Sir John Rennie, 1821, and had considerable business as a railway engineer, besides superintending the mechanical business of the firm.
^ James Rennie (1787–1867), naturalist; M.A. Glasgow, 1815; professor of natural history at King's College, London, 1830-4; emigrated to Australia, 1840; published and edited works on natural history.
^ John Rennie (1761–1821), civil engineer; younger brother of George Rennie (1749-1828); studied at Edinburgh University; entered James Watt's employ, 1784; began business on his own account, c. 1791; F.R.S., 1798; had a great reputation as a constructor of canals, docks, harbours, and bridges. Waterloo bridge (1810-17), London bridge, and Southwark bridge (1816-19), were designed by him, as well as the Plymouth breakwater.
^ Sir John Rennie (1794–1874). civil engineer; eon of John Rennie: carried on his father's business after his death, completing London bridge (opened, 1831) and Plymouth breakwater; knighted, 1831; retired, c.1862.
^ Michael Renniger or Rhanger (1530–1609), divine; B.A. Cambridge; B.A. Magdalen College, Oxford, 1546; M.A., 1549; D.D., 1573: distinguished asa preacher during Edward VI's reign: retired to the continent on the accession of Queen Mary, but returned on her death and became one of Queen Elizabeth's chaplains; archdeacon of Winchester, 1575; published political treatises.
^ George Alexander Renny (1825–1887), major-general, royal artillery; entered the Bengal horse artillery, 1844; behaved with extraordinary gallantry at the siege of Delhi, 1857, and received the Victoria Cross; retired from active service, 1878.
^ George Cecil Renouard (1780–1867), scholar; of St. Paul's School and Charterhouse, London; fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1804; B.A., 1802; M.A. per literas regias, 1806; B.D., 1811; afterwards passed some years as a chaplain in the Levant; lord almoner's professor of Arabic at Cambridge, 1815-21; rector of Swanscombe, 1818-07; R.A.S., 1824. His contributions to classical and oriental study were numerous and important.
^ Sir Peter Le Page Renouf (1822–1897), egyptologlst, oriental scholar, and theologian; born in Guernsey; educated at Pembroke College, Oxford; came in contact with the tractarians and entered the Roman church, 1842: professor of ancient history and afterwards of eastern languages at Roman catholic university of Ireland, 1855-64; studied egyptology, and published in Atlantis 1863, a defence of the science against attacks of Sir George Cornewall Lewis; attacked doctrine of papal Infallibility in an essay, 1868, which was placed on the Index; advocated foundation of Roman catholic college at Oxford, 1864; government inspector of schools, 1866; keeper of Egyptian and Assyrian antiquities in British Museum, 1885-91; president (1887) of Society of Biblical Archaeology, to whose publications he contributed; knighted, 1896.
^ James Renwick (1662–1688), Scottish covenanter; threw in his lot with the Cameronians in 1681, after a liberal education at Edinburgh University (M.A., 1681); publicly proclaimed the Lanark declaration, 1682, and proceeded to study at Groninpeu; was ordained and ( 1683) entered on his Scottish ministry; became famous as a field preacher and (1685) refused to join Argyle's insurrection because it was not based on the covenant; captured (1688) and executed in the Grassmarket on 17 Feb. after refusing to petition fora reprieve; celebrated as the last of the martyrs of the covenant.
^ William Renwick (1740?–1814), naval surgeon and author; captured by John Paul Jonc-- in th.BearbnMgh in 1779, and wrote n description of tin- cntfatfcment in ln-roic verse; published a uuui!*-r..f pamphlet* and poems.
^ Sir Matthew de Renzy or Rentsi (1577-1634), Irish writer; a native of Cologne; waa an officer of the customs in In-land. None of his writings (which are said to have Included au Irish grammar and dictionary ) are extant.
^ Philip Repington or Repyngdon (d. 1424), bishop of Lincoln and cardinal; educated at Broadgates Hall, Oxford; was the most prominent supporter of Wycllffe at Oxford; was excommunicated, 1382, but after a few months abjured his heresies and was restored: made chaplain to Henry IV, 1400; consecrated bishop of Lincoln, 1405; created a cardinal, 1408; resigned his bishopric, 1419.
^ William Reppes (d. 1550). See Rugg.
^ George Stanley Repton (d. 1858), architect; son of Humphry Repton; assisted his father to design the Brighton Pavilion; made a runaway match with Lady Elizabeth Scott, eldest daughter of Lord Eldon, 1817.
^ Humphry Repton (1752–1818), landscape gardener; lost his fortune and became a professional landscape gardener, being employed by the chief noblemen of the day; published a number of treatises, including An Inquiry into the Changes of Taste in Landscape Gardening 1806.
^ John Adey Repton (1775–1860), architect; assisted his father by preparing architectural designs as adjuncts to landscape gardening; contributed to Archaeologia.
^ Sir John Reresby, baronet (1634–1689), author of Travels and Memoirs travelled on the continent during the Commonwealth, and in 1675 entered parliament (M.P., Aldborough) as a supporter of the court. His Memoirsappeared in 1734, and hisTravels and Memoirs were published together in 1813.
^ Nathaniel Resbury (1643–1711), divine; M.A., Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1672 (incorporated at Oxfonl, 1673; D.D. Merton College, Oxford, 1692): became chaplain in ordinary to William and Mary, 1691; published theological treatises.
^ Adam Reuter (fl. 1608-1626), author; a native of Kottbus in Silesia: resided many years at Oxford, having become a member of Exeter College, and wrote against the papacy.
^ Samuel Revans (1808–1888), colonist; proceeded to New Zealand, 1840; published the New Zealand Gazette, the first newspaper in that colony.
^ Willey Reveley (d. 1799), architect; edited vol. iii. of Stuart's Antiquities of Athens 1794.
^ Sir Richard Revell or Rivell (d. 1222), knight and landowner; sheriff of Devonshire and Cornwall in Richard I's reign.
^ Nicholas Revett (1720–1804), architect and draughtsman; became acquainted with James Stuart (1713-1788) at Rome, and was associated with him in preparing and publishing the first volume of the Antiquities of Athens (1762); subsequently prepared the Antiquities of Ionia (1769-97) for the Society of Dilettanti.
^ Sir Abraham Reynardson (1590–1661), lord mayor of London; became master of the Merchant Taylors' Company, 1640; lord mayor, 1648-9: deposed and heavily fined (1649) for manifesting royalist sympathies; was knighted at the Restoration, but declined the mayoralty on account of ill-health.
^ Carew Reynell (1636–1690), economic writer; a Hampshire country gentleman; of Wodham College, Oxford; student, Middle Temple, 1654; author of The True English Interest 1674, a work accepting the mercantile theory without question.
^ Carew Reynell (1698–1745), successively bishop of Down and Connor and of Derry;: Oxfonl, 1711; M.A., 171'j; D.D.. 1730; consecrated btebop of Down and Connor, 1739; translated to Derry, 1743.
^ Edward Reynell (1612–1663), divine; of Exeter College, Oxfonl. and the Middle Temple; rector of West Ogwell; published several pieces in prose and verse; committed suicide.
^ Clement Reyner (1589–1651), abbot of Lambspring or Lansperg in Germany: born in Yorkshire: became a Benedictine, 1610. and first abbot of Lansperg, 1643; died at Hildesheim. He edited Apostolatus Benedictinorum in Anglia, the history of the Benedictine Order in England.
^ Edward Reyner (1600–1668), ejected minister; M.A. St John's College, Cambridge, 1624; rector of St. Peter at Arches, Lincoln, 1627, ejected, 1662; published religious treatises.
^ William Reyner (fl. 1615–1619), translator; published Latin versions of Roman catholic controversial treatises.
^ John Reynes (fl. 1527–1544), stationer and bookbinder in London.
^ Thomas Reynold (fl. 1541–1565), London printer; frequently confused with Thomas Raynalde, whose first book he printed.
^ Sir Barrington Reynolds (1786–1861), admiral; son of Robert Carthew Reynolds (1748?-1811); entered the navy, 1795; saw much active service; admiral, 1860; G.C.B., 1861.
^ Christopher Augustine Reynolds (1834-1893), first Roman catholic archbishop of South Australia: went to Australia, 1855, as a Roman catholic priest and (1873) was consecrated bishop of Adelaide; nominated archbishop by Pope Leo XIII, 1887.
^ Edward Reynolds (1599–1676), bishop of Norwich; fellow of Merton College, Oxford, 1619; M.A., 1624, r.nci D.D., 1648 (also incorporated at Cambridge); warden of Merton College, Oxford, 1660-1; consecrated bishop, 1661: a moderate Anglican; published sermons and short religious works.
^ Edward Reynolds (1629–1698), archdeacon of Norfolk; son of Edward Reynolds (1599-1676); of Merton and Magdalen College, Oxford: B.A., 1649; made fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, by the parliamentary visitors; D.D., 1676; archdeacon of Norfolk, 1661-98.
^ Frances Reynolds (1729–1807), painter; sister of Sir Joshua Reynolds; a friend of Dr. Johnson, whose portrait she painted.
^ Frederic Reynolds (1764–1841, dramatist; of Westminster School and the Middle Temple: began writing for the stage, 1785, and composed nearly one hundred tragedies and comedies, many of which were printed.
^ Frederic Mansel Reynolds (d. 1850), author; eldest son of Frederic Reynolds; edited The Keepsake and published (1833) Miserrimus: a Tale founded on the inscription in Worcester Cathedral on the gravestone of Thomas Morris (1600-1748).
^ George Nugent Reynolds (1770?–1802), Irish poet; a gentleman of Leitrim; author of Kathleen O'More (1800) and other popular lyrics. In 1830 Campbell's Exile of Erin was claimed for him by his relatives.
^ George William MacArthur Reynolds (1814-1879), author and politician; became editor of the London Journal 1846; started Reynolds-Miscellany 1846, and Reynolds Weekly Newspaper 1850: appeared as a chartist lender, 1848, retaining his connection with the movement till 1866: was an advocate of extreme measures and a supporter of James O'Brien; wrote a number of novels of a sensational character.
^ Henry Reynolds (fl. 1627–1632), poet and critic; friend of Drayton and the author of a translation of Tasso's Aminta (1628) and of an essay on the nature of poetry, 1632.
^ Henry Revell Reynolds (1745–1811), physicia of Lincoln College, Oxford, Trinity College, Cambridge and Edinburgh: M.D. Cambridge, 1773; wtth-d London 1778: registrar, 1781-3, Gulstonian lecturer, 1776 and Harveian orator, 1776, of the Royal College of Physicians: became physic-ian-in-ordinary to George III, is;,;.
^ Henry Robert Reynolds (1825–1896), congregational divine; grandson of Henry Revell Reynolds; educated at Coward College, London; B.A. London, 1848; fellow of University College, London, 1848; ordained pastor of congregational church at Halstead, Basex, 1846; minister of East Parade Chapel, Leeds; president, 1860-94, of Cheshunt College: co-editor of British Quarterly Review 1866-74; editor of Bvangelioal Magazine 1877-82; published theological .
^ James Reynolds (1686–1739), judge; nephew of Sir John Reynolds; M.A., 1705, and fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1712; M.P., Bury St Edmunds, 1717; appointed puisne judge in the king's bench, 1725, and lord chief-baron of the exchequer, 1730; retired, 1738.
^ Sir James Reynolds (1684–1747), judge; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1710; appointed baron of the court of exchequer, 1740; knighted, 1745.
^ James Reynolds (1805–1866), orientalist; B.A. St. Catharine's College, Cambridge, 1826; perpetual curate of St. Mary's Chapel, Great Ilford, 1837; secretary to the Oriental Translation Fund of the Royal Asiatic Society; published translations from the Persian and Arabic.
^ John Reynolds (1549–1607). See Rainolds.
^ John Reynolds or Reinolds (1584–1614), epigrammatist; fellow of New College, Oxford, 1602; B.O.L., 1607; published Epigrammata 1611.
^ John Reynolds (fl. 1621–1650), author; a merchant of Exeter; published several translations from the French and Dutch, besides some original verse.
^ Sir John Reynolds (1625–1657), soldier; probably a member of the Middle Temple; joined the parliamentary army, and (1648) commanded a regiment of horse; took part in the Irish campaigns; M.P., Galway and Mayo, 1654, Waterford and Tipperary, 1656; knighted, 1655; commanded the English force which co-operated with the French in Flanders, 1667; perished at sea when returning to England.
^ John Reynolds (1667–1727), dissenting minister; of Pembroke College, Oxford; ordained to Oldbury Chapel, 1699, and afterwards to the presbyterian congregation at Shrewsbury; published several religious treatises.
^ John Reynolds (1713?–1788), admiral; entered the navy as a volunteer per order 1728; lieutenant, 1736; governor of Georgia, 1754-9; admiral, 1787.
^ John Hamilton Reynolds (1796–1852), poet educated at St. Paul's School, London; published two volumes of verse in 1814; friend and correspondent of Keate from 1816; entered a solicitor's office, 1818, but continued to write both prose and verse; clerk to the county court in the Isle of Wight; best remembered for his Romance of Youth and some sonnets,
^ Sir John Russell Reynolds, first baronet (1828-1896), physician; grandson of Henry Revell Reynolds; M.D. London, 1852; F.R.S., 1869; became physician-iu-ordinary to the queen's household, 1878; president, Royal College of Physicians, 1893-5; created baronet, 1895; wrote on nervous diseases and edited the System of Medicine 1866-79.
^ John Stuckey Reynolds (1791–1874), founder of the Home and Colonial Training College in Gray's Inn Road, London: was a clerk in the treasury office; erected several infant cchools in various parts of London, and founded the training college in 1836 to train teachers in Pestalozzlan methods.
^ Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723–1792), portrait painter; born at Plympton-Earl's in Devonshire; son of the Rev. Samuel Reynold?, master of the Plympton-Earl's grammar school; showed an early talent for portraiture, and was apprenticed to Thomas Hudson (1701-1779); between 1743 and 1749 painted portraits at London and Plymouth; taken by Commodore Keppel to the Mediterranean, 1749; spent three years in study in Italy, and returned to London, where he soon put all rivals at a distance, and in 1759 had 156 sitters; his art between 1753 :iiul 1760 represented in the National Gallery by the Lord Ligonier on horseback and the portrait of Anne, countess of Albemarle; made an income of about 6,000. a year, which he spent largely in buying pictures: was by 1760 intimately acquainted with Garrick, Goldsmith, and Johnson; removed, 1760, from Great Newport Street to Leicester Fields, where he lived till his death; mainly identified, as regards his profession of portrait-painter, with the whig party, to which his early patrons had belonged; founded the Literary Club, 1764, to give, as he said, Dr. Johnson unlimited opportunities of talking; selected as president of the Royal Academy on its foundation in 1768; knighted, 1769; immediately took the most active part in organising the Academy and its schools; subsequently devoted more of his time to pictures of the imagination, the number of his sitters having decreased; hon. D.O.L. Oxford, 1773; selected mayor of Plymouth, 1773; compelled to cease painting by the partial failure of his- eyesight, 1790; buried in the crypt of St. Paul's Cathedral. He was the greatest portrait-painter that England has produced, and is ranked by Ruskin as one of the seven supreme colourists. His literary works consist mainly of his Discourses which probably received some polish from Johnson, Burke, Malone, and others, before they were published, but were essentially his own both in style and thought.
^ Richard Reynolds (d. 1535), martyr; studied at Christ's College, Cambridge; B.D., 1513; one of the foremost scholars of the day; executed for refusing to accept the royal supremacy over the church.
^ Richard Reynolds or Rainolde (d. 1606), divine and chronicler; of St. John's College, Cambridge: M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1553; held several ecclesiastical preferments in Essex; published a work in rhetoric, 1563, and another on the Roman emperors, 1571.
^ Richard Reynolds (1674–1743), successively bishop of Bangor and Lincoln; LL.B. Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 1695; LL.D. Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, 1701; was bishop of Bangor, 1721-3; bishop of Lincoln, 1723-43.
^ Richard Reynolds (1735–1816), quaker-philanthropist; was the proprietor of large ironworks in Staffordshire; retired from business, 1789, and was distinguished by his munificent charitable gifts.
^ Sir Robert Reynolds (fl. 1640–1660), lawyer; brother of Sir John Reynolds; M.P., Hindon, Long parliament; took the parliamentary side in the civil war; refused to act as a commissioner on Charles I's trial; became solicitor-general, 1650; disappeared from public life in 1653, but returned on Cromwell's death and (1660) became attorney-general; promoted the Restoration and was knighted by Charles II, 1660.
^ Robert Carthew Reynolds (d. 1804), lieutenant in the navy; son of Robert Carthew Reynolds (1748?-1811),; died from wounds received at Martinique after showing great gallantry,
^ Robert Carthew Reynolds (1748?–1811), rear-admiral; entered the navy, 1759; saw much service during the French wars; rear-admiral, 1808; perished in a storm on the coast of Jutland.
^ Samuel Harvey Reynolds (1831–1897), divine and journalist; educated at Radley and Exeter College, Oxford; fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford, 1856; M.A., 1857; entered Lincoln's Inn, 1858; ordained priest, 1865; successively Latin lecturer, tutor, and bursar at Brasenose College, Oxford; held college living of East Ham, 1871-93; leader-writer on staff of The Times 1873-96; edited Homer's Iliad 1870, and other classics, and published original essays on various subjects.
^ Samuel William Reynolds (1773–1835), mezzotint engraver and landscape-painter; engraved many fine works which create! much enthusiasm French artists; successfully employed etching to strengthen the mezzotint.
^ Samuel William Reynolds (1794–1872), portrait-painter; son of Samuel William Reynolds (1773-1835 ); exhibited at the Royal Academy.
^ Thomas Reynolds, printer (fl.–1541-1555). See Reynold.
^ Thomas Reynolds (1667?-1727), presbyterian minister; pastor to a congregation in Great Eastcheap, London, 1695-1727; opposed the growth of arian tendencies among the English presbyterians.
^ Thomas Reynolds (1752–1829), antiquary; Lincoln College, Oxford, 1777; rector of Little Bowden, 1776-1829; his principal work, Iter Britanniarum 1799 (an edition of the British portion of Antoninus's Itinerary).
^ Thomas Reynolds (1771–1836), informer; became a United Irishman, 1797, but turned informer in 1798, while financially embarrassed, and betrayed the provincial committee to the police; retired to Paris, 1822.
^ Walter Reynolds (d. 1327), archbishop of Canterbury; employed, like other secular-minded clerks in Edward I's rougher business; became a favourite of Edward II, who made him bishop of Worcester, 1307, and lord chancellor, 1310; became archbishop of Canterbury by a papal bull, in spite of the previous election of Thomas de Cobham by the Canterbury monks, 1313; supported Edward II in political disputes, und several times attempted mediation: succeeded in introducing a considerable measure of ecclesiastical reform; made his peace with Queen Isabella on the overthrow of Edward II; crowned Edward III at Westiniiwu-r, and became a member of his council, but had little influence on affairs.
^ William Reynolds (1544?–1594). See Rainolds.-
^ William Reynolds (1625–1698), dissenting minister; M.A. Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1648 (incorporated at Oxford, 1649); became joint-minister at Nottingham with John Whitlock, 1651, both being ejected, 1662, and several times imprisoned, but returning to Nottingham in 1687.
^ William Reynolds (1758–1803), inventor; eldest son of Richard Reynolds (1735-1816); was associated with his father in the management of the works and collieries of Ketley; obtained a patent (1799) for preparing iron for conversion into steel by the use of manganese.
^ William Lewis Rham (1778–1843), agriculturist; born at Utrecht; M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1810; prebendary of Salisbury, 1806; appointed vicar of Winkfleld, 1808; opened a school of industry at Winkfield, 1835; member of the Royal Agricultural Society, and a great authority on agricultural methods; contributed to the Library of Useful Knowledge a manual on Flemish Industry
^ Alexander Rhead (1586?–1641). See Reid.
^ John Morgan Rhees (1760–1804), divine ; baptist minister at Peny-garn, Monmouthshire; was a strong republican, and (1794) emigrated to Pennsylvania, where be became a noted preacher.
^ Alexander Henry Rhind (1833–1863), antiquary; studied at Edinburgh University; early devoted himself to the study of Scottish antiquities: compelled, from 1853, to travel in consequence of weak health; published (1862) Thebes, its Tombs and their Tenants, the result of a sojourn in Egypt, besides less important treatises,
^ Rhiwallon ap Cynfyn (d. 1069), Welsh prince; received North Wales in 1063 as a tributary of Edward the Confessor; fell in battle.
^ Ebenezer Rhodes (1762–1830), topographer; a master-cutler; published Peak Scenery 1818-24, which remains a standard work on Derbyshire.
^ Hugh Rhodes (fl. 1550–1555), author of the Book of Nurture (1550?); published also The Chyld-Byshop (1555), a fulsome panegyric on Queen Mary.
^ John N. Rhodes (1800-1842), painter.
^ Richard Rhodes (d. 1668), poet and dramatist ; student, Cbri-t.ford; B.A., 1661; author of Flora's Vagaries (published, 1870), comedy.
^ Richard Rhodes (1766-1838), engraver; I "lo * in the style of James Heath (1767-18*4)
^ William Barnes Rhodes (1772-1826), dramatic writer; chief teller in the Bank of England. 1823-6; ?, U u t ! 1 a ( rof { be 1 on KtP u Ia burlesque Bomba.tetFurio*); (1813), which had been produced at the Haymarkot London, in 1810.
^ Rhodri Mawr , i.e. The Great (d. 877), Welsh king; son of Merfyn Frych, on whose death, in 844, he became ruler of North Wales; chiefly occupied in withstanding the incursions of the Danes; fell in battle against the English.
^ Rhodri ab Owain (d. 1195), Welsh prince; son of Owain Gwynedd; drove bis elder brother, David, out of Anglesey in 1175 and ruled there till 1191, when he was dispossessed by his nephews.
^ Rhun ap Maelgwn (fl. 547), British king; succeeded his father, Maelgwn Gwynedd, as ruler of North Wales, 547. Legend connected him with King Arthur, and he appears in the Triads as one of the three blessed rulers of Britain.
^ Rhydderch Hael, i.e. The Liberal, or Hen, i.e. The Aged (fl. 580), British king; reigned in Alclud or Dumbarton, but is almost unnoticed in early records. It is, however, generally believed that he was the victor in the battle of Arderydd, 573.
^ John Rhydderch, Roderick, or Rogers (d. 1735), printer; settled In Shrewbury, 1708; printed a number of books connected with Wales, 1708-28.
^ Rhygyfarch wrongly called Rbyddmareh, and in Latin, Ricemarchus (1056-1099), clerk of St. David's; eldest son of Sulien; author of the oldest extant life of St. David, preserved among the Cotton. MSS., and printed in Rees's Cambro-British Saints.
^ Rhys ab Owain (d. 1078), Welsh prince; became sole ruler of South Wales, 1076, but was dispossessed, 1078, by Trahaearn ap Caradog.
^ Rhys ap Tewdwr (d. 1093), Welsh king; king of South Wales on the death of bis cousin, Rhys ab Owain, in 1078, but was much harassed by the princes of North Wales, whom he decisively defeated in 1081; killed in battle against the Norman settlers in Brecknock.
^ Rhys ap Gruffydd (1132?- 1197), prince of South Wales; son of Gruffydd ab Rhys (d. 1137); became sole ruler of the Welsh in Dyfed, Ceredigion, and Ystrad Tywi, 1155; engaged In a long struggle with Henry II, whom, however, he supported during the rebellion of 1173-4; eventually acknowledged Henry II's supremacy, but on the accession of Richard I resumed his independence,
^ Rhys Goch ap Rhicert (fl. 1300), Welsh poet; lived in Glamorgan. His poems first became known through their publication in the Iolo MSS.
^ Rhys Goch Eryri, i.e. of Snowdon (1310?–1400?), Welsh poet; lived near Bedd Gelert. Seven of his poems have been printed, but a large number remain unpriuted in the Britten Museum among the Cymrodorion MSS.
^ Rhys ap Thomas, or Rice (1449–1525), supporter of Henry VII; formed a fighting force of several thousand men in South Wales, with whom he joined the Earl of Richmond (afterwards Henry VII) after his landing in 1485; knighted, 1485; received numerous honours aud preferments from Henry VII.
^ Ioan Dafydd Rhys, or John David (1534-1609), Welsh grammarian; studied at Christ Church, Oxford, and to several Italian universities; published (1592) a Welsh grammar, still extant.
^ Morgan Rhys (1710?–1779), Welsh hymn-writer; a Calvinistic methodist preacher of the Cilycwm circuit; published a collection of twenty-two hymns in 1700, a second collection in 1767, and a third in 1770-1..
^ John Michael Rhysbrach (1693?-1770). See Rysbrack.
^ Sir Phineas Riall (1775-1850), general; entered the army, 1794; served in the West Indies and Canada: appointed governor of Grenada, 1816; knighted, 1833; general, 18l.
^ David Ricardo (1772–1823), economist; the son of a Dutch Jew, who made a fortune on the London stock exchange early in life; through the perusal of the Wealth of Nations became interested in the scientific treatment of economic questions: bad become a leading authority upon the subject by 1817, and, in accordance with the wishes of his friends for a more systematic exposition of his theories, published his well-known Principles of Political Economy and Taxation 1817, in which he elaborated his theory of rent, exhibited the relation between rent, profit, and wages, and traced the incidence of taxation; retired from business, 1814, and settled in Gloucestershire; M.P., Portarlington, 1819-23; though an independent thinker, generally supported the radical party; won became accepted in the house as an authority on financial matters. He was the principal founder of the classical school of political economy.
^ John Lewis Ricardo (1812–1862), free-trader; nephew of David Ricardo; M.P., Stoke-upon-Trent, 1841-62; supported the repeal of the corn laws and navigation laws.
^ Robert Ricart (fl. 1466–1508), town clerk of Bristol; compiled the Mayor's Register a. record of the ancient usages of the city, which was edited for the Camden Society in 1872.
^ Sir Paul Ricaut (1628–1700).
^ Robert Riccaltoun (1691–1769), Scottish divine; educated at Edinburgh University; minister of Hopekirk, 1725-69; befriended and encouraged James Thomson, author of the Seasons published an ode on Winter in Savage's Miscellany 1726; engaged in the Marrow controversy.
^ David Riccio or Rizzio (1533?–1566), secretary to Mary Queen of Scots; son of a musician at Pancalieri, near Turin; began life in the service of the archbishop of Turin; accompanied the ambassador of the Duke of Savoy to Scotland, 1561, and (1564) became French secretary to Mary Queen of Scots, his appointment marking a change in her policy, which now became independent both of the Guises and the Scottish lords; arranged the marriage with Darnley, and practically superseded Maitland of Lethington as secretary of state; with his new position of authority assumed a haughty demeanour; exasperated the Scottish nobles by his assumption of superiority, and in particular annoyed Darnlev, Mary's husband, who found himself excluded from political power; was suspected by Darnley of being the queen's lover; was at length seized in the queen's presence by an armed band, including Darnley and Morton, and despatched in an antechamber.
^ Rice ap Thomas (1449–1525). See Rhys.
^ Edmund Ignatius Rice (1762–1844), founder of the Roman catholic institute known as the Irish Christian Brothers; was owner of a provision merchant's oatineai at Waterford; began (c. 1802) to educate the children of Waterford gratuitously, and with the other directors took religious vows and became known as the Christian Brothers 1808 (the order was sanctioned by JJ, 1880): elected superior-general, 1822. The icboou erentaally spread over the greater part of Ireland; in 1896 numbered three hundred, with an average aailj attendance of thirty thousand pupils.
^ George Rice (1721–1779), politician; of Christ Church, Oxford; M.P., Carmarthenshire, 1754-79; supported Lord North; treasurer of the king's chamber, 1770; privy councillor, 1770.
^ James Rice (1843–1882), novelist; of Queens' College, Cambridge; chiefly known for his literary partnership with (Sir) Walter Besant, which commenced in 1872 with Ready Money Mortiboy and continued till the close of his life; published, with (Sir) Walter Besant, The Golden Butterfly 1876, and The Seamy Side 1881, among other works; published independently a history of the British turf, 1879.
^ Sir John ap Rice (d. 1573?). See Price.
^ Richard Rice or Price (fl. 1535–1579), author; brother of Ellis Price; abbot of Conway, 1536; published two theological treatises.
^ Sir Stephen Rice (1637–1715), chief-baron of the exchequer in Ireland; appointed a baron by James II, 1686, and chief baron, 1687; took a large share in remodelling the Irish corporations; on the overthrow of James II escaped reprisals under the articles of Limerick.
^ Thomas Spring Rice, first Baron Monteagle (1790-1866). See Spring-Rice.
^ Ricemarchus (1056–1099). See Rhygyfarch.
^ Barnabe Rich (1540?–1620?), author and soldier; fought in Queen Mary's war with France (1557-8) and in the Low Countries, rising to the rank of captain; began to write in 1574, and for nearly fifty years devoted his leisure to the production of romances iu the style of Lyly's Euphues pamphlets, and reminiscences; found a patron in Sir Christopher Hatton, and (1584) held a military command in Ireland; his admirers in his own day numerous, but chiefly drawn from the less cultivated classes. His extant printed works are twenty-four in number, and several others exist in manuscript. From the second story Apolonius and Silla in Riche his Farewell to Militarie profession (1581) Shakespeare drew the plot of Twelfth Night.
^ Christopher Rich (d. 1714), theatrical manager; originally an attorney; purchased a share in the management of the Theatre Royal (afterwards Drury Lane), London, 1688; controlled (1706-7) the three London playhouses (Drury Lane, Dorset Garden, and Haymarket), but alienated all who came in contact with him by his avarice and oppression of the actors; Drury Lane closed in consequence of his arbitrary measures by the lord chamberlain, 1709, mitil the orders for the redress of the actor's grievances had been complied with; soon afterwards lost his hold on the theatre and began to erect a new one in Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, but died before its completion.
^ Claudius James Rich (1787–1820), traveller; born at Dijon: passed his childhood at Bristol; acquire- 1 a great mastery of eastern languages; in 1803 entered the East India Company's service, and afterwards travelled in Asia Minor, Egypt, and Syria; East India Company's resident at Baghdad; died of cholera at Shiraz. His oriental collections were purchased by the trustees of the British Museum.
^ Edmund Rich (1170?–1240). See Edmund.
^ Sir Henry Rich, first Baron Kensington and first Earl of Holland (1590-1649), son of Robert Rich, first earl of Warwick, by his wife Penelope Rich; of Emmanuel College, Cambridge; knighted, 1610; M.P., Leicester, 1610 and 1614; enabled by natural qualifications to rise rapidly as a courtier; created Baron Kensington, 1623 and (1624) made Earl of Holland and employed to negotiate the marriage of Charles I and Henrietta Maria; enjoyed Queen Henrietta Maria's favour, and intrigued against Charles I's ministers; became general of the horse, 1639, and took an inglorious part in the Scottish war; joined the parliamentary party, 1642, but (1643) returned to Charles I's side; met an ungracious reception, and at the close of the year was partially reconciled to the parliament; took up arms for Charles I, in consequence of the refusal of the Commons to grant pecuniary compensation for his losses, 1648; captured at St. Neots, July 1648; beheaded, in spite of Fairfax's intercession.
^ Jeremiah Rich (d. 1660?), stenographer; eminent practitioner of shorthand; pupil of his uncle, William Cartwright, whose system he elaborated in a number of treatises, in some of which he claimed the methods as his own invention.
^ John Rich (1682?–1761), pantomimist and theatrical manager; son of Christopher Rich q. v.; opened the new theatre at Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, 17 M: began to develop the pantomime, 1716, in which genre he himself always played Harlequin; produced a pantomime annually, 1717-60; opened the house at Covent Garden, 1732, where Garrick appeared in 1746.
^ Mary Rich, Countess of Warwick (1626–1678), daughter of Richard Boyle, first earl of Cork; married (1641) Charles Rich, fourth earl of Warwick; developed a pietistic temperament, which led to her house in Essex becoming the retort of puritan divines; some devotional writings by her published, 1686; her diaries preserved in the British Museum.
^ Sir Nathaniel Rich (1585?–1636), merchant adventurer; member of Gray's Inn, 1610: M.P., Totnes, 1614, East Retford, 1621, Harwich, 1624-5 and 1626-9, Newport (Isle of Wight), 1625; knighted, 1617; took part in forming a company of adventurers for the plantation of Providence and Henrietta, 1630, and (1635) became deputy-governor.
^ Nathaniel Rich (d. 1701), soldier; entered the life-guards of Earl of Essex, 1642; became colonel of a regiment of horse in the new model: M.P., Cirenoester, 1649; was inclined to the views of the Fifth-monarchy men and (1655) was deprived of his command and imprisoned for opposing Cromwell's government: restored to his command, 1659, but cashiered by Monck for resisting the Restoration, 1660: was arrested during the excitement caused by Venner's plot, 1661, and remained in confinement till 1665.
^ Penelope Rich, Lady Rich (1562?–1607), daughter of Walter Devereux, first earl of Essex q. v.; when a girl of fourteen won the admiration of (Sir) Philip Sidney, whom her father desired that she should marry; married to Robert Rich, third baron Rich (afterwards earl of Warwick) 1581; in consequence of her distaste for the marriage, encouraged the attentions of Sir Philip Sidney, who celebrated her charms and his affection in the series of sonnets afterwards collected under the title Astrophel and Stella (1591); became Lord Mountjoy's mistress after Sidney's death, and from 1601 lived in open adultery, her husband abandoning her. according to her own statement, after the execution of her brother, the second Earl of Essex; divorced by Lord Rich, 1605, on which she married Mount joy, now become Earl of Devonshire.
^ Sir Richard Rich, first Baron Rich (1496?-1567), lord chancellor; studied at the Middle Temple (reader, 1529); returned to the reformation parliament for Colchester, 1529: became solicitor-general, 1533: knighted, 1533; afterwards basely procured evidence against Fisher by visiting him in prison and pledging Henry VIII's word that the conversation should be regardel as confidential; perjured himself against Sir Thomas More at More's trial; knight of the shire for Essex and elected speaker, 1536; during 1536 and succeeding years occupied himself largely in the suppression of monasteries; shared Cromwell's unpopularity, but deserted him in his disgrace: took an active part in persecuting the reformers, and, according to Anne Askew's statement, racked her with bis own hands; created Baron Rich after the accession of Edward VI: appointed lord-chancellor, 1548; conducted the bill of attainder against Seymour through parliament, 1649, and afterwards joined Warwick in effecting the overthrow of Protector Somerset; employed by Warwick in proceedings against Gardiner and Ikmner, as well as in the measures against Mary; resigned the great seal, 1561; after signing the proclamation in favour of Lady Jane Grey, 1553, went down to Essex and declared for Queen Mary, during whose reign he distinguished himself by his severities against the protestants; founded Felstead grammar school, 1564.
^ Richard Rich (fl. 1609–1610), author of 'Newes from Virginia; sailed for Virginia in 1609 with Captain Christopher Newport; published on his return to England a narrative in verse entitled Newes from Virginia(1610), containing also an account of his shipwreck on the Bermudas. The work probably suggested scenes in Shakespeare's Tempest
^ Robert Rich (fl. 1185-1240), biographer; younger brother of Edmund Rich, archbishop of Canterbury, whose lifelong companion he was; present at Edmund's death, 1244); wrote a life of bis brother, w hid. seems to be identical with that preserved in Cotton. MS. Faustina B. i. ff. 180-8, in the British Museum, and InFell MS. 1, vol. iv. in the Bodleian Library. It ban bent printed in Wallace's Life of St. Edmund
^ Sir Robert Rich, second Earl of Warwick (1587-1668), eldest son of the first earl of Warwick and Penelope, Lady Rich: educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge; K.B., 1603; member of the Inner Temple, 1604: M.P., Maldon, 1610 and 1614; succeeded bis father in 1619, and occupied himself largely with the colonisation of America and with privateering ventures, which Involved him in controversy with the great merchant companies: during the early part of Charles I's reign gradually became estranged from the court; was associated with the foundation of the colonies of New Plymouth, Massachusetts, and Connecticut; refused to subscribe to the forced loan of 1626 and to pay ship-money, and protected the puritan clergy: arrested and his papers searched on the dissolution of the Short parliament, 1640; active in raising forces for parliament on the outbreak of civil war; gained the fleet, July 1642, and (1643) was appointed lord high admiral; nominated head of a commission for the government of the colonies, 1643; associated in 1644 with the foundation of Rhode Island; generally exerted his authority in behalf of religious freedom; endeavoured unsuccessfully (1648) to regain the fleet, the greater part of which had revolted to Charles I, but was able to organise a new one; after the abolition of the House of Lords was removed by the independents from the post of lord high admiral; took no part in public affairs during the Commonwealth, but received support and encouragement from Cromwell. His grandson, Robert Rich, married the Protector's daughter.
^ Robert Rich (d. 1679), quaker and universalist; a rich merchant and shipowner of London; became a quaker, 1654, and (1655) an adherent of James Nayler , whom he loyally assisted during his trial and puni?hment; renowned for his charity, which was distributed to all creeds without distinction.
^ Sir Robert Rich , fourth baronet (1685-1 768), fieldmarshal; entered the army, 1700, and served under Marlborough: M.P., Dunwich, 1715-22, Beeralston, 1724, St. Ives, 1727-41; consistently supported Sir Robert Walpole; fought at Dettingen, 1743; general, 1747; field-marshal. 1757.
^ Sir Robert Rich , fifth baronet (1714–1785). lieutenantrgeneral; son of Sir Robert Rich, fourth baronet : entered the army, 1735: severely wounded at Culloden, 1746; fought at Minorca, 1756; lieutenant-general, 1760; Involved in a dispute with government, 1768, which resulted in bis dismissal from the service.
^ William Henry Rich-Jones (1817–1886). See Jones.
^ Richard I, called Richard Coeur-de-Lion (1157–1199), king of England: third son of Henry II and Eleanor of Poitou; born at Oxford 8 Pept 1157: betrothed (1160 to Alice, daughter of Louis VII, a source of many future troubles; acknowledged Duke of Aquitaine, 1170; joined his brothers in rebelling against tlK-ir fatlier. Henry II. 1173-4, but was forced to submit, and afterwards occupied himself in reducing the local magnates of Aquitaine: completely established the ducal authority, but on becoming (1183) heir to the English tlirone on tl* death of bis elder brother Henry, was called upon by his father to give up Aquitaine to his brother John; compromised tbe , matter by a nominal surrender to Eleanor in 1186; snsI pecting that his father intended to disinherit him, allied, himself with the French king, Philip Augustus, against his father, 1188; succeeded to the English throne, 1189: immediately began his preparations for the third crusade, having already (1187) taken tbe eras; added to his inherited wealth, which was Insufficient, by tbe sale of crown domains and rights; joined Philip Augusts at Medina, 1190, when he compelled Taucred, the Sicilian king, to pay him forty thousand ounces of gold; arrived at Cyprtw, 1191, and, the pseudo-emperor, Isaac Comneuus, having refused to recompense some pilgrims he had plundered, proceeded to conquer the island anil to a'M ittreasures to his hoard: reached Acre, June 1191, which surrendered on 12 July: advanced on Ascalon, August 1191, iiiiving already returned to France: defeated Saladiu near Arsuf, and towards the end of December 1191 was at Beit-Nuba, onl twelve miles off Jerusalem, but judged it too late in the year to attempt the siege; retired to Ascalon, which he fortified; again reached Beit-Nuba, only again to retire, June 1192, and in July relieved Jaffa and defeated Saladin under its walls; accepted, since troubles in England rendered his return imperative, a three yearstruce, by which the crusaders were allowed to visit Jerusalem; set sail for England in October of the same year: while attempting to travel through Germany in disguise was arrested near Vienna and imprisoned at Durrensteiu; handed over by the Duke of Austria to the Emperor Henry VI, and was compelled to pay a ransom of a hundred and fifty thousand marks, besides doing homage for England; set free, March 1194, hU arrival in England at once frustrating the attempt of his brother John to usurp bis authority; intended to return to the East, but found himself unable to depart owing to the alliance of John and Philip Augustus; left England for the last time. May 1194, landed in Normandy, and, after completely defeating Philip, restored the ducal authority in Aquitaiue; made peace (1196) with Philip, who, fearing attack, had again (1195) invaded Normandy; defeated Philip near Gisors, 1198, war having again broken out; mortally wounded by an arrow while besieging the castle of Chaluz in order to seize a newly found treasure: his body buried at Fontevrault, and his heart at Rouen. He married Berengaria of Navarre.
^ Richard II (1367–1400), 'of Bordeaux'; king of England; younger son of Edward, Prince of Wales; born at Bordeaux, 6 Jan. 1367; created Prince of Wales, 1376; succeeded Edward III, June 1377, but the actual control of government was at first seized by parliament and afterwards passed to Lancaster; met at Smithfleld the peasant insurgents who, led by Wat Tyler , hud risen in revolt (1381) against the attempt to levy a tax of a shilling a head on every person over fifteen, and after the death of their leader succeeded in pacifying them; granted them charters of freedom, but when the revolt was at an end revoked these concessions; proclaimed a general pardon, December 1381, after the execution of the leaders; married, January 1382, Anne, sister of Weuceslaus, king of Bohemia; on the attainment of bis majority found parliament (1382) reluctant to surrender the strict control which it had exercised over the crown during the minority; appointed Michael de la Pole (1330 ?-1389) chancellor without reference to parliament, 1383; showed signs of a disposition to oppose Lancaster; accepted Lancaster's explanation when the old charges of treason against him were revived, 1384; created his uncles, Edmund and Thomas, dukes of York and Gloucester, in the hope of playing them off against Lancaster; got rid of Lancaster by allowing him to go on his long-delayed expedition to Spain, by which, however, the leadership of the magnates was left to Gloucester, a more dangerous person; provoked the nobles by his determination to rule through the upstart Pole, now earl of Suffolk, as chancellor, and Robert de Vere, created duke of Ireland; compelled by Gloucester (1386) to agree to a commission of eleven magnates, with extensive powers for the reform of the household and realm, but (August 1387) obtained an opinion from the judges that the commission was unlawful; his power overthrown by the magnates, headed by Gloucester, December 1387; his adherents proscribed and executed by the merciless parliament; regained the ascendency (May 1389), dismissed the counsellors imposed on him, and replaced them by others of his own choice: subsequently pursued a policy of conciliation, but lost popularity after Queen Anne death (1394) by his marriage (November 1396) with Isabella, daughter of Charles VI of France; the feeling against him fanned by Gloucester; resolved on coup rfVvor, perhaps fearing a repetition of the proceedings of 1388; got the three leaders, Gloucester, Arundel, and Warwick, into his power, July 1397summoned parliament, September 1897, and had these three lords condemned to death as traitors, the upshot being that Arundel was beheaded and Gloucester died in custody at Calais under suspicious circumstances, while Warwick alone obtained pardon; at Shrewsbury had the acts of themercilessparliament annulled i and restitution ordered to the heirs of its victims; was again involved in difficulties by the action of Henry of Lancaster, duke of Hereford, in accusing the Duke of Norfolk of treasonable designs, with reference to which it was arranged that they should settle their quarrel by single combat; forbade the combat on the day appointed for the battle, and sentenced Hereford to ten years banishment and Norfolk to perpetual exile; from this time exercised the royal authority with great arbitrariness, exacting heavy fines and contributions from his subjects; deprived the exiled Hereford of his succession on the death of the Duke of Lancaster in February 1399; went over to Ireland, April 1399, to avenge the death of the Earl of March; heard that in his absence the Duke of Hereford had landed in Yorkshire, and hurried back to Milford to meet him; found himself unable to raise a sufficient force, and after wandering about in North Wales surrendered to Hereford, August 1399; resigned the crown, September 1399, and was imprisoned finally at Pontefract; a rising in his favour set on foot, January 1400; died at Pontefract, probably by a violent death, 14 Feb. 1400. The belief that he had escaped from captivity, and was still alive in Scotland, was widely prevalent even so late as 1417, but has little probability.
^ Richard III (1452-1485), king of England; eleventh child of Richard, third duke of York; born at Fotheringay Castle on 2 Oct. 1452; created Duke of Gloucester, June 1461; accompanied Edward IV in his flight to Holland, September 1470, and (1471) commanded the vanguard at Barnet and Tewkesbury; reported, perhaps truly, to have butchered young Edward, prince of Wales, after Tewkesbury, and murdered Henry VI in the Tower of London a fortnight later; rewarded by Edward IV with large grants of land, including the possessions of the Earl of Oxford; quarrelled with his brother Clarence on his marriage to Anne, the younger daughter of the Earl of Warwick, Clarence, who had married the elder, desiring to retain the whole of Warwick's estates; was not, however, directly responsible for the death of Clarence in 1478, though there was a suspicion that he had helped indirectly to briiig it about; com* uaanded a Scottish expedition (1482) which captured Berwick and advanced as far as Edinburgh; left by Edward IV (died 9 April 1483) in charge of his family and kingdom during the minority of his successor; resolved, in conjunction with Hastings, to overthrow the party of the Woodvilles, the relatives of the queenmother; seized Edward V's maternal uncles, Rivers and Grey, at Stony-Stratford, and took Edward V under his own protection; was recognised by the council as protector on his arrival in London, but in the meantime became an object of apprehension, after the complete overthrow of the WoodviUe party, to Hastings and some of the council, who consequently desired to get Edward V out of his power; had Hastings and several others seized in the council itself (13 June), and Hastings immediately executed, a step which was followed twelve days later by the execution of Rivers and Grey; employed Archbishop Bourchier to persuade the queen-mother, who was in sanctuary at Westminster, to deliver up the Duke of York, and sent the Duke of York to keep his brother company in the Tower of London; was offered the crown in an incomplete parliament, shortly after Dr. Shaw, preaching at St Paul's Cross, London, 22 June, had declared Edward IV and his children illegitimate; began his reign, 26 June 1483; by his usurpation alienated many of the nobility who had supported him as protector; even Buckingham, his chief adherent, becoming disaffected; cabals against him set on foot over all the southern counties, public feeling being further scandalised by the news of the death of the princes in the Tower of London; a rebellion against him headed by Buckingham, who, however, was captured and executed in November 1483; defeated and slain at Bos worth, chiefly through the treachery of the Stanleys, by Henry, earl of Richmond, to whom had descended the Lancastrian claim to the throne, and who bad invaded England in vindication of it; buried at Grey Friars, London. His nickname Crouchback had its rise in a real, though probably slight, bodily deformity.
^ Richard, Earl of Cornwall aii.l Kiv. (laoa 1272), second son of King John; chosen leader of au exjieditiou tilted out in 1: to win back tbe Aqnitanian heritage of the English kings; succeeded in recovering Gascony before the close of tbe year, and ( I-JL'7 1 h.ivini.-..ii.-lu.lfd n truce with Louis IX returned to England; brought Into connection with tbe growing baronial opposition by a violent quarn-l with Henry III, concerning the possession of a manor, tin- on being strengthened by bis marriage (1231 with Isabella, daughter of William Marshal, first earl of Pembroke; took tbe cross, 1286, but hi* departure delayed by domestic troubles; beaded thr opposition to the foreigners brought over to England by Hi-nry 1 1 Ts marriage, and for a short time was a popular hero, but in 1239 be became reconciled to Henry III: left England for Palestine, June 1840, and in October 1240 landed at Acre; after fortifying Ascalon and concluding a treaty with the sultan of Krak, returned to England, 1149; after the death of Isabella in 1240 married Banchia, daughter of tbe Count of Provence and sister of tbe queens of England and France, 1843; bound closely to the court by this second marriage, and henceforth was the political ally of his brother; by bis change of policy left room for the rise of Simon de Montfort; was appointed joint-regent of England with Queen Eleanor during Henry Ill's absence in Gascony, 1253, and, May 1254, eeaine sole regent; assisted Henry III in bis financial difficulties, and posed as a neutral in the quarrels between the barons and tbe foreign favourites; received tbe offer of the German crown, and early in 1257 was elected king of the Romans by four of tbe seven elector*, though in April the remaining three chose Alfonso X of Castile; wiu-i crowned at Aachen, May 1257, and succeeded in establishing bis authority generally in tbe Khin.countries: was not acknowledged by tbe rest of t;-rinany, and when his money came to an end was generally deserted; returned to England to raise fresh supplies, 1259; again crossed to Germany, 1260, but, October 1260, was back in England, and never again succeeded in establishing himself permanently in Germany; espoused bis brother's side in the baroiwwar, and was taken prisoner at the battle of Lewes, 1264, but after tbe battle of Evesham, 1206, was unconditionally released; despite his bard treatment counselled moderation, and (1268) paid his last visit to Germany: his eldest son, Henry, was murdered by the younger De Montfort; attacked (1271) by paralysis, of which be eventually died,
^ Richard, Earl of Cambridge Richard (d. 1415), second son of Edmund de Laugley, first duke of York; created Earl of Cambridge, 1414; married Anne, daughter of Iloger (VI) de Mortimer and through this connection was led to become centre of a plot to place his wife's brother, Edmund, earl of March, on the throne, a scheme which was revealed by Mortimer, who had not been a conspirator, to Henry V, when that king was starting for France in July 1415; attainted and executed; the attainder was reversed in 1461.
^ Richard, third Duke of York (1411–1460), only son of Richard, earl of Cambridge: was paternal grandson of Edmund, fifth son of Edward III, and maternal great- great-grandson of Lionel, Edward Ill's third son; succeeded his uncle, Edward Plantagenet ,as third duke of York, 1415, and (1425) inherited the possessions of his uncle, Edmund (IV) de Mortimer, fifth earl of March; after serving for a year in France, 1436-7, married (1438) Cicely, daughter of Kalph Neville, first earl of Westmorland: a second time (1440) appointed Henry VI's lieutenant in France, where he remained till the close of 1445; appointed tbe king's lieutenant in Ireland, a convenient place of banishment, 1447; being discontented with the government, landed at lieaumaris, August 1450, and, in spite of armed attempts to binder bim, forced his way into Henry VI's presence at the head of four thousand men, and was promised by Henry VI a place in the new council to be app for tbe next two year? was involved in a contest with Somerset, which terminated in March 1452 in an ineffectual attempt to have him removed from the king's oonnscls; after a year's retirement was recalled to the king's council during Henry's first fit of imbecility, October 1463, Somerset being ent to the Tower of London; in spite of the claim- of Henry VI's queen wan elected protector by the lords, March H!4; his protectorate revoked in consequence of the king's recovery, February 1455, din March. An immediate reverml of policy following, be wan with his friend* driven from tuok up arms in company with Salisbury an Warwick, and on 12 May UM defeated the royal force,, February 1456, but opposed by Queen Margaret and the young Dak* of Somerset, in consequence of which the old feode revived late In 1458; compelled to nek refuge in Watoa, October 1459, and (November 1419) was attainted; crowd to Ireland at tbe end of 1469; returned to England on Warwick and Salisbury's victory at Northampton, 1460; went to Westminster and openly claimed the crown, September 1460; obtained promise of uoccarion to the crown, October 1460, and made protector. November 1460; besieged in Wakefleki Castle, December 146O. having gone north to quell tbe ruing instigated there by Queen Margaret; attacked tbe enemy and fell fighting, 80 Dec. His bead wae placed on tbe wall* of York.
^ Richard, Duke of York (1472–1483), second son of Edward IV; created Duke of York, 1474; married to Anne, daughter of John Mowbray, fourth duke of Norfolk, 1478; given up, by tbe persuasion of Cardinal Ikmrebier, by his mother, who, on tbe overthrow of tbe Woodville party In 1483, had sought sanctuary with bim at Westminster, and placed with bin brother in tbe Tower of London; murdered there with his brother by Richard Ill's orders two mouths after his brother's deposition in June.
^ Richard Fitzscrob (fl. 1052–1060), Norman baron; settled in Herefordshire in tbe time of Edward tbe Confessor: was not expelled by Godwin in 1062, but died before the time of Domesday. He is said to have erected Richard's Castle in Herefordshire, the first regular castle in England.
^ Richard de Capella (d. 1127), bishop of Hereford : 'custos sigilli regis' in 1119; consecrated bishop, 1121.
^ Richard de Belmeis (d. 1128). See Belmeis.
^ Richard (d. 1139), first abbot of Fountains; established the new community of Fountains in 1182 on the Cistercian model, and was chosen abbot.
^ Richard of Hexham (fl. 1138–1154), chronicler and prior of Hexham; elected prior, 1141; wrote an I account of the early history of Hexham, known as the Brevis Annotatio and printed in Maine's Priory of Hexham (Surtees Soc.); also complied De gestis regis Stephani et de bello Standardh (1135-9X. preserved in C.C.C. Cambr. MS. ( 193, f. 3), and translated by Stevenson in Church Historians
^ Richard called Fastolf (d. 1143), second abbot of Fountains; an original member of tbe convent; succeeded the first abbot Richard (d. 1139).
^ Richard de Belmeis (d. 1162). See Belmeis.
^ Richard (d. 1170), sixth abbot of Fountains; a native of York: appointed abbot by St Bernard; raised his convent to a high pitch of excellence by his strict discipline.
^ Richard of St Victor (d. 1173?), theologian; a native of Scotland; became a canon in the abbey of St. Victor, Paris. His writings resemble those of his master, Hugh of St. Victor, in their abuse of allegory and verbal antithesis. His philosophy is characterised by mysticism. A large number of his works are printed in Migne's Patrologia (vol. cxcvi.); others ascribed to him remain in manuscript.
^ Richard Strongbow, second Earl of Pembroke and Strigul (d. 1176). See Richard de Clare.
^ Richard (d. 1177?), bishop of St. Andrews; elected to tbe bishopric, 1163; consecrated, 1165; succeeded in preventing the sacrifice of the independence of the Scottish church at the treaty of Falaise in 1174, and afterwards resisted the pret II-UIIK of the see of York at Northampton in 1170. The uulejveiMience of the Scottish church was assured by Clement III in 1188.
^ Richard (d. 1184), archbishop of Canterbury ; was :,H.inU*l prior of St Martin's, Dover, 1157; elected rlibi*lKp by the English bishops, 1173, in spite of the wiMh of tlie monks of the chapter, who desired Odo i, 18UO): consecrated, 1174, in spite of the opposition of the younger Henry (Henry II's son) at Anagni, by Alexander III: diligent in promoting the material prosperity of his see, but failed to satisfy the requirements of the extreme clerical party.
^ Richard of Ilchester (d. 1188), bishop of Winchester; archdeacon of Poitiers (1162-73) and a baron of the exchequer: elected bishop of Winchester, 1173, i-ontinuing to fulfil his judicial functions, and frequently K-rring Henry II in a diplomatic capacity,
^ Richard (fl. 1180 - 1183), called the 'Premonstratensian', abbot of an unknown English praemonstratensian house; wrote a Life of St. Ursula still extant, and possibly some other extant theological treatises.
^ Richard of Devizes (fl. 1189–1192), chronicler; n monk of St. Swithun's, Winchester; wrote a chronicle of the deeds of Richard I from his accession to October 1192, which was edited by Hewlett for the Rolls Series in 1886. To him is also generally ascribed Annales de Wintouia printed in Luard's Annales Monastici.
^ Richard of Ely (d. 1194?), historian; a monk of Ely; wrote an account of Ely, not extant, but quoted by Thomas of Ely.
^ Richard of Ely (d. 1198). See Richard Fitzneale.
^ Richard Anglicus (fl. 1196–1226), lawyer; an Englishman by birth; taught at Bologna, where in 1226 he was archdeacon and rector of the law school; author of the famous Ordo Judiciarius
^ Richard de Templo (fl. 1190–1229), reputed author of the Itinerarium Regis Ricardi; may be identical with a chaplain of the templars and a dependant of the Earl of Leicester of that name. The Itinerarium which is the chief authority for the third crusade, is, however, probably a free translation from a long French poem, by Ambrose, a priest-clerk, who accompanied Richard I on the third crusade. In this case Richard de. Templo was only the translator, though he appears to have made independent additions.
^ Richard of Cornwall (fl. 1238–1259), called also Richard Rufus, Rnys, Rotwo, or Rowse; B.D. Oxford; a Franciscan teacher; lectured at Paris and Oxford. His commentary on Bonaventure's third book of sentences is preserved in manuscript at Assisi.
^ Richard of Wethershed (d. 1231). See Richard Grant.
^ Richard of Cornwall (d. 1237), prebendary of Lincoln; must be distinguished from the Franciscan Richard of Cornwall (fl. 1238-1259)
^ Richard de Morins (d. 1243). See Morins.
^ Richard of Wendover (d. 1252), physician; physician to Gregory IX, and afterwards canon of St Paul's, London; most probably identical with the famous physician, Richard Anglicus, or the Englishman, the author ofPractica sive Medicaments Ricardi A number of Ml treatise* are preserved in manuscript, chiefly in the libraries of Oxford and Cambridge.
^ Richard Anglicus (d. 1252). See Richard of Wendover.
^ Richard de Wyche (1197?–1253), bishop of Chichester; studied at Oxford, where he became M.A. and chancellor; made by Edmund Rich chancellor of Canterbury; elected bishop of Chichester in spite of the opposition of Henry III, 1244; rigidly maintained ecclesiastical discipline, and made various regulations for the improvement of the ritual of his church; was canonised in 1262.
^ Richard de Gravesend (d. 1279). See Gravesend.
^ Richard de Swinfeld (d. 1317). See Swinfeld.
^ Richard de Abyndon, Abendon, or Abingdon (d. 1327?), judge; appointed chamberlain of North Wales, 1284; prebendary of Dublin, 1285; appointed a baron of the exchequer, 1299; prebendary of Lichfield, 1304.
^ Richard of Wallingford (1292?–1336), abbot of St. Albans; according to Leland, fellow of Merton College, Oxford; B.D. Oxford; elected abbot, 1327; his rule hampered by his leprosy; appointed a coadjutor, 1333: renowned for sanctity, and the most skilful man of his time in the liberal sciences and mechanical arts. Several of his treatises are extant in manuscript.
^ Richard de Bury (1281–1345). See Bury.
^ Richard Wetherset (fl. 1350). See Wetherset.
^ Richard (d. 1360).
^ Richard of Maidstone (d. 1396). See Maidstone.
^ Richard of Cirencester (d. 1401?). See Cirencester.
^ Edward Richard (1714–1777), Welsh poet; founded a free grammar school at his native village, Ystrad Meurie, which became one of the most famous in Wales, towards the close of the eighteenth century: author of some of the best specimens of pastoral poetry in the Welsh language. A collection of his writings appeared in 1811.
^ Henry Richard (1812–1888), politician; a native of Wales; congregational pastor in the Old Kent Road, London; 1835-50, when he relinquished the ministry: often called the apostle of peace from his making the advocacy of arbitration as a method for settling international disputes, the chief work of his life; became secretary of the Peace Society, 1848, and took part in a series of international peace congresses, which continued until the outbreak of the Crimean war; liberal M.P. for the Merthyr boroughs, 1868-88; carried a motion in the House of Commons in favour of international arbitration, 1873, and presided at some of the sittings of the peace congress at Paris. 1878; became a member of the royal commission on education. 1886; author of various pamphlets.
^ Alfred Bate Richards (1820–1876), dramatist, journalist, and a chief promoter of the volunteer movement of 1859; B.A. Exeter College, Oxford, 1841; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1845; published poems and tragedies, the first being Croesus, King of Lydia 1845; first editor of the Daily Telegraph 1855; on the commencement of the volunteer movement raised (1859) the 3nl City of London rifle corps, of which he remained colonel till 1869.
^ David Richards (1751–1827), Welsh poet; best known as Dafydd Iouawr; for some years a school teacher; abandoned teaching in order to devote himself to writing religious poetry, 1792: took charge of the free school at Dolgelly, 1800-7, but devoted his closing years entirely to writine: Welsh religious verse. A collected edition of his poems appeared in 1851.
^ Evan Richards (1770–1832). See Prichard.
^ George Richards (1767–1837), poet and divine; of Trinity College, Oxford; fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, 1790-6; M.A., 1791; D.D., 1820; vicar of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, London, 1824-37; published verse.
^ Henry Brinley Richards (1819–1886), pianist and composer; gained a high position as a pianist in London, and wrote a large number of piano pieces, partsongs, songs, and choruses, including God bless the Prince of Wales (1862), the Welsh national anthem.
^ Jacob Richards (1660?–1701), colonel and military engineer; studied the art of sieges in Hungary and the Morea, 1685-6; accompanied Kirke's expedition to Ireland, 1689; appointed chief engineer in Ireland, 1690; served under William III, Marlborough, and Ginki-11: transferred to Flanders, 1692; appointed third engineer of the kingdom, 1698. His diaries are preserved in the Stowe MSS. at the British Museum.
^ James Brinsley Richards (1846–1892), journalist; siH:nt several year- in Fr.iu- as sea l)roii} n ill- Limy* and tin- Dm: iJccozes: became Time correspondent at Vieuua, 1885, uud was tran-:Berlin, 18-J2.
^ John Richards (1669–1709), major-general; brother of.lacoh Richard*; served with the Venetians against the Turks, in the Polish army, and In the Portuguese service.luring the war of the Spanish succession; governor of AUcatit, 1707-9; killed by an explosion during the siege of Alicant.
^ John Inigo Richards (d. 1810), painter and scene-painter; first exhibited with the 'Society of Artists, 1763: became (1768) one of the foundation members of the Royal Academy, where he exhibited landscapes and figure-subjects for forty years; became principal scene-painter of Covent Garden, 1777; secretary to the Royal Academy, 1788.
^ Michael Richards (1673–1721), brigadier-general; master-surveyor or surveyor-general of the ordnance; brother of Jacob Richards; served in Ireland (1691) and Flanders (1693-6), and under Marlborough (1704-6); was appointed Uul way's chief engineer in Spain, 1707, and served in many of the great engagements of the war of the Spanish succession; promoted brigadier-general, 1711; appointed chief-engineer of Great Britain, 1711.
^ Nathaniel Richards (d. 1652), dramatist; LL.B. Caius College, Cambridge, 1634; for some time master of St. Alban's school, London; publishedThe Celeatiall Pvblican 1630, and The Tragedy of Messalina 1640.
^ Sir Richard Richards (1752–1823), judge; of Jesus College, Oxford; B.A. Wadham College, Oxford, 1774; fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, 1776 (M.A., 1777); barrister, Inner Temple, 1780; appointed baron of the exchequer, 1814; knighted, 1814; appointed lord chief baron, 1817.
^ Thomas Richards (d. 1564?), translator; B.D. Oxford, 1515, Cambridge, 1517; elected prior of Totnes, 1528; is said to have translated the Consolatio Philosophiae of Boethius.
^ Thomas Richards (1710?–1790), Welsh lexicographer; compiled Antiquae Linguae Britannicae Thesaurus 1753, a Welsh-English dictionary (4th edit. 1838).
^ William Richards (1643–1705), author; M.A. Trinity College, Oxford, 1666; fellow, 1666-75; rector of Helmdon, 1675-89; published Wallograpby (1682), a small satirical work on Wales, and The English Orator 1680.
^ William Richards (1749–1818), historian of King's Lynn; baptist pastor at Lynn, 1778-1818; published The History of Lynn 1812, and other works.
^ William Upton Richards (1811–1873), divine; M.A. Exeter College, Oxford, 1839; vicar of All Saints Marylebonc, 1849-73; published religious treatise*. ID collection of drawings by Engli-h artists, now at South Kensington Museum, and published several an-)
^ Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson (1828–1896), physician: studied at Glasgow, and was licentiate of Faculty of Physicians and Surgeon*, 1H50, M.A. and M.I). St. Andrews, 1854, and hon. LL.D., 1877; M.R.C.S. London, 1K56; F.R.C.S., 1866; F.R.S., 1867; physician to Royal Infirmary for Diseases of Chest, City Koud, 1856, and to London Temperance Hospital, 1892; president of Medical Society of London, 1868; F.S.A., 1877; knighted, 1893; published scientific and miscellaneous writings; originated.and editedJournal of Public Health and Sanitary Review (1855).
^ Caroline Richardson (1777–1863), poetess: wife of George Richardson; published a volume of 'Poems in 1829, a novel, and several tales and essays.
^ Charles Richardson (1775–1865), lexicographer: kept a well-known school on Claphnm Common till 1827; chief work, a New English Dictionary 1835-7.
^ Charles James Richardson ( 1806–1871), architect; master of the architectural class in the school of design at Somerset House, 1845-52; formed a valuable .
^ Charlotte Caroline Richardson (1775-1850?), poetess; i*.i" -i. j, - bora "f pent pmBta niiin.ii Bnftfe: taty riwl, in 1*01, a ftboemaker nurut-i Kirlrdm, who died in 1804, leaving hU; publiabed (loe -.r:j,t!.M, a volume of verse, which was followed by other
^ Christopher Richardson (161-16M nonconformist divine: M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge; obtained rectory of Kirkh.aton. 1644; ejected, 1662; removed, in 1687, to Liverpool, where he became the founder of nonconformity.
^ David Lester Richardson (1801–1861), poet and miscellaneous writer; became a major in the Bengal service; edited several newspapers at Calcutta, and published prose and verse.
^ Edward Richardson (1812–1869), sculptor; began to exhibit at the Royal Academy, 1836; refuted admission to the Society of Antiquaries for his restoration of the effigies of the knights templar* in the Temple Church in 1842; restored other ancient monuments and statues.
^ Frances Mary Richardson (1786–1861). See Currer.
^ Gabriel Richardson (d. 1642), author : M.A. Brasenose College, Oxford, 1608; B.D., 1619; fellow of Braseuose College, Oxford, 1607-36; rector of Heythrop, 1635-42; published a treatise Of the State of Europe 1627.
^ George Richardson 1736?–1817?), architect; was in full professional practice in London towards the end of the eighteenth century; in his old age fell into poverty and was relieved by Nollekens; published works on decorative art and architecture.
^ George Richardson (1778–1862), quaker; began preaching at twenty, and for forty years visited all parts of the British isles on religious tours; published tracts and pamphlets.
^ George Fleming Richardson (1796?–1848), geologist; employed at the British Museum (1838-48) for ten years; F.G.S., 1839; published useful geological handbooks, besides essays in general literature; committed suicide.
^ James Richardson (1806–1851) African traveller; attached himself to the English Anti-Slavery Society, and (1845) penetrated through Algiers and Tripoli to Ghadames and Ghat; proceeded by the same route in search of Lake Tchad, 1850; died of fever at Ungouratona within fifteen days of the lake. He wrote three large books of travels, two of which were published posthumously, besides several pamphlets.
^ John Richardson (d. 1615), biblical scholar; B.A. Clare Hall, Cambridge, 1681: fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge; M.A., 1586; D.D., 1597: appointed regius professor of divinity at Cambridge, 1607: master of Peterhouse, Cambridge, 1609-15; translated the portion from the Chronicles to Ecclealastes inclusive in the uuthorisvd version of the bible; master of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1615-25.
^ John Richardson (1580–1654), bishop of Ardagh; M.A. Trinity College, Dublin; fellow, 1600; consecrated bishop, 1M3: fled to England on the outbreak of the rebellion in 1G41: his commentary on the Old Testament published posthumously, 1665.
^ John Richardson (1664–1747), Irish divine; B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1688; appointed rector of Aunagh, 1693; author of theological works in English and Irish.
^ John Richardson (1667–1763), quaker; travelled through England preaching, as well as in Ireland and America; his journal published, 1757.
^ John Richardson (1647–1725?), non-juror; fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1674-86; ejected (1690) from the rectory of North Luffeuham, to which he had been appointed, 1685; published an able Vindication of the Canon of the New Testament against Toland 1700.
^ John Richardson (fl. 1777–1798), writer on brewing; pnbli."hi-lThe Principles of Brewing, 1 ITiW, I, im- th- tirt writer to treat the subject scientifically. Lxlviii.X";
^ John Richardson (1741–1811l?), orientalist; M.A. by diploma, Wadham College, Oxford, 1780; member of the Middle Temple, 1781; published. In-ides other works, *Dictionary of Persian, Arabic, and English(1777), which, however, was little else than an abridgment of Meninski's Oriental Thesaurus It was finally reconstructed by Dr. Steingass, after several revisions, in 1892.
^ John Richardson (1767?–1837), itinerant showman; began life in the workhouse at Great Marlow, and made his first experiment as a showman at Bartholomew Fair in 1796. Many actors, who afterwards rose to distinction, appeared in his show, including Edmund Kean. His favourite haunts were Bartholomew Fair and Greenwich,
^ Sir John Richardson (1771–1841), judge; of Harrow and University College, Oxford: M.A., 1795; barrister,; Lincoln's Inn, mw; puisne judge of the court of common i pleas, 1818-S4; knighted, 1819; compelled by ill-health to pass his later life at Malta.
^ John Richardson (1780–1864), solicitor; friend of Cockburn, Jeffrey, Thomas Campbell, and Sir Walter Scott: practised in Westminster as a parliamentary solicitor.
^ John Richardson (1797–1863), journalist; born in Ontario; served in the British legion in Spain; became Times correspondent in Canada, 1858; afterwards removed to the United States, and continued to write for the press till his death.
^ Sir John Richardson (1787–1865), Arctic explorer and naturalist; studied medicine, and (1807) was gazetted assistant-surgeon in the royal navy; M.D. Edinburgh, 1816; appointed surgeon and naturalist to Franklin's polar expedition, 1819, which, after passing the winter on the Saskatchewan, succeeded in reaching Fort Providence in 1821: F.R.S., 1825: accompanied Franklin in his second expedition to the mouth of the Mackenzie, 1825: separated from Franklin, 1826, and explored the coast to the Coppermine River and the Great Slave Lake; appointed physician to the Royal Hospital at Haslar, 1838; became inspector of hospitals, 1840; knighted, 1846; conducted a search expedition for Franklin, 1847; returned, 1849: C.B., 1850; published his Journal 1851; LL.D. Dublin, 1857; published works on ichthyology and polar exploration.
^ John Richardson (1817–1886), Cumberland poet; originally a mason; became a schoolmaster, and wrote voluminously in the Cumberland vernacular; had a great local reputation.
^ Sir John Larkins Cheese Richardson (1810-1878), speaker of the legislative council of New Zealand; entered the Bengal artillery, 1828; major, 1854; settled in Otago, New Zealand, 1856; became postmastergeneral in the Weld ministry, 1864: elected speaker of the legislative council, 1868; knighted, 1874; died at Dunedin.
^ Jonathan Richardson, the elder (1665–1745), portrait-painter and author; succeeded Kneller and Dahl in the patronage of the public as a portrait-painter; executed portraits of Pope, Prior, Steeie, and many others, and also obtained some distinction by his treatises on painting; his Theory of Painting (1715) for many years a standard work; published also poems and literary criticisms.
^ Jonathan Richardson, the younger (1694-1771), portrait-painter; only son of Jonathan Richardson the elder; followed his father's profession, but is best known for his association with his father's literary productions.
^ Joseph Richardson (1755–1803), author; of St. John's College, Cambridge; barrister, Middle Temple; devoted himself to journalism, becoming one of the proprietors of the whig journal, the Morning Post; M.P., Newport, Cornwall, 1796-1803; author of poems, dramatic pieces, and satires.
^ Joseph Richardson (1814–1862), flautist; became professor of the flute at the Royal Academy of Music, 1837; became principal flautist in Queen Victoria's band.
^ Moses Aaron Richardson (1793–1871), antiquary; brother of Thomas Miles Richardson: published a number of works on tl.e antiquities of the northern English counties; subsequently emigrated to Melbourne (I860), where he died.
^ Richard Richardson (1663–1741), botanist and antiquary; of University College, Oxford; student at Gray's Inn, 1681: practised as a physician at North Hierley; engaged in botanical researches, and formed a valuable library of botanical and historical works, which n,-isel to his descendant, Frances Mary Richardson Currer
^ Robert Richardson (fl. 1530–1543), divine ; a canon of Cambuskenneth: converted to protestantism, and employed by Henry VIII in 1543 to preach in Scotland,
^ Robert Richardson (d. 1578), lord high treasurer of Scotland: M.A. St. Andrews, 153:5; was appointed prior of St. Mary's, Isle of Trail, 1559, and lord high treasurer, 1661; adhered to the party of the lords after the fall of Mary Queen of Scots and (1571) vacated the office of treasurer.
^ Robert Richardson (1732–1781), divine ; only son of William Richardson (1698-1775); prebendary of Lincoln Cathedral and chaplain in ordinary to the king.
^ Robert Richardson (1779–1847), physician and traveller; studied at Glasgow and Edinburgh universities; M.D. Edinburgh, 1807; travelling physician to Charles John Gardiner, second viscount Mount joy; joined Somerset Lowry Corry, second earl of Belmore, and a party in a tour through Europe, Egypt, and Palestine, 1816; claims to have been the first Christian traveller admitted to Solomon's mosque; published Travels 1822.
^ Samuel Richardson (fl. 1643–1658), controversialist; probably a soldier and army preacher in the early part of the civil wars; published a number of treatises on political and religious subjects characterised by boldness of thought.
^ Samuel Richardson (1689–1761), novelist; born in Derbyshire; was apprenticed to a stationer, and started in business as a printer, first in Fleet Street, London, and then in Salisbury Court, London, where he lived for the rest of his life; published his first novel, Pamela 1740, which was soon translated into French and Dutch; still raore successful withClarissa Harlowe* (1740), which won him a European fame; his Sir Charles Grandison(1753), though it never held so high a position asClarissa received with equal enthusiasm. His novels represented the didacticism of his time, and owe their power mainly to their earnestness, minute realism, and sentimentalism. Among their admirers were Diderot, Rousseau, and, later, Macaulay.
^ Samuel Richardson (d. 1805), stenographer; a particular baptist pastor in Chester; author of A New System of Shorthand (1800), which, necessitating the use of specially ruled paper, never had much vogue.
^ Sir Thomas Richardson (1569–1635), judge; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1595; Lent reader, 1614; serjeant-at-law, 1614; speaker of the House of Commons in 1621 (M.P., St. Albans); knighted, 1621; became chiefjustice of common pleas, 1626; refused (1628) to allow Felton to be racked to induce confession, a step which marks an epoch in the history of criminal jurisprudence; became chief-justice of the king's bench, 1631, and came into conflict with Laud for suppressing wakes or Sunday revels.
^ Thomas Richardson (1771–1853), quaker and financier; one of the original partners of the firm Overend, Gurney & Co., and a great benefactor to the Society of Friends,
^ Thomas Richardson (1816–1867), industrial chemist; invented (1840) a process for purifying hard lead, and (1844; began the manufacture of superphosphates at Blaydon; lecturer on chemistry, Durham University, and M.A., 1856; F.R.S., 1866; published chemical treatises
^ Thomas Miles Richardson (1784–1848), landscape-painter; begun to r..ntnljtit.; to tbc Royal Academy, 1818; member of the New Water-colour Society.
^ Vaughan Richardson (1670?-1729), organist and composer; oraniet of Winchester Cathedral, 1693-1729; composed services, songs, aud anthems.
^ William Richardson (1698–1775), antiquary; nephew of John Richardson (1647-1725?); M.A. Knimanii. !.-iil.ridge, 1723: D.D., 1785: pre iN-ndnry of l.iii.-.,ln raiU-draU 1724-60; F.S.A., 1734; mast-rof Kmmamu-1 Culli-,f, Cambridge, 1736-75: Yice-h;ii!cellor of Camt.n.l, Cnivenity. 1737 and 1769; OIKS if C.-oix- II and (it-oru'c Ill's chaplains, 1746-.-m..r. I.IM.-.,II Cathedral, 1700-75; edited (iodwin's De a!il.n Anu'liuj Comaieutarii 1743.
^ William Richardson (1743–1814), professor of humanity at Glasgow University; M.A. Glasgow: appointed professor, 1772; published miscellaneous uork-. i in-hiding rosaya on Shakespeare's characters andPoeuu -nid 1'lays 1805.
^ William Richardson (1740–1820), writer on geology and agriculture; M.A. Trinity College, Dublin; jtellow, 17CG: D.D., 1778; afterwards rectorof Moy; published pamphlets on geological and agricultural subjects.
^ Alexander George Richey (1830–1883), Irish historian; B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1853; LL.D., 187:1; called to the Irish bar, 1855: Q.O., 1871; deputy rcifius professor of feudal and English law at Trinity 4llcge, Dublin; author of Lectures on the History of Ireland (18(59-70) and other works.
^ Dukes of Richmond . See FITZROY, 8m HENRY, first DL-KK, 1519-1536: STUART, LUDOVICK, first DUKK of the second creation, 1574-1624; STUAKT, Sm JAMES, first DUKK of the third creation, 1612-1655: STUART, SIR CHARLKS, third DUKK, 1640-1672: LKNXOJC. BmC&ULUB, first DUKK of the fourth creation, 1672-17:23; LKNXOX, Sm CHARUCS, second DUKK, 1701-1750; LENNOX, C'HAUI.KS, third DUKK, 1735-1806; LKNNOX, CHARLKH, fourth DUKK, 1764-1819; LENNOX, SIR CHARLES GORDON-, flfth DUKK, 1791-1860.
^ Duchesses of Richmond . See FITZROY, MARY, d. 1557; STUART, FRANCES TKRESA, 1648-1702.
^ Earls of Richmond . See Peter OP SAVOY, d. 1268; TUDOR, EDMUND, 1430 ?-1456.
^ Countess of Richmond (1443–1509). See Margaret Beaufort.
^ Alexander Bailey Richmond (fl. 1809–1834), reputed government spy; by trade a weaver; when at Pollorkshiiws led tin agitation for an increase of wages, 1812; entered into relations with government after being outlawed for his share in the strike, ami in 1817 betrayed the Glasgow reform committee, the members of which were arrested: invariably denied his actual guilt, but in a libel notion in 1H34 against Tait's Edinburgh Magazine brought by him in consequence of his being termed a contemptible informer, was nonsuited.
^ George Richmond (1809–1896), portrait-painter ; son of Thomas Richmond: was inspired in early life by William Blake; began toexhibit at the Royal Academy, c. 1825: turned his attention to portrait-painting, 1831; achieved a world-wide fame by his portrait in water-colour of William Wilberforce: paid a two years visit to Italy, 1837, resuming his labours in 1839, and contimiiuir them for over forty years; began to paint in oil after 1846; gnve up regular work, 1881, but still painted occasionally and occupied himself with sculpture. Among his sitters were Earl Granville, Keble, Hallam. Macaulay, Faraday.
^ Legh Richmond (1772–1827), evangelical divine; M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1799; while a curate in the Isle of Wight wrote three famous tales of village life, of which the earliest ami most popular wasThe Dairyman: Daughter (1809); became rector of Turvey, 1806; edited Fathers of the English Church 1807-12.
^ Thomas Richmond (1771-1837), miniature painter; pupil of his mother's cousin, George Engleheart; was employed by the royal family.
^ Charles Richson (1806–1874), educational reformer; M A. OsAhftriMTi II,:...,...,,,,,.;-;-,. ?,.. o .. ral, 18*4: for thirty Mbfe Mi !,M Chester: secretary of the Church Education Society. IBM, MMBI si HtaMM M Ibftohi -T MUSK! 8 be* M:II.V ot bk ?MM.-n- m, !..,:. -i., i M., r -Education Act of 1870.
^ Christian Richtbr (1682?-1732), miniature painter; born at Stockholm: canon to Enjruuxl imitated tins style of his fellow-countryman and patron, Michael Dahl
^ Henry James Richter (1778-1857), painter; began to exhibit at tbc Royal Academy, 1788; painted mainly figures of a domestic nature of scenes from Shakespeare,Don Quixote and the like.
^ William Richword (d. 1637) See Rushworth.
^ Sir George Kettilby Rickards (1812–1889), political economist; of Westminster Scliool and Eton College, and Bulliol, Trinity, and Queen's Colleges, )xford; M.A., 1836; fellow of Queen's College, 183G-I3:Barrister, Inner Temple, 1837 (U-nclier, 1873): cnnnl to the speaker of the House of Commons, 1861 -8i; Dnuninond professor of political economy at Oxfor-l, 1851-7; K.C.B., 1882.
^ Samuel Rickards (1796–1866), divine; fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, 1819-22; M.A., 1820; rector of Stowlangtoft, 1832-65; published devotional works.
^ Sir Henry Ricketts (1802–1886), Indian civil servant; entered the Bengal civil per vice, 1821; commissioner of Cuttack. 1836-9; commissioner of Chittagong, 1841-8; a member of the board of revenue, 1849-56; and a member of the governor-general's council, 1858-60: retired in consequence of ill- health, 1860; K.C.S.L, 1866.
^ Sir William Rickhill (fl. 1378–1407), judge; nominated a justice of the common pleas, 1889; sent (1397) to Calais to obtain the confession of the Duke of Gloucester, which was afterwards read in parliament.
^ John Rickinghale (d. 1429), bishop of Chichester; D.D. Cambridge; master of Gonville Hall (now Gonville and Caius College), Cambridge, 1416-26: consecrated bbhop, 1426.
^ John Rickman (1771–1840), statistician; of Magdalen College, Oxford; B.A. Lincoln College, Oxford, 1792; became secretary to Charles Abbot (Baron Colchester) and prepared the first census act (1800): became second clerk assistant at the House of Commons, 1814, and (1820) clerk assistant; prepared annual abstracts of the poor-law returns, 1816-36; friend of Lamb and Sou they. He devised the methods to be employed in the census, and prepared the reports published in 1801, 1811, 1821, and 1831, besides making elaborate calculations as to the population of preceding periods.
^ Thomas Rickman 'Clio' (1761–1834), bookseller and reformer: was known asClioin his youth for his precocious poetical aud historical ta-te, and wrou- u.ncli under that sobriquet: settled in London us a lookficUer, 1783; was an early friend of Paine, and K* into trouble for selling Paine's works; wrote a mmiljcr of radical works, besides contributing to the Black Dwarf and other weekly journals.
^ Thomas Rickman (1776–1841), architect; began to practise in Liverpool, c. 1815: pnhl ?ln-d a series of lectures on English styles of architecture, 1817, which became well known, and reached a seventh edition in 1881: built the New court of St John's College, Cambridge, 182G; published architectural tn.
^ Josiah Ricraft (fl. 1645–1679), author; a merchant of London and a writer of much rvmt among the Presbyterians: renounced his principles at the Restoration a Middlesex magistrate in 1679.
^ Henry Scott Riddell (1798–1870), minor poet, originally a Selkirkshire shepherd: studied at St. AnS" was minister of Caerlanrig ( 1X33-41 ), Teviothead; .-onfiiH-d in an asylum on account of insanity, 1841-4; on ,,, rvturn'rtl to Teviothead: author ofThe Crook an.l 1 -laid," Scotland Yet and other popoltt songs: his Poetical Works brought out, 1871.
^ James Riddell (d. 1674), Scottish merchant and manufacturer; an Edinburgh merchant; became comiMi.Harv-Keneral to the Scottish forces, 1645, and made the acquaintance of Cromwell and Mouck.
^ James Riddell (1823–1866), classical scholar; M.A. and (1844) fellow of Balliol College, Oxford; senior proctor, 1862; prepared editions of the Odyssey for the Oxford series, and of the Apology of Plato for Benjamin Jowett, the master of Balliol.
^ John Riddell (1785–1862), peerage lawyer; made a study of Scottish peerage law, and published treatises on genealogical questions.
^ Robert Riddell (d. 1794), antiquary and patron of Burns; entered the army and (1780) attained the rank of captain, but passed much of his life in antiquarian pursuits on his estate at Friars Carse; F.S.A.; lion. LL.D. Edinburgh, 1794; remembered chiefly as the friend of Robert Burns, Friars Carse being within a mile of Burns's farm of Ellistoun; composed airs for several of the poet's songs.
^ Sir Thomas Riddell (d. 1652), royalist: M.P. for Newcastle in the Short parliament, 1640; knighted; held Tynemouth Castle against the parliamentarians, 1644-5; died in exile at Antwerp.
^ Edward Riddle (1788–1854), mathematician and astronomer; mathematical master at the Royal Naval Hospital, Greenwich, 1821-51: F.R.A.S. and member of the council, 1825-61; published aTreatise on Navigation and Nautical Astronomy 1824 (8th edit. 1864); re-edited Hutton's Mathematical Recreations (1840, 1854), and published some sixteen papers on astronomical subjects.
^ Joseph Esmond Riddle (1804–1859), scholar and divine; M.A. St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, 1831; incumbent of St. Philips, Leckhampton, 1840-59; joint-editor of a Latin dictionary with John T. White and of an 4 English- Latin Dictionary* with Thomas Kerchever Arnold; wrote largely on religious and miscellaneous topics.
^ Geoffrey Ridel (d. 1120), judge; drowned in the White Ship disaster of 1120, when he is referred to by Henry of Huntingdon as justiciarum totius Angliae.
^ Geoffrey Ridel (d. 1189), bishop of Ely; probably great-nephew of Geoffrey Ridel (i. 1120); became archdeacon of Canterbury, 1163; a prominent opponent of Thomas Becket; a baron of exchequer, 1165; excommunicated by Becket, 1169, but released before 1173, when he was chosen bishop of Ely: shared with the bishops of Winchester and Norwich the office of chief justiciar, 1179-80. He built the western transept of Ely Cathedral, of which the southern half etill remains.
^ John Rider or Ryder (1562–1632), lexicographer and bishop of Killaloe; M.A. Jesus College, Oxford, 1583; rector of Winwick, 1597-1615; bishop of Killaloe, 161316S2; published (1589) Bibliotheca Scholastica an elaborate English-Latin and Latin-English dictionary, which was recast and reissued hi 1C17, 1626, 1633, and 1640.
^ William Rider (1723–1785), mlscellaneous writer; of St. Mary Hall and Jesus College, Oxford; B.A., 1745; clia plain and sur muster (1763-83) at St. Paul's School, London; published several miscellaneous compilations.
^ John de Ridevall or Ridevans (fl. 1330), Franciscan; was divinity reader of his order at Oxford. Works by him are extant in manuscript at Oxford, Cambridge, Worcester, and Venice,
^ John Ridge (1590?–1637?), puritan divine; B. A., St John's College. Oxford, 1612; admitted vicar of Antrim (1619), where in 1626 he established the Antrim meeting, the model of numerous English county assemblies of independents, both during the Commonwealth and after the Toleration Act of 1689; silenced by Henry Leslie q. v., 1636, on which he retired to Scotland.
^ Sir Thomas Ridgeway, first baronet, first Baron Ridgeway, and first Earl of Londonderry (1565?-1631), of Exeter College, Oxford; student, Inner Temple, 1583; high sheriff of Devonshire, 1600; M.P., Devonshire r 1604-6: became treasurer in Ireland, 1606, and took an important part in preparing for the Ulster settlement bv surveying the escheated counties and other laboursy himself receiving, as an undertaker, two thousand acres in Tyrone; purchased a baronetcy, 1611: created Baron Ridgeway, 1616; nominated Earl of Londonderry, 1623.
^ William Ridgeway (d. 1817), law reporter; B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1787; LL.D., 1795; called to the Irish bar: acted as crown counsel in several state trials; published reports of proceedings in cases brought before the Irish courts.
^ Thomas Ridgley (1667?–1734), independent theologian; became assistant to Thomas Gouge (1665? 1700) in Thames Street, London, 1695, and succeeded him, 1700: elected divinity tutor (1712) to the Fund Academy, Moorfields, London: upheld orthodox opinions against prevalent tendencies to Arianism and A rminiuniam, being himself a Sabellian; D.D. by diploma, Aberdeen; published theological works.
^ Glocester Ridley or Gloster (1702–1774), miscellaneous writer; of Winchester College and Trinity and New Colleges, Oxford; B.C.L., 1729; D.D. by diploma, 1767: fellow of New College, Oxford, 1724-34; prebendary of Salisbury Cathedral, 1766-74; published sermons, poems, critical treatises, and biographies.
^ Humphrey Ridley (1653–1708), physician; of Merton College, Oxford; M.D. Leyden, 1679; incorporated M.D. Cambridge, 1688; F.R.C.P., 1692; Gulstonian lecturer, 1694; published (1695) an important work on The Anatomy of the Brain which established his reputation as an anatomist, and Observationes 1703.
^ James Ridley (1736–1765), author; eldest son of Glocester Ridley; of Winchester School and University College, Oxford; B.A. New College, Oxford, 1760: fellow of New College, Oxford, 1755-62; incumbent of Romford, 1762-5; chiefly remembered as the author of 'Tales of the Genii(1764), which professed to be a translation, but were in reality entirely his own, though skilfully modelled on theArabian Nights The work went through many editions (the latest appearing in 1861), and w'as translated into French (1766) and German. (17C5-6).
^ Lancelot Ridley (d. 1576), divine; first cousin of Nicholas Ridley; M.A., 1527, and D.D., 1540-1, Clare Hall, Cambridge; was a vigorous protestant under Edward VI, and was deprived of his rectory of Willingham under Queen Mary; afterwards (1560-76) rector of Stretham; published three expositions on various books of the New Testament.
^ Mark Ridley (1560–1624), physician; son of Lancelot Ridley; M.A. Clare Hall, Cambridge, 1584; went to Russia and became chief physician to the czar, Boris Gudonoff: settled in London on the czar's death, 1598; censor of the Royal College of Physicians, 1607, 1609-13, 1615, and 1618; published a treatise on the magnet, 1613.
^ Nicholas Ridley (1500?–1555), successively bishop of Rochester and London; of an ancient border family; elected a fellow of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, c. 1524; M.A., 1526; afterwards studied at the Sorbonne and Louvaiu; became one of Cranmer's chaplains, 1537, and began, though gradually, to reject many Roman doctrines: D.D. Cambridge, 1540; became master of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, 1540, and king's chaplain; canon of Canterbury, 1541; canon of Westminster, 1545; nominated bishop of Rochester, 1547. and (1548) was one of the visitors of Cambridge University, when he pronounced in favour of reformed opinions; installed Bonner's successor in the bishopric of London, 1550, where he exerted himself to propagate reformed opinions and to improve the condition of the poor; on Edward's death denounced Queens Mary and Elizabeth as illegitimate at St. Paul's Cross, London, but on perceiving that Lady Jane Grey's cause was lost, MHIUi.imself on Queen Mary's mercy; sent to the Tower of London (June 1553), exceptol from the amnesty, and deprived of Ids bishopric; after Wyult's rebellion wa n-nt to Ox for 1 with 1-utiincr and ranmcr. and declared:i In n tic after n debate in tin- divinitj Aprd 1554); condemned on tin- capital -!::irwc f heresy, September 155fi, and burnt:ili vi-.Hin.-t.ir,:-5. M.-j.u hardly anything in hi* lifetime, hut several theological treatise* appeared posthumously. In 141 the Work* of Nicholas icidl.-y were edited for the Parker Soci Henry Christmas.
^ Sir Thomas Ridley (1550?–1629), chancellor of Winchester; of Eton and King's College, Cambridge; M.A., 1574; D.D., 16H3; incorporated lUL. at Oxford, 159K; fellow of King College, Cambridge: became headmaster of Eton, 1580; became, before 1599, a matter in cliaucery, chancellor of Winchester, and Yicar-general to Archbishop George Abbot q. T.lj M.P., Wye, 1M6-7, Lyiiiiiitrtou, 1601: knighted, 1610; published A View of tbe Civile and Ecclesiastical LAW 1607.
^ William Henry Ridley (1816–1881). religious writer: Btudeut of Christ Churc-h, Oxford, 1836-41: M.A., 1840; rector of Hamhledon, 1840-82; published theological works,
^ Roberto di Ridolfi or Ridolfo (1531–1612), conspirator; born at Florence; belonged to the great Florentine family of Ridolfl di Piazza; was brought up as a banker; entered into mercantile relations with London merchants, ami after Queen Mary's accession Fettl.it in London, where In Queen Elizabeth's reign Sir William Cecil and others employed him in financial business: intrigued with the French and Spanish ambassador?; privy to the Northern rebellion, 1569, but though arrested pu siiKpicion, vras not proved guilty: engaged (1570) in a fresh conspiracy, in which Norfolk was implicated, to overthrow Jueen Elizabeth's government with the aid of a Spanish army; his agent, Charles Baillie, arrested at Dover, April 1571, while lie himself was absent at Brussels, and bis English confederates shortly afterwards arrested; retired to Italy and settled finally at Florence; admitted to the Florentine nate, 1600.
^ George Ridpath (d. 1726), Whig journalist: studied at Edinburgh: imprisoned at Edinburgh (1681) for burning Pope Innocent XI in effigy, and Imnisbed the country; went to London and adopted literature as a profession; wrote under the name of Will Laick, attacked the Scottish bishops, and defended the English presbytcrians; was, before the uuion, loud on Scotland's commercial wrongs, and for some years conducted the Flying Post or Postman a whig journal; committed to Newgate for libelling government in the Observer 1712; fled, after conviction, to Holland, whence he upheld the Hanoverian succession; returned to England and received some minor offices under George I, but (c. 1723) fell under suspicion of bigamy, and avoided his old friends.
^ George Ridpath (1717?–1772), historian of the Scottish border; minister of Stitchell, 1742-72; left in manuscriptThe Border History of England and Scotland (published, 1776).
^ Philip Ridpath (1721–1788), Scottish minister; brother of George Rid path (17177-1772); edited his brother's Border History and (1785) published an edition of Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy
^ Louis Riel (1844–1885), Canadian insurgent leader; became secretary in 1869 of an association to resist the incorporation of tbe North- West Territories in the Canadian Dominion in the half-breed interest; became (December 1869) president of a provisional government at Port Garry, which was suppressed by the Hal Hiver Expedition In September 1870, after which he fled to the United States; became president of a second pro Uional government, 1885, and began active warfare; captured and executed.
^ Ethelred of Rievaulx (1109?–1166). See Ethelred.
^ John Francis Rigaud (1742–1810), painter : born at Turin; studied painting in Italy; came to London, 1771; R.A., 1784. As an historical painter he had little merit, but ranks high as a portrait-painter.
^ Stephen Francis Dutilh Rigaud (1777-1861), painter: only MO of John Francis Rigaai: engaged chiefly in historical painting, and aUtod lu .!i decorative work.
^ Stephen Jordan Rigaud (1816–1859), bishop of Antigua; eldest son of Stephen Peter Rigaud: fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, 18*8-41: M.A.. IM-J: D.D., 1854; consecrated bishop of Antigua, 1858; pub!.-!. i raited irodni, iadttld h - BrtbffVObmnn* ence of Scientific Men 1841.
^ Stephen Peter Rigaud (1774-1839), mathematician; UttWlMttl I IM m.r; ;,:.,,.s ,! Kv.ur . ..lege, Oxford, 1794-1810: M.A., 1799; F.RA, 180ft; Savilian professor of geometry; Savilian professor of astronomy, 1827-39; remarkable as an astronomer for accurate knowledge of the literature ami history of the subject. He wrote several important works. Including an Historical Eway on the First Publl of Newton's " iTincipia," 1838: edited others, and published a number of important papers In various scientific periodicals.
^ Alexander Rigby (1594-1650), parliamentary colonel and baron of the exchequer; student of Gray Inn, 1610; sat in the short parliament u M.F., Wijmn, 1640; nominated one of t lie deputy-lieutenants of J.:un.ishire, 1642: became a colonel in the parliamentary font-s: appointed a baron of the exchequer, 1649, and ( 1650 a commissioner of the high court of justice,
^ Edward Rigby (1747–1821), physician; published a work on uterine haemorrhage in 1776, which v. lated Into French and German; visited France, 1789, his Letters from France forming a useful supplement to Arthur Young's observations; practised in Norwich; mayor of Norwich, 1805.
^ Edward Rigby (1804–1860), obstetrician; son of Edward Rigby (1747-1821 ); M.D. Edinburgh. 1825: studied midwifery at Berlin and Heidelberg and became physician at the Lying-in Ho?piUU at Lambeth; F.L.; F.It. (.I, 1 M3; n'tirdeil as the first obstetric physician in London after Sir Charles Locock retired from practice.
^ Elizabeth Rigby, afterwards Lady Eastlake (l809-1893). See Eastlake.
^ Joseph Rigby (d. 1671), parliamentarian; brother of Alexander Rigby; educated at Eton; rose to be lieutenant-colonel in the parliamentary army, 1650; published The Drunkard's Perspective 1656, directed against alcoholic drink.
^ Richard Rigby (1722–1788), politician; entered parliament as.Ml, Castle Rising, 1745, and attached himself to Frederick, prince of Wales; M.P., Sudbury. 17. Tavlstock, 1754-84; afterwards transferred his allegiance to tbe Duke of Bedford, whose secretary be became in 1758, when Bedford was appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland; appointed master of the rolls for Ireland. I:M. vice-treasurer for Ireland, 1765, and paymaster of the forces, 1768; took a pronrnent part in opposing Wilkw, 1769, and ( 1 77- ) objected to a public funeral to Chatham; succeeded as paymaster by Burke, 1784; died, leaving near hulf a million of public money."
^ Ambrose Rigg or Rigge (1635?–1705), quaker; became a quaker, c. 1653. and, in spite of continued persecution, preached persistently In the southern countie* till 1662, when he was arrested and kept in gaol for M-V.-U years; published religious works.
^ Robert Rigge (d. 1410). See Rygge.
^ John Rightwise or Ritwise (1490-1532?), grammarian; of Eton and King's College, Cambridge; B.A.. 1513; became surmaster of St. Paul's School, London, Iftl 7, and high master, 1522; removed for neglect, 1531; chiefly remembered as a composer of plays and iuterlodea.
^ Charles Reuben Riley (1752?–1798). See Ryley.
^ Henry Thomas Riley (1816–1878), translator and antiquary: educated at Charterhouse School, London, and Trinity and Clare Colleges, Cambridge: M.A. Clare College, 1859; incorporated at Exeter College, Oxford, 1870; barrister. Inner Temple, 1847, but made a liring in earlier life by hack-writing; edited several Chronicles and Memorialsfor the master of tin- roll?, and i became an additional inspector of the newly civatM Historical Manuscripts Commission.
^ John Riley or Ryley (1646-1691), portrait painter; pupil of Gerard Soest: painted portrait* SfCharles II nn.l James II and bis queen: appointed coart-pai uter to William and Mary.
^ Edward Francis Rimbault (1816–1876), musical author and antiquary: was a founder of the Musical Antiquarian Society, of which he became secretary, and for which hi- edited u number of works; also edited the Motet Society publications from 1841: F.8.A., 1842. He was organist of various London churches. BTjnnftfc,
^ Alfred Rimmer (1820-1893), artist and author; engaged in trade in Canada, 1868-70, subsequently settling in Chester: published a number of illustrated works on English topography.
^ Samuel Rimmington (1755?–1826), lieutenant-general, royal artillery; entered the army, 1771; fought in the war of American independence; colonel, 1808; lieutenant-general, 1821.
^ William Rimston or Remington (fl. 1372), theological writer; doctor of theology at Oxford; chancellor of Oxford University, 1372.
^ John King (1752–1821), surgeon; educated at Winchester College; began to practise in London, 1774; became a friend of Edward Jenner, 1799, and rendered most important services to the cause of vaccination; published numerous tracts on vaccination,
^ Basil Ringrose (d. 1686), buccaneer and author; was with the buccaneers at Darien in 1680; he returned t England, 1682; his journal published as a second volume of theHistory of the Buccaneers 1685; sailed (1G84) for the South Seas in the Cygnet, whose captain ioiiied the buccaneers; slain by the Spaniards in Mexico.
^ Thomas de Ringstead (d. 1366), bishop of Bangor; doctor of theology at Cambridge; subsequently became a Dominican, and (1357) was papally provided to the see of Bangor; said to be the author of a work on the Proverbs of Solomon, of which three copies are extant at Oxford.
^ Robert Stephen Rintoul (1787-1858), journalist; set up as a printer at Dundee, 1809; edited (18111826) the Dundee Advertiser,* a paper which became one of the chief liberal journals in Scotland: went to London, 1826, and (1828) founded theSpectator which he sold in 1868. The Spectator took a prominent part in the discussion of all questions of social and political reform.
^ Giovanni Battista Rinuccini (1592–1653), archbishop of Fermo, and papal nuncio in Ireland; born in Rome; son of a Florentine patrician; became archbishop of Fermo, 1625; appointed papal nuncio in Irelaud, 1645; interfered in the negotiations between the royalists and the Roman catholic confederates, on his arrival in Ireland, by proposing conditions which it was out of the power of Charles I to grant; consequently quarrelled with the Irish catholic royalists, and as soon as a treaty was concluded with Ormonde (March 1646) set to work to annul it, with the support of Owen Roe O'Neill l j. v., the consequence being that Ormonde's peace was rejected by a great part of Ireland; severely reprimanded from Rome for exceeding his instructions; persisted, and finally drove Ormonde to come to terms with the English parliament; rendered extremely unpopular by the victories of Inchiquin, who had declared for parliament; warned by the confederates (January 1649) tointermeddle not in any of the affairs of this kingdom; left Ireland, February 1649, and returned to Rome, where he received an honourable reception; died at Fermo of apoplexy. Though his political conduct in Ireland was unwise, his ecclesiastical duties were well performed, and in his distribution of Irish church patronage he took great care to make good appointments.
^ Francis Riollay (1748–1797), physician : born in Brittany: educated at Trinity College, Dublin (B. A.); incorporated at Oxford, 1777; M.A. Oxford, 1780; M.D., 1784; practised in London; Gulstonian lecturer, 1787, Harrdan orator, 1787, and Crooniau lecturer, 1788-90.
^ Joseph de Mendoza y Rios (1762-1816). See Mendoza.
^ Edward Riou (1758?–1801), captain in the navy; captain, 1791; led the detached- squadron against he defences of Copenhagen, where he was killed l;i cannonshot.,
^ De Ripariis .
^ George Ripley (d. 1490?), alchemist; an Angu-tiniau and a canon of Bridlington; was undoubtedly the most widely studied of the late alchemists: compiled,. 1471,The Compound of Alchemic and, 1 176, Medulhi Alchimiae
^ Thomas Ripley (d. 1758), architect; originally a carpenter; owed his advancement in life to Sir Robert Walpole's patronage; built Wolterton House, 17L't:;v and the Admiralty, Whitehall, 1724-6.
^ Ripon, first Earl of (1782–1859). See John Frederick Robinson.
^ Edward Villiers Rippingille (1798?-1859), painter and writer on art; began to exhibit at the Royal Academy, 1813; chiefly painted pictures of English country life: contributed toBentley's Magazin eand the Art Journal
^ John Rippon (1751–1836), baptist divine; pastor in Carter Lane and New Park Street, London (1773-183G): editedBaptist Annual Register 1790-1802; compiled a well-known Selection of Hymns 1827.
^ Thomas Rippon (1761–1835), chief cashier of the Bank of England: brother of John Rippon; succeeded Abraham Newland as cashier,
^ Tristram Risdon (1580?–1640), topographer : author of a Cborographical Description or Survey of Devon first printed by Edmund Curll in a garbled edition in 1714. An excellent edition appeared in 1811.
^ William Rishanger (1250?–1312?), monk of St. Albans and chronicler; became a Benedictine of St. Albans Abbey, 1271; author of Narratio de Bellis apud Lewes et Evesham (edited for the Camden Society. 1840), and of a chronicle of Gesta Edwardi Primi Riley alsoassigns to him a longer chronicle of English history edited by him for the Rolls Series in 1865.
^ Edward Rishton (1550–1586), Roman catholic divine; B.A. Brasenose College, Oxford, 1572; studied at Douay; condemned to death for officiating in EiKrl;inl and banished, 1581; died of the plague near Ste.-Mrnehould. Several of his works are extant.
^ Nicholas Rishton (d. 1413). diplomatist; educated at New College, Oxford; held several minor txvlesiastical preferments, and was employed in negotiations with the French, 1403-5; an English representative at the council of Pisa.
^ John Rising (1756–1815), portrait and subject painter; regularly exhibited at the Royal Academy, 1785-1815.
^ Thomas Risley (1630-1716), nonconformist divine; fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford, 1654-62; M.A., 1655; built a chapel at Culcheth after the passing of the Toleration Act in 1689, and ministered there till his death.
^ Alexander Handyside Ritchie (1804–1870), sculptor; studied at Rome under Thorwaldsen, and from 1838 practised successfully at Edinburgh,
^ John Ritchie (1809–1850), sculptor; younger brother of Alexander Handyside Ritchie: worked for a time with his brother. His fine group, The Dduw was suggested by a dream.
^ John Ritchie (1778–1870), journalist : one of the founders of the Scotsman (1817); became sole proprietor shortly after 1831.
^ Joseph Ritchie (1788?–1819), African traveller; a surgeon by profession; commissioned by government to undertake the exploration of the Nigritlan Soudan by way of Tripoli and Fezzau, c. 1818; died at Murzuk.
^ Leitch Ritchie (1800?–1865), novelist; w employed as a clerk in Glasgow, but (c. 1820) adopted llteraturc as a profession; published novels and othor works. Hinlilurini tin- lutu-r part of his life wiit.il ri,:,iiit.-iV* Journal.
^ William Ritchie (1781-1831), journalist; younger brother of John Ritchie (177* ln7u); joined Charles Maclaren and others in 1817 in founding the Scotsman of which he and Maclaren were joint -.-liters until bis.K-.i-.h.
^ William Ritchie (1790–1837), physicist ; professor of natural philosophy at Loudon University, 1831-1837.
^ Sir William Johnstone Ritchie (1813-1892), chief Justice of Canada; born at Annapolis, Nora Scotta: edacated at Pictou College. Nova Scotia: member for St. John's in the Nova Scotia amenably, 1846-61: became pnisne judge of New Brunswick, 1865; chief-jnstlce of New Brunswick, 1866: puisne judge of the Dominion supreme court, 1876, and chief-justice of Canada, 1879; knighted, 1881.
^ George Ritschel (1616–1688), divine; born lu Bohemia: came to England, 1641; left England on the outbreak of the civil war, returning, 1644: rector of Hexham, 1656 7-1688; published one religious and one metaphysical work in Latin.
^ Isaac Ritson (1761–1789), translator; schoolmaster at Penrith; published a translation of the Hymn to Venus 1788.
^ Jonathan Ritson (1776?–1846), wood-carver; completed the work of Griuling Gibbous at Arundel and Pctworth.
^ Joseph Ritson 0752–1803), antiquary; settled in London, 1775, as a conveyancing clerk, and (1780) began business on his own account; high bailiff of the liberty of the Savoy, 1784-1803: zealously studied English literature and history; attacked Wartou's History of English Poetry 1782, and Johnson and Steevens's edition of Shakespeare, 1783: attacked also Steevens's editorial successors, Isaac Reed and Malone: detected the Ireland forgeries, 1795: waa one of the earliest collectors of local verse, and (1783) published a Select Collection of English Songs,* in wliich he attacked Percy's Reliques and in subsequent works on the same subject threw doubt on the existence of the manuscript whence Percy claimed to have derived his ballads; demonstrated that many of John Pinkerton's Select Scottish Ballads * were forgeries, 1784; visited Paris, 1791, and from that time showed a close sympathy with the French revolution; produced (1802) his useful Bibliographia Poetica became insane, 1803, shortly before his death.
^ Henry Ritter (1816–1863), artist; born at Montreal; practised at Düsseldorf, chiefly affecting sea-pieces.
^ John Ritwyse (d. 1532?). See Rightwise.
^ Louisa Henrietta Rivarol, Madame de (1749?-1821), translator; only child of Mather Flint; born at Remiremont; married the so-called Comte de Rivarol, the future satirist of the revolution, e, 1780: obtained a divorce (1794) from her husband, who had deserted her; translated several English works into French.
'^ Peter de Rivaulx or Rivallis (d, 1258?), favourite of Henry III; said to have been a son or nephew of Peter des Roches (d. 1238); made treasurer, 1232, but (1234) deprived of his offices in consequence of the opposition to the Poitevin favourites; restored to favour, 1286; again treasurer, 1257.
^ Earls of Rivers . See Woonville, RICHARD, first Earl d. 1469 ; WOODVILLE, ANTHONY, second Darcy, 1442?-1483; SAVAGE, RICHARD, fourth EARL of the second creation, 1660 ?-1712.
^ Rivers, first Baron (1722?–1803 See George Pitt.
^ Antony Rivers , alias Thomas Blewett (fl. 1601-1606), Jesuit; was secretary to Henry Garnett. In 1692 Shirley's tragedy, The Traytor was reissued, with a dedication unwarrantably attributing it to Rivers,
^ Augustus Henry Lane Fox Pitt-Rivers (1827-1900). See Pitt-Rivers.
^ Thomas Rivers (1798–1877), nurseryman; espeoially noted for his collection of roses at his nurseries at Sawbrldgeworth and fur his development of t!..-, ilture of nall fruit trees..3*8
^ William Rivers (1788-1856), lieutenant in the navy; i-m.-r-i DM- Victory. 17M: tort a leg at Trafalgar, 1806; adjutant of Greenwich Hospital, 182-M.
^ Riverston titular Baron of (d. 1715. See Thomas Nugent.
^ John Rivett or Revett (1624-1674), brazier; concealed and (1660) handed over to Charles II thebrasen sUtne of Charles I (made by Hubert Le Bueur), which the parliament, on Charles I's execution, sold him as old metal and ordered to be destroyed,
^ Henry Parsons Riviere (1811–1888), watercolour painter; brother of William Riviere; began to exhibit in 1832; went to Rome, 1866, and remained there till near the end of hi* life, exhibiting hi England views of Rome and the neighbourhood.
^ Robert Riviere (1808–1882), bookbinder: brother of William Riviere; commenced business in 1829 hi hath, and r.-mov.-l. in 1840, to London, where hi* excellent taste and workmanship made him fynvms.
^ William Riviere (1806–1876), historical painter; began to exhibit at the Royal Academy, 1826.
^ Charles Rivington (1688–1742), publisher; took over the premises and trade of Richard Chiswell (1639-1711) in 1711, and soon became the leading theological publisher.
^ Charles Rivington (1764–1881), publisher: son of John Rivington (1720-1792); carried on bis father's business, at first with his brother Francis Rivington, and after his death alone.
^ Francis Rivington (1745–1822), publisher; eldest son of John Rivington (1720-1792); carried on his father's business with his brother Charles Rivington (1764-1831)
^ Francis Rivington (1805–1886), publisher; son of Charles Rivington (1764-1831); succeeded to his father's business, 1831: retired, 1869; published Tracts for the Times and other tractarian writing*.
^ James Rivington (1724–1803), publisher : son of Charles Rivington (1688-1742); emigrated to New England in 176O, where he started Rivington's New York Gazette (1777).
^ John Rivington (1720–1792), publisher: son of Charles Rivington (1688-1742); succeeded to his father's business, and in 1760 became publisher to the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge,
^ John Rivington (1779–1841), publisher: eldest son of Francis Rivington (1746-1822); admitted into the firm in 1810.
^ David Rizzio (1533?–1566). See Riccio.
^ John Roach (fl. 1794–1796), bookseller and compiler: kept a shop in Drury Lane, London, where he sold odd volumes and indelicate prints.
^ Richard Roach (1662–1730), divine; of Merchant Taylors' School, London, and St. John's College, Oxford: M.A., 1688; B.D., 1695: rector of 8t Augustine's, Hackney, 1690-1730: a follower of Jane Lead; published mystical treatises.
^ Charles Roach-Smith (1807–1890). See Smith.
^ Bonn Rob (1714–1778).
^ Roy Rob (1671–1734).
^ Rob Roy (pseudonym). Sec MACGREOOR, JURK, 1825-1892.
^ Foulk Robartes or Robertes (1580?-16500, divine; M.A. Christ's College, Cambridge, 1602: B.D. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1609; incorporated B.D. Oxford, 1621; installed a prebendary of Norwich Cathedral, 1616, but during the civil wwr.died
^ Francis Robartes (1650?–1718), politician and musician: son of Sir John Robartes, first Earl of Radnor; sat in parliament from 1673 till Ins death; knownas a musical composer and a* a writer on the theory of sound.
^ Sir John Robartes , first Earl of Radnor, second Baron Robartes, and second baronet (1606168i. of Exeter College, Oxford; succeeded his father as second baron RobartU 1634: voted with the popular mrtv during tbe Lou? parliament; he became a colonel in SJexVarmy nd in 1644 held the rank of field-marshal: wa* a strong presbytemn, and after Charles I's execution took no further share in public affairs; made at the Restoration lord-deputy of Ireland, an office which he exchanged for that of lord privy seal: closely associated with Clarendon's opponents from 1663: appointed lord-lieutenant of Irdaiwi; 1669: recalled, 1670; created Earl of Radnor, 1679; appointed lord president of the council, 1679.
^ John Gooch Robberds (1789–1854), Unitarian minister; pastor of Crow Street, Manchester, 1811-54; published sermons, tracts, and lectures.
^ James Robe (1688–1753), Scottish presbyterian divine; studied at Glasgow University; minister of Kilsyth, 1713-53: published religious works,
'^ Sir William Robe (1765–1820), colonel, royal artillery; entered the army, 1781; served in Holland, 1793-4 and 1799, at Copenhagen, 1807, and in the Spanish peninsula, 1808-12; K.C.B., 1815; K.H.; regimental colonel, 1815.
^ William Livingstone Robe (1791–1815), lieutenant, royal artillery: eldest son of Sir William Robe; served in the peninsula, 18-J8-14: lieutenant, 1808; fell at Waterloo.
^ John Peter Roberdeau (1754–1815), dramatist; settled at Chichester, 1796: wrote many plays of indifferent merit, chiefly for the provincial theatres.
^ Robert I (1274–1329). See Robert de Bruce VIII.,
^ Robert II (1316–1390), The Steward, king of Scotland; son of Walter III steward of Scotland, by Marjory, daughter of Robert the Bruce: declared heir presumptive, 1318; succeeded to his father's office and estates, 1326; led the second division of the Scottish army at Halidon Hill, 133S; with Moray was chosen regent, 1334; lost his authority in consequence of Edward Ill's successes, 1335, but in 1338 again became regent, and in 1341 regained Edinburgh from the English; vacated the regency, David II having returned from France; resumed his authority as king, May 1341; resumed the regency when David II was captured at Neville's Cross, 1346; his hopes of the crown impaired by David II's recognition of Edward III as his successor, 1863: imprisoned with bis three sous by David II as a measure of security; released, 1370, and peacefully succeeded to the throne on David II's death, 1371; took no personal share in the war with England, which was renewed in 1378 and continued intermittently till his death; his second son Robert, duke of Albany, named guardian of the kingdom, 1389; died at Dundonald.
^ Robert m (1340?-1406), king of Scotland: originally known as John, earl of Carrick; eldest son of Robert II; changed his name on succeeding to the throne in 1390; created Earl of Atholl, 1367, and Earl of Carrick, 1368: disabled from bodily exertion by an accident which took place before his father's death; never personally governed, all the power of administration being in tbe hands of his younger brother, Robert Stewart, first duke of Albany; his heir, the Duke of Rothesay, created lieutenant of the kingdom, 1399, arrested by Albany, 1402, the order being in his father's name, and perhaps put to death in prison, on which Albany resumed the regency; died at Rothesay.
^ Robert, Duke of Normandy (1054? –1134), eldest son of William I; received the investiture of Maine, 1069, but was unable to prevail on his father to Rive him actual possession of the county: rebelled, 1077, and (1079) accidentally wounded his father at Gerberoi; subsequently made his submission and was recognised as heir of Normandy, which he inherited on William I's death in 1087; having emptied his treasury, sold the Cotentin to his brother Henry, 1088; his duchy of Normandy invaded by his brother, William II, 1089; caine to an agreement with William 11, loal, and with him drove Henry out of the Cotentin; shared his possessions; took the cross and pledged his duchy to William II for five years for the sum of ten thousand marks, 1096: set out in October, and after joining the other crusaders reached Constantinople early in the summer of 1097; distinguished himself by his valour at Dorylaeum, and in the march to Autioch led the advanced guard; by his prowess enabled the crusaders to defeut Corbogha in a great battle under the walls of Antioch, June 1098; refused the sovereignty of Jerusalem, and in the autumn left Palestine; did not, however, reach Normandy till September 1100, and thus lost his opportunity of the English succession on the death of William II, but was freed by that event from the necessity of redeeming Normandy from pledge: urged by Ranuulf Flauibard, invaded England, July 1101, but made a treaty with Henry I; ceded the county of Evreux to Henry 1, 1104; hia duchy of Normandy invaded by Henry I, who was indignant at his misgoyermnent of it, 1105; defeated by Henry I and taken prisoner at the battle of Tinchebrai, 1106; passed the rest of his life in confinement in England; was probably well treated, the statement that he was blinded after being detected in plotting treason being unsupported by adequate authority,
^ Earl of Gloucester Robert (d. 1147), a natural son of Henry I, who bestowed on him the hand of Mabel, daughter of Robert Fitzhamon (rf. 1107), and the whole of her father's heritage in Normandy, Wales, and England; created Earl of Gloucester, c. 1122; on Henry I deatli (1135) submitted to Stephen; quarrelled with Stephen, 1137, who soon afterwards confiscated his English and Welsh estates, and (1139) landed in England in company with Matilda: captured Stephen under the walls of Lincoln, 1141, but before the close of the year was himself made prisoner at Stockbridge and exchanged for Stephen: defeated Stephen at Wilton, 1143, but spent the rest of his life in desperate efforts to hold his ground, in spite of the rapid disintegration of the Angevin party; died at Bristol.
^ Robert of Jumièges (fl. 1037–1052), archbishop of Canterbury; became abbot of Jumieges, 1037; accompanied Edward the Confessor to England, 1043; was consecrated bishop of London, 1044, and became the head of the Norman opposition to Godwin; appointed archbishop of Canterbury, 1051; by inflaming Edward's resentment against Godwin, succeeded in driving the earl into exile, September 1051; fled to Normandy on Godwin's return in 1052; outlawed by the witan and deposed; went to Rome and procured the support of the pope, who ordered hia reinstatement, but in spite of that could not regain possession of his see; died at Jumieges.
^ TRobert the Staller (d. 1066), otherwise known as Robert FitzWimarc; staller in the court of Edward the Confessor; supported William the Norman, 1066.
^ Robert D'Oilgi I, D'Oilly, or D'Oyly (d. 1090?), Norman baron; came to England with William I, and obtained large grants of land in the midland counties. Some of his buildings at Oxford are still extant, including the tower of St. Michael's Church and the keep of Oxford Castle.
^ Robert of Mortain, Count of Mortain (d. 1091?). See Mortain.
^ Robert Losinga (d. 1095). See Losinga.
^ Robert (d. 1103), crusader and martyr; an Englishman of good family: followed Edgar Atheling to Palestine on crusade; taken prisoner at Ramlah and, refusing to deny Christ, was put to death.
^ Fitzhamon Robert (d. 1107). See Fitzhamon.
^ Robert of Bellême, Earl of Shrewsbury (fl. 1098). See Bellême.
^ Robert de Beaumont, Count of Meulan (d. 1118). See Beaumont.
^ Robert Bloet (d. 1123). See Bloet.
^ Robert (d. 1139), first abbot of Newminater; entered the Benedictine abbey at Whitby, but afterwards joined Ti or.lr-r.:nul in 1132 owUted to foun-l tinabbey of 1'oimtuius; became first abbot of 11:17. xlv.u.
^ Robert d'Oilgi II (fl. 1130–1142), baron; eWer wn of Robert d'Oiigi r (.1. 1090?), wasoonntabuUwriui regU Hnriri iimi assisted the KtuproM Matilda against KinirSti-phiMi.
^ Robert ini: KC;T.I-HMAV, UDIIKHT iR KRTKXR, or lloiiKKT DK HKTIM:S ti. 1 141-1 143), first translator of the Koran: travelled widely ami Kiiniul Arabic in A*ia; was living in Spain, in-ar tin- Kbro, 1U1-3, and Mltaeqnently became archdeacon of I'ampeluna; translated the Koran into Latin for Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny, between 1141 anl 11 i:i. His translation was first printed at Hash- in 1513. Many other works ascribed to him.
^ Pui Robert .LBX (d. 1147?).
^ Robert de Bethune (d. 1148), bishop of Hereford; a native of Bethune in Artois: entered the house of the Augustinian canons at Llanthony, where he became prior; consecrated bishop of Hereford, 1131; followed the political guidance of Henry of Winchester during the troubles of Stephen's reign; died while attending the council of Rheini.
^ Robert of Salesby (fl. 1132-1148), chancellor of Sicily; was one of the many Englishmen who found employment under the Norman kings of Sicily: wan chancellor as early as 1132, and attested charters of King Roger at least as late as 1148.
^ Robert (d. 1159). bishop of St. Andrews; probably consecrated in 1125; the prior of St. Andrews founded during his rule by David I.
^ Robert of Melun (d. 1167), bishop of Hereford ; an Englishman by birth; went to France, c. 112". and taught philosophy at Paris and Melun; recalled to England by Thomas Becket and elected bishop of Hereford, 1163; supported Henry in his controversy with Becket, though with moderation; enjoyed great renown as a theologian and teacher. In philosophy he was a realist, but stopped short of anything like heterodoxy. His great work was Summa Theologiae.
^ Robert of Shrewsbury (d. 1167), hagiologist; became abbot of Shrewsbury before 1160, and wrote an extant Life of St. Wenefred
^ Robert, Earl of Leicester (1104–1168). See Robert de Beaumont.
^ Robert Fitzharding (d. 1170). See Fitzharding.
^ Robert of Bridlington or Robert the Scribe (fl. 1160-1170), theologian; became prior of Bridlington, e. 1160. He owed his name ofScribeto his many writings, chiefly commentaries on portions of the bible.
^ Robert of Cricklade, also called Canutus (fl. 1157-1170), historical writer; chancellor of the university of Oxford, 1159; was also prior of St. Frideswide; wrote a life of Thomas Becket.
^ Robert (d. 1178), abbot of Glastonbury; wrote lives of two of the bishops of Winchester, printed in Wharton's Anglia Sacra
^ Robert Fitzstephen (d. 1183?). See Fitzstephen.
^ Robert de Monte (1110?–1186), chronicler: born at Torigni-sur-Vire; was abbot of Mont St. Michel, 1 154 1186: continued the work of William of Jumlege* and the chronicle of Sigebert of Gemblours.
^ Robert Foliot (d. 1188). See Foliot.
^ Robert de Stuteville (d. 1186). See Stuteville.
^ Robert, Earl of Leicester (d. 1190). See Robert de Beaumont.
^ Robert de Beaufeu (fl. 1190). See Beaufeu.
^ Robert de Turnham (d. 1211). See Turnham.
^ Robert de Vieuxport or Vipont (d. 1228). See Vieuxport.
^ Robert (d. 1211?), saint: lived at at a hermit: often confused with rough first abbot of NewmUuf; _ b* !!S *
^ Robert 1:1. n (ft. 1186–1240). 8 I.
^ Robert H I.' MVTOX (f. 12WX See Lwi
^ Robert i liiurv.., TllWlXO, or TWKXO (UQ6 ?1268?). Sec Tnv
^ Robert xoucu* rf. 1272), author: wrote ( mentary on John de Sacrobosco'i tn-atiae De Kphjprn.
^ Robert of Swaffham (d. 1273, historian of the abbey of Peterborough: continued the hUtory of toe abbey coinmencvd by Hugh it. Ilu7 V 1156 ?)
'^ Robert de Stichil (d. 1974). See Stichil.
^ Robert Thorpe (fl. 1290). See Thorpe.
^ Robert or GU)OCDtTKit ( A 120–1300), historian : known only from tin- KiiflUh metrical chronicle of the history of England to 1270, which Dear* hi* name: may have been an inhabitant of Gloucwter.
^ Robert of Leicester (fl. 1320). See Leicester.
^ Robert the Englishman, also called Robertus Perscrutator (fl. 1326), author; wrote several extant treatises on medicine and alchemy.
^ Mannyng, Robert or DE BRUNNE (ft. 1288-1338).
^ Robert of Avesbury (fl. 1356), historian; compiled a history of the Mlrabilia Gtesta 1 of Edward III down to 1356, printed in the Rolls Series, 1889.
^ Sir Robert de Thorpe (d. 1372). See Thorpe.
^ Robert de Stretton (d. 1385). See Stretton.
^ Robert Wikeford (d. 1390). See Wikeford.
^ Robert of Woodstock (d. 1418). See Robert Heete.
^ James Roberton, Lord Bedlay (1590?–1661), Scottish judge; M.A. Glasgow, 1609; appointed professor of philosophy and humanity, Glasgow, 1018; appointed judge in the admiralty court, 1626; retired during Cromwell's supremacy; made an ordinary lord of session, 1661.
^ John Roberton (1797–1876), surgeon; appointed surgeon to the Manchester Lying-in Hoopital, 1H27; helped much to extend the fame of the Manchester school of obstetrics.
^ Sir Abraham Roberts (1784–1873), general; entered the army, 1H03: served in India and Afghanistan with distinction for over fifty yean: G.C.B., 1873. He was the father of Field-Marshal Karl Robert*, K.i.
^ Arthur Roberts (1801–1886), author; eldest wn of William Roberts (1767-1849); published hi* father's biography.
^ Barré Charles Roberts (1789–1810), antiquary; B.A. Christ Church, Oxford, 1808; made a fine collection of English coins, now in possession of the trustees of the British Museum.
^ Bartholomew Roberts (1682?–1722), pirate; was captured by pirates in 1718, and joined their company; killed in 1722 off Cape Lopea white in action with a man-of-war.
^ David Roberts (1757–1819), lieutenant-colonel ; entered the army, 1794; served In the Spanish peninsula, 1808-13; brevet lieutenant-colonel, 1813; author of The Military Adventures of Johnny Kewcome 1816.
^ David Roberts (1796–1864), painter : began to practise his art as scene-painter began to exhibit at the 11 extensively, and painted Europe, as well as of Syria and the Holy Land xlvnl. 8761
^ Emma Roberts (1794 ?-1840), author; resided for some years in India with her married sister, and published feveral works on that country, including Scenes and Characteristics of Hindoftan 18. xlrtll. JTH llfVO-lOO*;, pitimcT; LK-KHII to aainter to a travelling company; Royal Academy, 1826; travelled d landscapes of all parte of
^ Francis Roberts (1601–1675), puritan ; M.A. Trinity College, Oxford, 1632; joined tlu- preshytrrian party at the outbreak of tin- civil war, and was instituted o Yrington: conformed at the Restoration, and was l-ft undisturbr.1: created D.D. Dublin, when chaplain to i, lord-lieutenant of Ireland; Itft several theological
^ George Roberts (fl. 1721–1726), mariner; reputed Authorof "Tlie Four Years* Voyaures of (apt. George Roberts(1726 X which is sometimes assigned to 5SS
^ George Roberts (d. 1860), antiquary; mayor of Lyme Regis, 1848-9 and 1854-5: published, besides other works, the Life, Progresses, and Rebellion of James, Duke of Monmouth 1844.
^ George Edward Roberts (1831–1865) geologist; author of The Rocks of Worcestershire 1860, and other geological treatises.
^ Griffith Roberts (fl. 1567–1585), Welsh grammarian; M.D. Siena; published a Welsh treatise on grammar at Milan in 1567, which was reprinted in 1857.
^ Henry Roberts or Robarts (fl. 1585-1616), author; author of a number of works of extreme rarity, mainly panegyrics and romances; attached to the court of James L
^ Henry Roberts (rf. 1876), architect ; interested himself in the housing of the poor of London, and also of Belgium and Italy.
^ Sir Henry Gee Roberts (1800–1860), major-general; entered the East India Company's service, 1818; took a distinguished part in the Sikh wars and in the Indian mutiny; major-general, 1854; K.O.B., 1859.
^ James Roberts (fl. 1564–1606), printer; printed editions of several of Shakespeare's plays, includingThe Mart-haunt of Venyce(1600),A Midsummer Night's Dr. -am (1600), and Hamlet (1604).
^ James Roberts (fl. 1766–1809), portrait-painter.
^ John Roberts (1576–1610), Benedictine monk ; educated at St. John's College, Oxford; ordained priest at Valladolid, 1602; came to England as a missioner; was arrested in England and executed.
^ John Roberts (1623?–1684), quaker and humorist; joined the parliamentary army, and (1655) became a quaker; suffered persecution, but was befriended by Nicholson, bishop of Gloucester.
^ John Roberts (1712?–1772), politician; was private secretary to Henry Pelham, and was rewarded for his services with a series of sinecures; M.P., Harwich, 1701-72.
^ John Roberts (1749–1817). See Sion Lleyn.
^ John Roberts (1767–1834), Welsh divine : became co-pastor of Llanbrynmair independent church, 1796, and sole pastor, 1798. A theological work by him, Dybenion Marwolaeth Crist(1814 ), provoked a tedious controversy. M
^ John Roberts (1822–1877), Welsh musician; better known as Ieuan Gwyllt: published (1859) his tune-book, Llyfr Tonau which at once became popular; composed twenty-one or more tunes, of which some halfdozen are still in popular use; contributed miscellaneous articles to the Traethodydd the Welsh quarterly.
^ John Roberts ( 1804–1884), Welsh writer and independent minister, better known as J. R; son of John Roberta (1767-1834); held pastorates in Wales and London, and edited Y Cronicl,* 1867-84.
^ John Christopher Roberts (1739–1810), politician; son of John Roberts (1712?-1772); was made secretary of the province of Quebec, 1768, and afterwards commissary -general.
^ Joseph Roberts (1795–1849), missionary ; sent to Ceylon by the Wesleyan Missionary Society, 1819; published a translation of extracts from the Tamil work Sakaa Therm Saasteram 1831.
^ Lewes Roberts or Lewis (1596–1640), merchant writer; a director of the East India Company; wrote several works on English trade with foreicrn countries,
^ Mary Roberts (1788–1864), author; educated as a quaker: published works on subjects connected with natural history, including Annals of My Village 1831.
^ Michael Roberts (1817–1882), mathematician; B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1838; fellow, 1843; professor of mathematics, at Trinity College, Dublin, 18G2-73; discovered many properties of geodesic lines and lines of curvature on the ellipsoid.
^ Peter Roberts (1760?–1819), divine and antiquary; M.A. Dublin; held successively several living: chief works, Sketch of the Early History of the Cymry, 1803, and Cambrian Popular Antiquities 1815.
^ Richard Roberts (1789–1864), inventor; settled in Manchester; patented the self-acting mule. 1826, and invented the radial arm for winding in, 1832; subsequently made several important inventions in connection with railways and steamships.
^ Richard Roberts (1810–1883), author; also known as Gruffydd Rhisiart; son of John Roberts (1767-1834); wrote a good deal of prose and verse for Y Cronicl and other magazines.
^ Samuel Roberts (1763–1848), author and pamphleteer; known as the Pauper's Advocate; a Sheffield silversmith by trade and author of an immense number of books and pamphlets on political and social subjects; friend of James Montgomery the poet.
^ Samuel Roberts (1800–1885), social and political reformer: eldest son of John Roberts (1767-1834); pastor of Llanbrynmair, 1834-57; became a leader of public opinion among Welsh nonconformists: founded (1843) Y Cronicl a cheap monthly journal, which attained great influence in Wales; went to Tennessee, 1857, where Reestablished a Welsh settlement, which was unsuccessful; returned to Wales, 1867.
^ Thomas Roberts (1749?–1794?), artist; chiefly devoted himself to parklike landscape, and imitated Dutch foliage pencilling: exhibited, from 1773, with the Society of Artists in the Strand, London.
^ Thomas Sautelle Roberts (1760?–1826G, artist; brother of Thomas Roberts; exhibited landscapes at the Royal Academy, 1789-1811.
^ Sir William Roberts, first baronet (1605–1662), parliamentarian; entered at Gray's Inn, 1622; knighted, 1624; sided with parliament on the outbreak of the civil war: became a menvber of the council of state, 1653; sat in Cromwell's House of Peers, 1657; created baronet, 1661.
^ William Roberts (1585–1665), bishop of Bangor; fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge; consecrated, 1637; suffered much during the civil war through adhering to Charles I.
^ William Roberts (1767–1849), barrister and author; educated at Eton and St. Paul's School, London; M.A. Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 1791; barrister, Middle Temple, 1806: edited the British Review 18111822, and had a literary quarrel with Byron; published Memoirs of Hannah More 1834.
^ Sir William Roberts (1830–1899), physician; educated at University College, London: B.A. London, 1851; M.B., 1853; M.D., 1854; M.R.C.S. England, 1863; physician to Manchester Royal Infirmary, 1855-83; lecturer on anatomy and physiology at Royal School of Medicine, Manchester; lecturer on pathology, 1859, and on principles and practice of medicine, 1863, at Owens College: first joint-professor of medicine at the Victoria University, 1873-6; F.R.C.P., 1865; F.R.S., 1877; knighted, 1885; fellow (1892) of London University, which he represented on the General Medical Council, 1896-9; published medical treatises.
^ William Hayward Roberts (d. 1791), poet and biblical critic: M.A. King's College, Cambridge, 1760; created D.D. Cambridge, 1773; became a fellow of Eton College, 1771, and provost, 1781: principal work Judah Restored (1774), a poem in blank verse.
^ William Prowting Roberts (1806-1871), solicitor and trades-union advocate; educated at Charterhouse School; practised as a solicitor at liath, aud became associated with the leading chartuu; concerned In nearly all the law affairs of the trades-unions from 1843.
^ Lord Robertson (1794–1865). See Patrick Robertson (judge).
^ Abraham Robertson (1751–1826), astronomer and mathematician; M.A.Christ Church, Oxford. 1782; F.K.S., 1795; Saviliau professor o( geometry, 1797-1810, of astronomy, 1810-26; chief work Sectionum Conic-rum Libri VII 1792.
^ Alexander Robertson , thirteenth Baron Struan (1670?–1749), educated at St. Andrew*; *uco-.-.l-.l hU father as baron of Struan and chief of the clun Hoberteon, 1G88; joined Dundee and was attainted, ;i ii'l reaped to France: obtained a remission, 1703, and joined Mar, 1715; was taken at Sheriffnmir, but I'scaped to France; obtained a remission, 1731, and took 1,0 ativ part in the rising of 1745.
^ Andrew Robertson (1777–1845), miniature painter; brother of Archibald Robertson (1765-1835) : studied at Marischal College, Aberdeen; started practice as a miniature-painter at Aberdeen: came to London, 1801, aud became a leading miniature-painter.
^ Archibald Robertson (1765-1835), miniature-painter: educated at Aberdeen: came to London, 1786, :i M.I thence removed to New York, where he painted Washington and other leading Americans, and became a prominent citizen.
^ Archibald Robertson (d. 1847), major-general : entered the East India Company's service, 1800; majorgeneral, 1837; elected n director, 1840.
^ Archibald Robertson (1789–1864), medical writer; M.D. Edinburgh, 1817; settled at Northampton, 1818, after serving as assistant-surgeon in the navy: physician to the Northampton infirmary, 1820-53; F.R.S., is:;.;.
^ Bartholomew Robertson (fl. 1617–1620), divine; published devotional works.
^ David Robertson (1795–1854), bookseller: carried on business at the Trongate, Glasgow, from 1823; gradually added publishing to his original trade.
^ Donald Robertson (fl. 1636–1660), tutor of Struan; the son of the tenth Baron of Struan; became lu-a.l of the clan during the minority of his nepliew, Alexander; joined Montrose, 1645; rewarded with a pension at the Restoration.
^ Eben William Robertson (1815–1874), historical writer; B.A. Worcester College, Oxford, 1837; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1845; was high sheriff and deputylieutenant of Leicestershire; published (1862)Scotland and her Early Kings and Historical Essays 1872. xlviii* 404j
^ Frederick William Robertson (1816–1863), divine: educated at Edinburgh University and Brasenose College, Oxford: M.A., 1844: ordained, 1840; became incumbent of Trinity Chapel, Brighton, 1847: gradually acciirirvd irro-.it influence among all ecclesiastical parties throughout England, while belonging exclusively to none; hi* -Literary Remains which includeTwo Lectures .n the Influence of Poetry on the Working Classes, and a translation of Lessinir's Education of the Human K. l(. published, 1876; hisLife and Letterspublished by the Rev. Stopford A. Brooke, 1865.
^ George Robertson (1748?–1788), landscape painter; studied in London and Rome: exhibited at the Incorporated Society of Artistsexhibitions.
^ George Robertson ( 1750?–1832), topographical writer: published several works, including a Topographical Description of Ayrshire 1820, and Rural Recollections 1829.
^ George Croom Robertson (1842–1892), philosopher educated at Marischal College, Aberdeen; M.A., ;: elected professor of mental philosophy and logic in University College, London, 1866; became editor of Mind 1876; published a monograph upon Hobbc* in Blackwood'a !:...-.; i -..,;. -..;:.. laJbMfei were chiefly with the school represented by the Mill* aud
^ James Robertson (1720?-1788), governor of Hew York: entered the army M a private: obtained a commission, 1740: made governor of New York, 1779; llentenanteneraU 1782.
^ James Robertson (1714–1796), orientalist: studied under Schultens at Leyden and graduated there: WM profetwr of Hebrew at Edinburgh Univenlty. 1761LTMi pohltahtdMlnuBaMl Uag... 11. t,r,-:.-,- 171-. ;vM,. m
^ James Robertson (1758-1820), Benedictine monk ; entered the monastery of the Scottish BeneuieUne* at Rntlsbou at an early age, and WM afterward* a nrtet ...way; employed by Canning on a Kent political mission in Denmark, 1808: returned (1816) to RatUboo. lie interested hlmsel in the education of the deaf and dumb.
^ James Robertson (1788–1868). See James Robertson-Walker.
^ James Robertson (1803–1860), divine; M.A. Aberdeen, 1820; became minister of Ellon, 1832, and (184J) professor of divinity aud church history in Edinburgh University; moderator of the general assembly, 1866.
^ James Burton Robertson (1800–1877), historian: ti an-lat,-,l Schlegel'n Philosophy of History 1836. and Mohler'sSymbolism 1843; became profesaor of geography and modern history in the Roman catholic university of Dublin, 1855.
^ James Craigie Robertson (1818–1882), canon of Canterbury; M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1838; ordained, 1836; canon of Canterbury, 1869; published his Church History between 1860 and 1873, and issued a revised edition, 1874-5; published also Becket: a Biography 1869, and other works.
^ John Robertson (1712–1776), mathematician; mathematical master at Christ's Hospital, London, 1748-1765; first master of the Royal Naval Academy at Portsmouth, 1755-66, and clerk and librarian to the Royal Society, 1768-76.
^ John Robertson (1767–1810), minor poet; a native of Paisley; wrote several lyrics; committed suicide near Portsmouth.
^ Sir John Robertson (1816–1891), Australian statesman; emigrated to New South Wales in early childhood, and in 1835 became a squatter; returned to the New South Wales legislative assembly in the liberal in 1856, subsequently holding other seats, and (1858) joined the Cowper ministry: formed (1860) bl first min which went out of office, 18G3; again premier, 1860-70, l875-March 1877, August-December 1877, and 1888; opposed the federation movement, and advocated free trade.
^ John Parish Robertson (1792–1843), merchant and author; a Scottish merchant; devoted himself to opening South America to British trade; published several works on Paraguay and La Plata.
^ Joseph Robertson (1726–1802), divine; B.A. Queen's College, Oxford, 1749; became vicar of Horncastle, 177S; had considerable reputation as a literary critic, writing in the Critical Review and the Gentleman's Magazine
^ Joseph Robertson (1810–1866), Scottish historian and record scholar; studied at Marischal College, Aberdenen: intimate friend of John Hill Burton; ted (1839) to found the Spalding Club; appointed historical curator of the records in the Edinburgh Register House, 1853; edited Concilia Eccleaias Soottauue* for the Bannatyne Club, 1866.
^ Joseph Clinton Robertson (1788–1861), joint compiler of the Percy Anecdote*; was by trade a t uifent in Fleet Street, London: pnblinbed with Thomas Byerley The Percy Anecdote* ( 18S1-3) In twenty volumes.
^ Patrick Robertson, Lord Robertson (1794-1855), Scottish judge; called to the Scottish bar, 1816 -, was appointed a lord of session, 1843; lord rector of v,r il CoUeffe ami university of Aberdeen, and mile LL.D..1848: named by Scott -Peter ot he Paunch from the rotundity of bis figure; published indifferent
^ Robert Robertson (1742–1829), physician: *TVil in the navy as surgeon's mate and surgeon (17611791): created M.D. Aberdeen, 1779; physician to Greenwich Hospital, 1793; F.R.S., 1804; published medical .,, r..i;.o,,..
^ Thomas Robertson or Robinson (1520-1561), dean of Durham; of Queen's and Magdalen Colleges, Oxford; M.A., 1626: became master of Magilalen College School 1526, and treasurer of Salisbury Cathedral, 1540: dean of Durham, 1557, deprived, 1559; assisted in compiling Lily's Latin Grammar
^ Thomas Robertson (d. 1799), divine: minister of Daltneny, 1775-99; hon. D.D. Edinburgh, 1792: published a History of Mary Queen of Scots 1793, and other works.
^ Thomas Campbell Robertson (1789–1863), Indian civil servant; entered tin- Bengal civil service, 18U4; became a member of the supreme council, 1838, and lieutenant-governor of the North-west Provinces, 1*40; retired, 1843.
^ Thomas William Robertson (1829–1871), actor and dramatist; appeared at Wisbech, 1834, as Rob Roy's son: came to London, 1848; produced his first piece, A Night's Adventures at the Olympic, 1851; married Elizabeth Burton, 1856, and acted with her in various parts of Ireland and England; retired from the stage an! wrote and translated plays for Lacy, and Inally produced David Garrick which was well received at the Hay market in 1864; subsequently produced 4 Society ( 1865) and Ours ( 1866 ), which established bis reputation, and in 1867 reached his high- water mark in Cante*: continued to write plays in rapid succession till his death.
^ William Robertson (d. 1686?), lexicographer; graduated at Edinburgh: was appointed university teacher of Hebrew at Cambridge, 1680; published numerous treatises on the Hebrew language.
^ William Robertson (1705–1783), theological writer; M.A. Glasgow, 1724: distinguished himself in 1725 by successfully resisting the usurpation by the principal ef the studentsright to elect the rector of Glasgow University; was ordained deacon, 1728, and subsequently receival several Irish preferments; he adopted heterodox opinions, c. 1760, and resigned his benefices, 1764; removed to London, 1767; made D.D. Glasgow, 1768; afterwards removed to Wolverhampton, where he finally became a Unitarian. He had considerable reputation as a pamphleteer.
^ William Robertson (1721–1793, historian: educated at Edinburgh University; presented to the parish of Gladsmuir, 1743, and transferred to Lady Yester's Chapel at Edinburgh, 1756; commenced, 1763, his History of Scotland which was published in 1759, and met with enormous success; appointed principal of Edinburgh University, 1762; elected moderator of the general assembly, and made historiographer for Scotland 1763: published hi* History of Charles V 1769, which rendered his fame European, his Introduction an estimate of the dark ages being one of the first successful attempts in England at historical generalisation on the basis of large accumulations of fact; published a fascinating History of America 1777, in which the part relating to the English colonies was hindered from completion by the outbreak of the American war; spent his later year* in retirement, but retained his post as principal of Edinburgh University till 1792. The best collective edition of his works was published at Oxford in eight rolumes, 1825.
^ William Robertson (1740–1803), deputy-keeper or the records of Scotland: studied at King's College, Aberdeen;_became secretary to the Earl of Findlater and ; appointed deputy-keeper of the records, publishing several important manuscripts, to tone The Records of the Parliament of , of which one volume appeared before his death,
^ William Bruce Robertson (1820–1886),divinc ; studied at Glasgow and Halle; minister of the secession church at Irvine, 1843-78; famous as a preacher, and author of a well-known translation ofDies Ine
^ Sir William Tindal Robertson (1825-1889), physician: matriculated at London University; M.D. Ka'inburgh, 1853; practised at Nottingham, and for nearly twenty years acted as physician to the Nottingham general hospital; F.R.C.P., 1874; M.P., Brighton, 1886; knighted, 1888..,
^ Mrs Wybrow Robertson (1847–1884). See Marie Litton.
^ John Robethon (d. 1722), secretary to George I; a Huguenot refugee; came to England, c. 1689, and was employed by William III; on William's death entered the service of George William, duke of Zell, and in 1705 that of George Lewis, afterwards George I, in which latter capacity he dealt with the correspondence of George with the English whigs; accompanied George I to England, 1715, and was used by Sunderland to alienate George I from Walpole; his influence diminished on Walpole's return to power.
^ Robin Hood. See Hood.
^ Robin of Redesdale (fl. 1469), rebel captain; led a rising in Yorkshire against Edward IV, instigated by Warwick and Clarence, 1469. He was doubtless either Sir William Conyers (. 1495) of Marske, or his brother, Sir John Conyers of Hornby, who afterwards made his peace with Edward IV and was a favourite of Henry VII.
^ Robin Ddu o Fon (1744?–1785). See Robert Hughes.
^ Robin Ddu o'r Glyn (1769?–1835). See Robert Davies.
^ Robin ab Gwilym Ddu (1767–1850). See Robert Williams.
^ Benjamin Robins (1707–1751), mathematician and military engineer: became distinguished in early life as a mathematician and afterwards as a pamphleteer: F.R.S., 1727; Copley medallist, 1747; published (1742) his best-known work, New Principles of Gunnery which was translated into German by Euler; went to India as engineer-general to repair the forts of the East India Company, 1749; died in Madras. His Mathematical Tracts (2 vols.) were published in 1761 by James Wilson.
^ George Henry Robins (1778–1847), auctioneer; began to exercise his trade at the age of nineteen, and was in much request for fifty years through his ready wit and power of repartee: his most notable sale, that of Horace Walpole's collections at Strawberry Hill, 1842.
^ John Robins (1500?–1558), astrologer; elected fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, 1520: made a canon of Christ Church, Oxford, 1532; M.A.; B.D., 1531; canon of Windsor, 1543; chaplain successively to Henry VIII and Queen Mary; left several astrological tracts in manuscript,
^ John Robins (fl. 1650–1662), ranter; a small farmer, sold his land and came to London, where he was known as the rantersgod and claimed power to raise the dead; thrown into Clerkeuwell prison, 1651; set at liberty in 1652 on recantation.
^ Sanderson Robins (1801–1862), divine; M.A. Exeter College, Oxford, 1825: held several benefices in the south of England; a broad churchman; published pamphlets on education, advocating in his Letter to... Lord John Russell 1851, state education on the lines subsequently carried out in the act of 1870.

[1] Hugh Reilly or more properly Reily (d. 1695?), political writer; master in chancery and clerk of the council in Ireland in James II's reign; accompanied James II into exile; published Ireland's Case briefly stated 1695 (frequently reprinted under various titles).

[2] Thomas Devin Reilly (1824–1854), Irish revolutionary writer; of Trinity College, Dublin; joined the staff of the Nation 1845, and attached himself to John Mitchel; fled to New York to avoid prosecution, 1848, and afterwards edited the Washington Union.

[3] William Edward Moyses Reilly (1827-1886), major-general; educated at Christ's Hospital, London; entered the artillery, 1845; served in the Crimea; O.B., 1865; accompanied the French army of the Loire during the Franco-Prussian war; inspector-general of artillery, with rank of major-general, 1885.

[4] Philip de Reimes (1246?–1296). See Philip de Rim.

[5] Alexander Robert Reinagle (1799–1877), musician; son of Joseph Reinagle; organist of St. Peter-in-the-East, Oxford, 1823-53; composed the hymn-tune St. Peter.

[6] George Philip Reinagle (1802–1835), marine painter; son of Ramsay Richard Reinagle; first exhibited at the Royal Academy, 1822: painted incidents of naval engagements, including Navarino, which he witnessed.

[7] Joseph Reinagle (1762–1836), music composer; principal cello in the Salomon concerts under Haydn; composed for the violin, violoncello, and pianoforte.

[8] Philip Reinagle (1749–1833), animal and landscape painter; abandoned portraits for animal-painting, c. 1785; began to exhibit landscapes, 1787; R.A., 1813.

[9] Ramsay Richard Reinagle (1775–1862), portrait, landscape, and animal painter; son of Philip Reinagle; R.A., 1823; compelled to resign in consequence of an attempt to exhibit another artist's picture as his own, 1848.

[10] Reinbald (fl. 1062–1066). See Regenbald.

[11] Charles Frederick Reinhold (1737–1815), bass singer; son of Thomas Reinhold; originally a chorister at the Chapel Royal, London; began, In 1769, a long career as singer at Maryleboue Gardens, London.

[12] Thomas Reinhold (1690?–1751), singer born In Dresden: followed Handel to London, where he created principal parts in many of Handel's operas and oratorios.

[13] Charles Christian Reisen (1680–1725), gem-engraver; of Norwegian parentage: was examined as an expert at Atterbury's trial, as to the impression of a seal, and had had considerable note as an engraver.

[14] Anthony Relhan (1715–1776), physician; B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1735: studied medicine at Leyden; M.D. Dublin, 1743; practised at Brighton; published a history of Brighton, 1761.

[15] Richard Relhan (1754–1823), botanist and editor of Tacitus; son of Anthony Relhan; M.A., 1779 and follow, 17-tl, of King's College, Cambridge: MLJL MA, 17NS: i1:--!" "Flon I'antubrigii-nsis 1 1786. and edited Tacitus' Germanii and Agricola 1009, and * Hbtoria 1810; genus Relhania named after him.

[16] James Relly (1722?–1778), universalist; one of Whitfield's preachers, but (c. 1761) definitely adopted unimsallsm; published religions works.

[17] Joseph Relph (1712–1743), Cumberland poet; perpetual curate of Sebergham: his works published (1747) as A Miscellany of Poems

[18] Remigius (d. 1092), bishop of Lincoln; contributed, while almoner of Fécamp, a ship and twenty knights to William the Conqueror's force for the invasion of England: consecrated bishop of Dorchester (1067), a see which he transferred to Lincoln, in consequence of the decree of the council of Windsor (1072).

[19] Sir Thomas Rempston or Ramston (d. 1406), constable of the Tower of London; M.P. Nottinghamshire, 1381, 1382, 1393, and 1395; joined Henry, earl of Derby, In France, 1399, and on his accession to the throne as Henry IV had the custody of Richard II as constable of the Tower of London; K.G., 1400; drowned in the Thames.

[20] Sir Thomas Rempston or Rampston (d. 1458), soldier; son of Sir Thomas Rempston (4. 1406) q. T.l: M.P. Nottinghamshire. 1413 and 141(1; took part in the French wars of Henry V and Henry VI: K.O.

[21] John Remsdyke (fl. 1767–1778). See Jan van Rymsdyk.

[22] Mrs Renaud, actress (d. 1831). See Mrs Powell.

[23] James Meadows Rendel (1790–1866), engineer; was employed as a surveyor under Telford, and (c. 1822) set up a business at Plymouth; member of the council of the Royal Society: wus specially famous as a constructor of harbours, canals, and docks. Among his works are the Torquay breakwater (1836), the Birkenhead docks, and Portland harbour (1847).

[24] William Render (fl. 1790–1801), grammarian and translator; a native of Germany; studied at Giessen; came to London, c. 1790; translated works by Kotzebtie and Goethe, besides publishing several educational manuals.

[25] John Rendle (1758–1815), divine; B. A. Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, 1781, and fellow; published The History of Tiberius ( 1814), in which he maintained thai Tiberius was a Christian convert.

[26] William Rendle (1811–1893), antiquary; practised in Southwark as a physician for nearly fifty years; F.R.C.S., 1873; wrote several valuable treatises on the history of Southwark.

[27] Laurence Renehan (1797–1857), president of Maynooth College; professor of scripture (1827-34), vice-president (1834-45), and president (1845-57) of Maynooth College; made a large collection of Irish ecclesiastical records, which he bequeathed to the college.

[28] James Rennell (1742–1830), geographer; entered the navy, 1768, and the East India Company's service, 1763; appointed surveyor-general of Bengal, 1764, and was employed on the survey of the province the first prepared from 1704 to 1777: published his Bengal Atlas 1779, and other valuable works relating to the geography of Western Asia, Africa, and the Atlantic.

[29] Thomas Rennell (1787–1824), divine; only son of Thomas Rennell(1754-18l0); of Eton and King's College, Cambridge: M.A., 1813: B.D., 1822: became vicar of Kensington, 1816; published miscellaneous treatises.

[30] Thomas Rennell (1754–1840), dean of Winchester; educated at Eton; fellow of King's College, Cambridge; M.A. per literas regias, 1779: D.D., 1794; master of the Temple, 1797-1827; dean of Winchester, 1805-40; had a high reputation as a scholar and divine.

[31] George Rennie (1749–1828), agriculturist: wrote on agriculture and kindred subjects.

[32] George Rennie (1802–1860), sculptor and politician; son of George Rennie (1749-1828); exhibited statues and busts at the Royal Academy, 1828-37; liberal M.P. for Ipswich, 1841, retiring, 1847; governor of the Falkland Islands,; whose condition he greatly improved, 1847-55.

[33] George Rennie (1791–1866), civil engineer; eldest son of John Rennie; educated at St. Paul's School, London, and Edinburgh University; entered into partnership with his brother, Sir John Rennie, 1821, and had considerable business as a railway engineer, besides superintending the mechanical business of the firm.

[34] James Rennie (1787–1867), naturalist; M.A. Glasgow, 1815; professor of natural history at King's College, London, 1830-4; emigrated to Australia, 1840; published and edited works on natural history.

[35] John Rennie (1761–1821), civil engineer; younger brother of George Rennie (1749-1828); studied at Edinburgh University; entered James Watt's employ, 1784; began business on his own account, c. 1791; F.R.S., 1798; had a great reputation as a constructor of canals, docks, harbours, and bridges. Waterloo bridge (1810-17), London bridge, and Southwark bridge (1816-19), were designed by him, as well as the Plymouth breakwater.

[36] Sir John Rennie (1794–1874). civil engineer; eon of John Rennie: carried on his father's business after his death, completing London bridge (opened, 1831) and Plymouth breakwater; knighted, 1831; retired, c.1862.

[37] Michael Renniger or Rhanger (1530–1609), divine; B.A. Cambridge; B.A. Magdalen College, Oxford, 1546; M.A., 1549; D.D., 1573: distinguished asa preacher during Edward VI's reign: retired to the continent on the accession of Queen Mary, but returned on her death and became one of Queen Elizabeth's chaplains; archdeacon of Winchester, 1575; published political treatises.

[38] George Alexander Renny (1825–1887), major-general, royal artillery; entered the Bengal horse artillery, 1844; behaved with extraordinary gallantry at the siege of Delhi, 1857, and received the Victoria Cross; retired from active service, 1878.

[39] George Cecil Renouard (1780–1867), scholar; of St. Paul's School and Charterhouse, London; fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1804; B.A., 1802; M.A. per literas regias, 1806; B.D., 1811; afterwards passed some years as a chaplain in the Levant; lord almoner's professor of Arabic at Cambridge, 1815-21; rector of Swanscombe, 1818-07; R.A.S., 1824. His contributions to classical and oriental study were numerous and important.

[40] Sir Peter Le Page Renouf (1822–1897), egyptologlst, oriental scholar, and theologian; born in Guernsey; educated at Pembroke College, Oxford; came in contact with the tractarians and entered the Roman church, 1842: professor of ancient history and afterwards of eastern languages at Roman catholic university of Ireland, 1855-64; studied egyptology, and published in Atlantis 1863, a defence of the science against attacks of Sir George Cornewall Lewis; attacked doctrine of papal Infallibility in an essay, 1868, which was placed on the Index; advocated foundation of Roman catholic college at Oxford, 1864; government inspector of schools, 1866; keeper of Egyptian and Assyrian antiquities in British Museum, 1885-91; president (1887) of Society of Biblical Archaeology, to whose publications he contributed; knighted, 1896.

[41] James Renwick (1662–1688), Scottish covenanter; threw in his lot with the Cameronians in 1681, after a liberal education at Edinburgh University (M.A., 1681); publicly proclaimed the Lanark declaration, 1682, and proceeded to study at Groninpeu; was ordained and ( 1683) entered on his Scottish ministry; became famous as a field preacher and (1685) refused to join Argyle's insurrection because it was not based on the covenant; captured (1688) and executed in the Grassmarket on 17 Feb. after refusing to petition fora reprieve; celebrated as the last of the martyrs of the covenant.

[42] William Renwick (1740?–1814), naval surgeon and author; captured by John Paul Jonc-- in th.BearbnMgh in 1779, and wrote n description of tin- cntfatfcment in ln-roic verse; published a uuui!*-r..f pamphlet* and poems.

[43] Sir Matthew de Renzy or Rentsi (1577-1634), Irish writer; a native of Cologne; waa an officer of the customs in In-land. None of his writings (which are said to have Included au Irish grammar and dictionary ) are extant.

[44] Philip Repington or Repyngdon (d. 1424), bishop of Lincoln and cardinal; educated at Broadgates Hall, Oxford; was the most prominent supporter of Wycllffe at Oxford; was excommunicated, 1382, but after a few months abjured his heresies and was restored: made chaplain to Henry IV, 1400; consecrated bishop of Lincoln, 1405; created a cardinal, 1408; resigned his bishopric, 1419.

[45] William Reppes (d. 1550). See Rugg.

[46] George Stanley Repton (d. 1858), architect; son of Humphry Repton; assisted his father to design the Brighton Pavilion; made a runaway match with Lady Elizabeth Scott, eldest daughter of Lord Eldon, 1817.

[47] Humphry Repton (1752–1818), landscape gardener; lost his fortune and became a professional landscape gardener, being employed by the chief noblemen of the day; published a number of treatises, including An Inquiry into the Changes of Taste in Landscape Gardening 1806.

[48] John Adey Repton (1775–1860), architect; assisted his father by preparing architectural designs as adjuncts to landscape gardening; contributed to Archaeologia.

[49] Sir John Reresby, baronet (1634–1689), author of Travels and Memoirs travelled on the continent during the Commonwealth, and in 1675 entered parliament (M.P., Aldborough) as a supporter of the court. His Memoirsappeared in 1734, and hisTravels and Memoirs were published together in 1813.

[50] Nathaniel Resbury (1643–1711), divine; M.A., Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1672 (incorporated at Oxfonl, 1673; D.D. Merton College, Oxford, 1692): became chaplain in ordinary to William and Mary, 1691; published theological treatises.

[51] Adam Reuter (fl. 1608-1626), author; a native of Kottbus in Silesia: resided many years at Oxford, having become a member of Exeter College, and wrote against the papacy.

[52] Samuel Revans (1808–1888), colonist; proceeded to New Zealand, 1840; published the New Zealand Gazette, the first newspaper in that colony.

[53] Willey Reveley (d. 1799), architect; edited vol. iii. of Stuart's Antiquities of Athens 1794.

[54] Sir Richard Revell or Rivell (d. 1222), knight and landowner; sheriff of Devonshire and Cornwall in Richard I's reign.

[55] Nicholas Revett (1720–1804), architect and draughtsman; became acquainted with James Stuart (1713-1788) at Rome, and was associated with him in preparing and publishing the first volume of the Antiquities of Athens (1762); subsequently prepared the Antiquities of Ionia (1769-97) for the Society of Dilettanti.

[56] Sir Abraham Reynardson (1590–1661), lord mayor of London; became master of the Merchant Taylors' Company, 1640; lord mayor, 1648-9: deposed and heavily fined (1649) for manifesting royalist sympathies; was knighted at the Restoration, but declined the mayoralty on account of ill-health.

[57] Carew Reynell (1636–1690), economic writer; a Hampshire country gentleman; of Wodham College, Oxford; student, Middle Temple, 1654; author of The True English Interest 1674, a work accepting the mercantile theory without question.

[58] Carew Reynell (1698–1745), successively bishop of Down and Connor and of Derry;: Oxfonl, 1711; M.A., 171'j; D.D.. 1730; consecrated btebop of Down and Connor, 1739; translated to Derry, 1743.

[59] Edward Reynell (1612–1663), divine; of Exeter College, Oxfonl. and the Middle Temple; rector of West Ogwell; published several pieces in prose and verse; committed suicide.

[60] Clement Reyner (1589–1651), abbot of Lambspring or Lansperg in Germany: born in Yorkshire: became a Benedictine, 1610. and first abbot of Lansperg, 1643; died at Hildesheim. He edited Apostolatus Benedictinorum in Anglia, the history of the Benedictine Order in England.

[61] Edward Reyner (1600–1668), ejected minister; M.A. St John's College, Cambridge, 1624; rector of St. Peter at Arches, Lincoln, 1627, ejected, 1662; published religious treatises.

[62] William Reyner (fl. 1615–1619), translator; published Latin versions of Roman catholic controversial treatises.

[63] John Reynes (fl. 1527–1544), stationer and bookbinder in London.

[64] Thomas Reynold (fl. 1541–1565), London printer; frequently confused with Thomas Raynalde, whose first book he printed.

[65] Sir Barrington Reynolds (1786–1861), admiral; son of Robert Carthew Reynolds (1748?-1811); entered the navy, 1795; saw much active service; admiral, 1860; G.C.B., 1861.

[66] Christopher Augustine Reynolds (1834-1893), first Roman catholic archbishop of South Australia: went to Australia, 1855, as a Roman catholic priest and (1873) was consecrated bishop of Adelaide; nominated archbishop by Pope Leo XIII, 1887.

[67] Edward Reynolds (1599–1676), bishop of Norwich; fellow of Merton College, Oxford, 1619; M.A., 1624, r.nci D.D., 1648 (also incorporated at Cambridge); warden of Merton College, Oxford, 1660-1; consecrated bishop, 1661: a moderate Anglican; published sermons and short religious works.

[68] Edward Reynolds (1629–1698), archdeacon of Norfolk; son of Edward Reynolds (1599-1676); of Merton and Magdalen College, Oxford: B.A., 1649; made fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, by the parliamentary visitors; D.D., 1676; archdeacon of Norfolk, 1661-98.

[69] Frances Reynolds (1729–1807), painter; sister of Sir Joshua Reynolds; a friend of Dr. Johnson, whose portrait she painted.

[70] Frederic Reynolds (1764–1841, dramatist; of Westminster School and the Middle Temple: began writing for the stage, 1785, and composed nearly one hundred tragedies and comedies, many of which were printed.

[71] Frederic Mansel Reynolds (d. 1850), author; eldest son of Frederic Reynolds; edited The Keepsake and published (1833) Miserrimus: a Tale founded on the inscription in Worcester Cathedral on the gravestone of Thomas Morris (1600-1748).

[72] George Nugent Reynolds (1770?–1802), Irish poet; a gentleman of Leitrim; author of Kathleen O'More (1800) and other popular lyrics. In 1830 Campbell's Exile of Erin was claimed for him by his relatives.

[73] George William MacArthur Reynolds (1814-1879), author and politician; became editor of the London Journal 1846; started Reynolds-Miscellany 1846, and Reynolds Weekly Newspaper 1850: appeared as a chartist lender, 1848, retaining his connection with the movement till 1866: was an advocate of extreme measures and a supporter of James O'Brien; wrote a number of novels of a sensational character.

[74] Henry Reynolds (fl. 1627–1632), poet and critic; friend of Drayton and the author of a translation of Tasso's Aminta (1628) and of an essay on the nature of poetry, 1632.

[75] Henry Revell Reynolds (1745–1811), physicia of Lincoln College, Oxford, Trinity College, Cambridge and Edinburgh: M.D. Cambridge, 1773; wtth-d London 1778: registrar, 1781-3, Gulstonian lecturer, 1776 and Harveian orator, 1776, of the Royal College of Physicians: became physic-ian-in-ordinary to George III, is;,;.

[76] Henry Robert Reynolds (1825–1896), congregational divine; grandson of Henry Revell Reynolds; educated at Coward College, London; B.A. London, 1848; fellow of University College, London, 1848; ordained pastor of congregational church at Halstead, Basex, 1846; minister of East Parade Chapel, Leeds; president, 1860-94, of Cheshunt College: co-editor of British Quarterly Review 1866-74; editor of Bvangelioal Magazine 1877-82; published theological .

[77] James Reynolds (1686–1739), judge; nephew of Sir John Reynolds; M.A., 1705, and fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1712; M.P., Bury St Edmunds, 1717; appointed puisne judge in the king's bench, 1725, and lord chief-baron of the exchequer, 1730; retired, 1738.

[78] Sir James Reynolds (1684–1747), judge; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1710; appointed baron of the court of exchequer, 1740; knighted, 1745.

[79] James Reynolds (1805–1866), orientalist; B.A. St. Catharine's College, Cambridge, 1826; perpetual curate of St. Mary's Chapel, Great Ilford, 1837; secretary to the Oriental Translation Fund of the Royal Asiatic Society; published translations from the Persian and Arabic.

[80] John Reynolds (1549–1607). See Rainolds.

[81] John Reynolds or Reinolds (1584–1614), epigrammatist; fellow of New College, Oxford, 1602; B.O.L., 1607; published Epigrammata 1611.

[82] John Reynolds (fl. 1621–1650), author; a merchant of Exeter; published several translations from the French and Dutch, besides some original verse.

[83] Sir John Reynolds (1625–1657), soldier; probably a member of the Middle Temple; joined the parliamentary army, and (1648) commanded a regiment of horse; took part in the Irish campaigns; M.P., Galway and Mayo, 1654, Waterford and Tipperary, 1656; knighted, 1655; commanded the English force which co-operated with the French in Flanders, 1667; perished at sea when returning to England.

[84] John Reynolds (1667–1727), dissenting minister; of Pembroke College, Oxford; ordained to Oldbury Chapel, 1699, and afterwards to the presbyterian congregation at Shrewsbury; published several religious treatises.

[85] John Reynolds (1713?–1788), admiral; entered the navy as a volunteer per order 1728; lieutenant, 1736; governor of Georgia, 1754-9; admiral, 1787.

[86] John Hamilton Reynolds (1796–1852), poet educated at St. Paul's School, London; published two volumes of verse in 1814; friend and correspondent of Keate from 1816; entered a solicitor's office, 1818, but continued to write both prose and verse; clerk to the county court in the Isle of Wight; best remembered for his Romance of Youth and some sonnets,

[87] Sir John Russell Reynolds, first baronet (1828-1896), physician; grandson of Henry Revell Reynolds; M.D. London, 1852; F.R.S., 1869; became physician-iu-ordinary to the queen's household, 1878; president, Royal College of Physicians, 1893-5; created baronet, 1895; wrote on nervous diseases and edited the System of Medicine 1866-79.

[88] John Stuckey Reynolds (1791–1874), founder of the Home and Colonial Training College in Gray's Inn Road, London: was a clerk in the treasury office; erected several infant cchools in various parts of London, and founded the training college in 1836 to train teachers in Pestalozzlan methods.

[89] Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723–1792), portrait painter; born at Plympton-Earl's in Devonshire; son of the Rev. Samuel Reynold?, master of the Plympton-Earl's grammar school; showed an early talent for portraiture, and was apprenticed to Thomas Hudson (1701-1779); between 1743 and 1749 painted portraits at London and Plymouth; taken by Commodore Keppel to the Mediterranean, 1749; spent three years in study in Italy, and returned to London, where he soon put all rivals at a distance, and in 1759 had 156 sitters; his art between 1753 :iiul 1760 represented in the National Gallery by the Lord Ligonier on horseback and the portrait of Anne, countess of Albemarle; made an income of about 6,000. a year, which he spent largely in buying pictures: was by 1760 intimately acquainted with Garrick, Goldsmith, and Johnson; removed, 1760, from Great Newport Street to Leicester Fields, where he lived till his death; mainly identified, as regards his profession of portrait-painter, with the whig party, to which his early patrons had belonged; founded the Literary Club, 1764, to give, as he said, Dr. Johnson unlimited opportunities of talking; selected as president of the Royal Academy on its foundation in 1768; knighted, 1769; immediately took the most active part in organising the Academy and its schools; subsequently devoted more of his time to pictures of the imagination, the number of his sitters having decreased; hon. D.O.L. Oxford, 1773; selected mayor of Plymouth, 1773; compelled to cease painting by the partial failure of his- eyesight, 1790; buried in the crypt of St. Paul's Cathedral. He was the greatest portrait-painter that England has produced, and is ranked by Ruskin as one of the seven supreme colourists. His literary works consist mainly of his Discourses which probably received some polish from Johnson, Burke, Malone, and others, before they were published, but were essentially his own both in style and thought.

[90] Richard Reynolds (d. 1535), martyr; studied at Christ's College, Cambridge; B.D., 1513; one of the foremost scholars of the day; executed for refusing to accept the royal supremacy over the church.

[91] Richard Reynolds or Rainolde (d. 1606), divine and chronicler; of St. John's College, Cambridge: M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1553; held several ecclesiastical preferments in Essex; published a work in rhetoric, 1563, and another on the Roman emperors, 1571.

[92] Richard Reynolds (1674–1743), successively bishop of Bangor and Lincoln; LL.B. Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 1695; LL.D. Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, 1701; was bishop of Bangor, 1721-3; bishop of Lincoln, 1723-43.

[93] Richard Reynolds (1735–1816), quaker-philanthropist; was the proprietor of large ironworks in Staffordshire; retired from business, 1789, and was distinguished by his munificent charitable gifts.

[94] Sir Robert Reynolds (fl. 1640–1660), lawyer; brother of Sir John Reynolds; M.P., Hindon, Long parliament; took the parliamentary side in the civil war; refused to act as a commissioner on Charles I's trial; became solicitor-general, 1650; disappeared from public life in 1653, but returned on Cromwell's death and (1660) became attorney-general; promoted the Restoration and was knighted by Charles II, 1660.

[95] Robert Carthew Reynolds (d. 1804), lieutenant in the navy; son of Robert Carthew Reynolds (1748?-1811),; died from wounds received at Martinique after showing great gallantry,

[96] Robert Carthew Reynolds (1748?–1811), rear-admiral; entered the navy, 1759; saw much service during the French wars; rear-admiral, 1808; perished in a storm on the coast of Jutland.

[97] Samuel Harvey Reynolds (1831–1897), divine and journalist; educated at Radley and Exeter College, Oxford; fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford, 1856; M.A., 1857; entered Lincoln's Inn, 1858; ordained priest, 1865; successively Latin lecturer, tutor, and bursar at Brasenose College, Oxford; held college living of East Ham, 1871-93; leader-writer on staff of The Times 1873-96; edited Homer's Iliad 1870, and other classics, and published original essays on various subjects.

[98] Samuel William Reynolds (1773–1835), mezzotint engraver and landscape-painter; engraved many fine works which create! much enthusiasm French artists; successfully employed etching to strengthen the mezzotint.

[99] Samuel William Reynolds (1794–1872), portrait-painter; son of Samuel William Reynolds (1773-1835 ); exhibited at the Royal Academy.

[100] Thomas Reynolds, printer (fl.–1541-1555). See Reynold.

[101] Thomas Reynolds (1667?-1727), presbyterian minister; pastor to a congregation in Great Eastcheap, London, 1695-1727; opposed the growth of arian tendencies among the English presbyterians.

[102] Thomas Reynolds (1752–1829), antiquary; Lincoln College, Oxford, 1777; rector of Little Bowden, 1776-1829; his principal work, Iter Britanniarum 1799 (an edition of the British portion of Antoninus's Itinerary).

[103] Thomas Reynolds (1771–1836), informer; became a United Irishman, 1797, but turned informer in 1798, while financially embarrassed, and betrayed the provincial committee to the police; retired to Paris, 1822.

[104] Walter Reynolds (d. 1327), archbishop of Canterbury; employed, like other secular-minded clerks in Edward I's rougher business; became a favourite of Edward II, who made him bishop of Worcester, 1307, and lord chancellor, 1310; became archbishop of Canterbury by a papal bull, in spite of the previous election of Thomas de Cobham by the Canterbury monks, 1313; supported Edward II in political disputes, und several times attempted mediation: succeeded in introducing a considerable measure of ecclesiastical reform; made his peace with Queen Isabella on the overthrow of Edward II; crowned Edward III at Westiniiwu-r, and became a member of his council, but had little influence on affairs.

[105] William Reynolds (1544?–1594). See Rainolds.-

[106] William Reynolds (1625–1698), dissenting minister; M.A. Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1648 (incorporated at Oxford, 1649); became joint-minister at Nottingham with John Whitlock, 1651, both being ejected, 1662, and several times imprisoned, but returning to Nottingham in 1687.

[107] William Reynolds (1758–1803), inventor; eldest son of Richard Reynolds (1735-1816); was associated with his father in the management of the works and collieries of Ketley; obtained a patent (1799) for preparing iron for conversion into steel by the use of manganese.

[108] William Lewis Rham (1778–1843), agriculturist; born at Utrecht; M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1810; prebendary of Salisbury, 1806; appointed vicar of Winkfleld, 1808; opened a school of industry at Winkfield, 1835; member of the Royal Agricultural Society, and a great authority on agricultural methods; contributed to the Library of Useful Knowledge a manual on Flemish Industry

[109] Alexander Rhead (1586?–1641). See Reid.

[110] John Morgan Rhees (1760–1804), divine ; baptist minister at Peny-garn, Monmouthshire; was a strong republican, and (1794) emigrated to Pennsylvania, where be became a noted preacher.

[111] Alexander Henry Rhind (1833–1863), antiquary; studied at Edinburgh University; early devoted himself to the study of Scottish antiquities: compelled, from 1853, to travel in consequence of weak health; published (1862) Thebes, its Tombs and their Tenants, the result of a sojourn in Egypt, besides less important treatises,

[112] Rhiwallon ap Cynfyn (d. 1069), Welsh prince; received North Wales in 1063 as a tributary of Edward the Confessor; fell in battle.

[113] Ebenezer Rhodes (1762–1830), topographer; a master-cutler; published Peak Scenery 1818-24, which remains a standard work on Derbyshire.

[114] Hugh Rhodes (fl. 1550–1555), author of the Book of Nurture (1550?); published also The Chyld-Byshop (1555), a fulsome panegyric on Queen Mary.

[115] John N. Rhodes (1800-1842), painter.

[116] Richard Rhodes (d. 1668), poet and dramatist ; student, Cbri-t.ford; B.A., 1661; author of Flora's Vagaries (published, 1870), comedy.

[117] Richard Rhodes (1766-1838), engraver; I "lo * in the style of James Heath (1767-18*4)

[118] William Barnes Rhodes (1772-1826), dramatic writer; chief teller in the Bank of England. 1823-6; ?, U u t ! 1 a ( rof { be 1 on KtP u Ia burlesque Bomba.tetFurio*); (1813), which had been produced at the Haymarkot London, in 1810.

[119] Rhodri Mawr , i.e. The Great (d. 877), Welsh king; son of Merfyn Frych, on whose death, in 844, he became ruler of North Wales; chiefly occupied in withstanding the incursions of the Danes; fell in battle against the English.

[120] Rhodri ab Owain (d. 1195), Welsh prince; son of Owain Gwynedd; drove bis elder brother, David, out of Anglesey in 1175 and ruled there till 1191, when he was dispossessed by his nephews.

[121] Rhun ap Maelgwn (fl. 547), British king; succeeded his father, Maelgwn Gwynedd, as ruler of North Wales, 547. Legend connected him with King Arthur, and he appears in the Triads as one of the three blessed rulers of Britain.

[122] Rhydderch Hael, i.e. The Liberal, or Hen, i.e. The Aged (fl. 580), British king; reigned in Alclud or Dumbarton, but is almost unnoticed in early records. It is, however, generally believed that he was the victor in the battle of Arderydd, 573.

[123] John Rhydderch, Roderick, or Rogers (d. 1735), printer; settled In Shrewbury, 1708; printed a number of books connected with Wales, 1708-28.

[124] Rhygyfarch wrongly called Rbyddmareh, and in Latin, Ricemarchus (1056-1099), clerk of St. David's; eldest son of Sulien; author of the oldest extant life of St. David, preserved among the Cotton. MSS., and printed in Rees's Cambro-British Saints.

[125] Rhys ab Owain (d. 1078), Welsh prince; became sole ruler of South Wales, 1076, but was dispossessed, 1078, by Trahaearn ap Caradog.

[126] Rhys ap Tewdwr (d. 1093), Welsh king; king of South Wales on the death of bis cousin, Rhys ab Owain, in 1078, but was much harassed by the princes of North Wales, whom he decisively defeated in 1081; killed in battle against the Norman settlers in Brecknock.

[127] Rhys ap Gruffydd (1132?- 1197), prince of South Wales; son of Gruffydd ab Rhys (d. 1137); became sole ruler of the Welsh in Dyfed, Ceredigion, and Ystrad Tywi, 1155; engaged In a long struggle with Henry II, whom, however, he supported during the rebellion of 1173-4; eventually acknowledged Henry II's supremacy, but on the accession of Richard I resumed his independence,

[128] Rhys Goch ap Rhicert (fl. 1300), Welsh poet; lived in Glamorgan. His poems first became known through their publication in the Iolo MSS.

[129] Rhys Goch Eryri, i.e. of Snowdon (1310?–1400?), Welsh poet; lived near Bedd Gelert. Seven of his poems have been printed, but a large number remain unpriuted in the Britten Museum among the Cymrodorion MSS.

[130] Rhys ap Thomas, or Rice (1449–1525), supporter of Henry VII; formed a fighting force of several thousand men in South Wales, with whom he joined the Earl of Richmond (afterwards Henry VII) after his landing in 1485; knighted, 1485; received numerous honours aud preferments from Henry VII.

[131] Ioan Dafydd Rhys, or John David (1534-1609), Welsh grammarian; studied at Christ Church, Oxford, and to several Italian universities; published (1592) a Welsh grammar, still extant.

[132] Morgan Rhys (1710?–1779), Welsh hymn-writer; a Calvinistic methodist preacher of the Cilycwm circuit; published a collection of twenty-two hymns in 1700, a second collection in 1767, and a third in 1770-1..

[133] John Michael Rhysbrach (1693?-1770). See Rysbrack.

[134] Sir Phineas Riall (1775-1850), general; entered the army, 1794; served in the West Indies and Canada: appointed governor of Grenada, 1816; knighted, 1833; general, 18l.

[135] David Ricardo (1772–1823), economist; the son of a Dutch Jew, who made a fortune on the London stock exchange early in life; through the perusal of the Wealth of Nations became interested in the scientific treatment of economic questions: bad become a leading authority upon the subject by 1817, and, in accordance with the wishes of his friends for a more systematic exposition of his theories, published his well-known Principles of Political Economy and Taxation 1817, in which he elaborated his theory of rent, exhibited the relation between rent, profit, and wages, and traced the incidence of taxation; retired from business, 1814, and settled in Gloucestershire; M.P., Portarlington, 1819-23; though an independent thinker, generally supported the radical party; won became accepted in the house as an authority on financial matters. He was the principal founder of the classical school of political economy.

[136] John Lewis Ricardo (1812–1862), free-trader; nephew of David Ricardo; M.P., Stoke-upon-Trent, 1841-62; supported the repeal of the corn laws and navigation laws.

[137] Robert Ricart (fl. 1466–1508), town clerk of Bristol; compiled the Mayor's Register a. record of the ancient usages of the city, which was edited for the Camden Society in 1872.

[138] Sir Paul Ricaut (1628–1700).

[139] Robert Riccaltoun (1691–1769), Scottish divine; educated at Edinburgh University; minister of Hopekirk, 1725-69; befriended and encouraged James Thomson, author of the Seasons published an ode on Winter in Savage's Miscellany 1726; engaged in the Marrow controversy.

[140] David Riccio or Rizzio (1533?–1566), secretary to Mary Queen of Scots; son of a musician at Pancalieri, near Turin; began life in the service of the archbishop of Turin; accompanied the ambassador of the Duke of Savoy to Scotland, 1561, and (1564) became French secretary to Mary Queen of Scots, his appointment marking a change in her policy, which now became independent both of the Guises and the Scottish lords; arranged the marriage with Darnley, and practically superseded Maitland of Lethington as secretary of state; with his new position of authority assumed a haughty demeanour; exasperated the Scottish nobles by his assumption of superiority, and in particular annoyed Darnlev, Mary's husband, who found himself excluded from political power; was suspected by Darnley of being the queen's lover; was at length seized in the queen's presence by an armed band, including Darnley and Morton, and despatched in an antechamber.

[141] Rice ap Thomas (1449–1525). See Rhys.

[142] Edmund Ignatius Rice (1762–1844), founder of the Roman catholic institute known as the Irish Christian Brothers; was owner of a provision merchant's oatineai at Waterford; began (c. 1802) to educate the children of Waterford gratuitously, and with the other directors took religious vows and became known as the Christian Brothers 1808 (the order was sanctioned by JJ, 1880): elected superior-general, 1822. The icboou erentaally spread over the greater part of Ireland; in 1896 numbered three hundred, with an average aailj attendance of thirty thousand pupils.

[143] George Rice (1721–1779), politician; of Christ Church, Oxford; M.P., Carmarthenshire, 1754-79; supported Lord North; treasurer of the king's chamber, 1770; privy councillor, 1770.

[144] James Rice (1843–1882), novelist; of Queens' College, Cambridge; chiefly known for his literary partnership with (Sir) Walter Besant, which commenced in 1872 with Ready Money Mortiboy and continued till the close of his life; published, with (Sir) Walter Besant, The Golden Butterfly 1876, and The Seamy Side 1881, among other works; published independently a history of the British turf, 1879.

[145] Sir John ap Rice (d. 1573?). See Price.

[146] Richard Rice or Price (fl. 1535–1579), author; brother of Ellis Price; abbot of Conway, 1536; published two theological treatises.

[147] Sir Stephen Rice (1637–1715), chief-baron of the exchequer in Ireland; appointed a baron by James II, 1686, and chief baron, 1687; took a large share in remodelling the Irish corporations; on the overthrow of James II escaped reprisals under the articles of Limerick.

[148] Thomas Spring Rice, first Baron Monteagle (1790-1866). See Spring-Rice.

[149] Ricemarchus (1056–1099). See Rhygyfarch.

[150] Barnabe Rich (1540?–1620?), author and soldier; fought in Queen Mary's war with France (1557-8) and in the Low Countries, rising to the rank of captain; began to write in 1574, and for nearly fifty years devoted his leisure to the production of romances iu the style of Lyly's Euphues pamphlets, and reminiscences; found a patron in Sir Christopher Hatton, and (1584) held a military command in Ireland; his admirers in his own day numerous, but chiefly drawn from the less cultivated classes. His extant printed works are twenty-four in number, and several others exist in manuscript. From the second story Apolonius and Silla in Riche his Farewell to Militarie profession (1581) Shakespeare drew the plot of Twelfth Night.

[151] Christopher Rich (d. 1714), theatrical manager; originally an attorney; purchased a share in the management of the Theatre Royal (afterwards Drury Lane), London, 1688; controlled (1706-7) the three London playhouses (Drury Lane, Dorset Garden, and Haymarket), but alienated all who came in contact with him by his avarice and oppression of the actors; Drury Lane closed in consequence of his arbitrary measures by the lord chamberlain, 1709, mitil the orders for the redress of the actor's grievances had been complied with; soon afterwards lost his hold on the theatre and began to erect a new one in Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, but died before its completion.

[152] Claudius James Rich (1787–1820), traveller; born at Dijon: passed his childhood at Bristol; acquire- 1 a great mastery of eastern languages; in 1803 entered the East India Company's service, and afterwards travelled in Asia Minor, Egypt, and Syria; East India Company's resident at Baghdad; died of cholera at Shiraz. His oriental collections were purchased by the trustees of the British Museum.

[153] Edmund Rich (1170?–1240). See Edmund.

[154] Sir Henry Rich, first Baron Kensington and first Earl of Holland (1590-1649), son of Robert Rich, first earl of Warwick, by his wife Penelope Rich; of Emmanuel College, Cambridge; knighted, 1610; M.P., Leicester, 1610 and 1614; enabled by natural qualifications to rise rapidly as a courtier; created Baron Kensington, 1623 and (1624) made Earl of Holland and employed to negotiate the marriage of Charles I and Henrietta Maria; enjoyed Queen Henrietta Maria's favour, and intrigued against Charles I's ministers; became general of the horse, 1639, and took an inglorious part in the Scottish war; joined the parliamentary party, 1642, but (1643) returned to Charles I's side; met an ungracious reception, and at the close of the year was partially reconciled to the parliament; took up arms for Charles I, in consequence of the refusal of the Commons to grant pecuniary compensation for his losses, 1648; captured at St. Neots, July 1648; beheaded, in spite of Fairfax's intercession.

[155] Jeremiah Rich (d. 1660?), stenographer; eminent practitioner of shorthand; pupil of his uncle, William Cartwright, whose system he elaborated in a number of treatises, in some of which he claimed the methods as his own invention.

[156] John Rich (1682?–1761), pantomimist and theatrical manager; son of Christopher Rich q. v.; opened the new theatre at Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, 17 M: began to develop the pantomime, 1716, in which genre he himself always played Harlequin; produced a pantomime annually, 1717-60; opened the house at Covent Garden, 1732, where Garrick appeared in 1746.

[157] Mary Rich, Countess of Warwick (1626–1678), daughter of Richard Boyle, first earl of Cork; married (1641) Charles Rich, fourth earl of Warwick; developed a pietistic temperament, which led to her house in Essex becoming the retort of puritan divines; some devotional writings by her published, 1686; her diaries preserved in the British Museum.

[158] Sir Nathaniel Rich (1585?–1636), merchant adventurer; member of Gray's Inn, 1610: M.P., Totnes, 1614, East Retford, 1621, Harwich, 1624-5 and 1626-9, Newport (Isle of Wight), 1625; knighted, 1617; took part in forming a company of adventurers for the plantation of Providence and Henrietta, 1630, and (1635) became deputy-governor.

[159] Nathaniel Rich (d. 1701), soldier; entered the life-guards of Earl of Essex, 1642; became colonel of a regiment of horse in the new model: M.P., Cirenoester, 1649; was inclined to the views of the Fifth-monarchy men and (1655) was deprived of his command and imprisoned for opposing Cromwell's government: restored to his command, 1659, but cashiered by Monck for resisting the Restoration, 1660: was arrested during the excitement caused by Venner's plot, 1661, and remained in confinement till 1665.

[160] Penelope Rich, Lady Rich (1562?–1607), daughter of Walter Devereux, first earl of Essex q. v.; when a girl of fourteen won the admiration of (Sir) Philip Sidney, whom her father desired that she should marry; married to Robert Rich, third baron Rich (afterwards earl of Warwick) 1581; in consequence of her distaste for the marriage, encouraged the attentions of Sir Philip Sidney, who celebrated her charms and his affection in the series of sonnets afterwards collected under the title Astrophel and Stella (1591); became Lord Mountjoy's mistress after Sidney's death, and from 1601 lived in open adultery, her husband abandoning her. according to her own statement, after the execution of her brother, the second Earl of Essex; divorced by Lord Rich, 1605, on which she married Mount joy, now become Earl of Devonshire.

[161] Sir Richard Rich, first Baron Rich (1496?-1567), lord chancellor; studied at the Middle Temple (reader, 1529); returned to the reformation parliament for Colchester, 1529: became solicitor-general, 1533: knighted, 1533; afterwards basely procured evidence against Fisher by visiting him in prison and pledging Henry VIII's word that the conversation should be regardel as confidential; perjured himself against Sir Thomas More at More's trial; knight of the shire for Essex and elected speaker, 1536; during 1536 and succeeding years occupied himself largely in the suppression of monasteries; shared Cromwell's unpopularity, but deserted him in his disgrace: took an active part in persecuting the reformers, and, according to Anne Askew's statement, racked her with bis own hands; created Baron Rich after the accession of Edward VI: appointed lord-chancellor, 1548; conducted the bill of attainder against Seymour through parliament, 1649, and afterwards joined Warwick in effecting the overthrow of Protector Somerset; employed by Warwick in proceedings against Gardiner and Ikmner, as well as in the measures against Mary; resigned the great seal, 1561; after signing the proclamation in favour of Lady Jane Grey, 1553, went down to Essex and declared for Queen Mary, during whose reign he distinguished himself by his severities against the protestants; founded Felstead grammar school, 1564.

[162] Richard Rich (fl. 1609–1610), author of 'Newes from Virginia; sailed for Virginia in 1609 with Captain Christopher Newport; published on his return to England a narrative in verse entitled Newes from Virginia(1610), containing also an account of his shipwreck on the Bermudas. The work probably suggested scenes in Shakespeare's Tempest

[163] Robert Rich (fl. 1185-1240), biographer; younger brother of Edmund Rich, archbishop of Canterbury, whose lifelong companion he was; present at Edmund's death, 1244); wrote a life of bis brother, w hid. seems to be identical with that preserved in Cotton. MS. Faustina B. i. ff. 180-8, in the British Museum, and InFell MS. 1, vol. iv. in the Bodleian Library. It ban bent printed in Wallace's Life of St. Edmund

[164] Sir Robert Rich, second Earl of Warwick (1587-1668), eldest son of the first earl of Warwick and Penelope, Lady Rich: educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge; K.B., 1603; member of the Inner Temple, 1604: M.P., Maldon, 1610 and 1614; succeeded bis father in 1619, and occupied himself largely with the colonisation of America and with privateering ventures, which Involved him in controversy with the great merchant companies: during the early part of Charles I's reign gradually became estranged from the court; was associated with the foundation of the colonies of New Plymouth, Massachusetts, and Connecticut; refused to subscribe to the forced loan of 1626 and to pay ship-money, and protected the puritan clergy: arrested and his papers searched on the dissolution of the Short parliament, 1640; active in raising forces for parliament on the outbreak of civil war; gained the fleet, July 1642, and (1643) was appointed lord high admiral; nominated head of a commission for the government of the colonies, 1643; associated in 1644 with the foundation of Rhode Island; generally exerted his authority in behalf of religious freedom; endeavoured unsuccessfully (1648) to regain the fleet, the greater part of which had revolted to Charles I, but was able to organise a new one; after the abolition of the House of Lords was removed by the independents from the post of lord high admiral; took no part in public affairs during the Commonwealth, but received support and encouragement from Cromwell. His grandson, Robert Rich, married the Protector's daughter.

[165] Robert Rich (d. 1679), quaker and universalist; a rich merchant and shipowner of London; became a quaker, 1654, and (1655) an adherent of James Nayler , whom he loyally assisted during his trial and puni?hment; renowned for his charity, which was distributed to all creeds without distinction.

[166] Sir Robert Rich , fourth baronet (1685-1 768), fieldmarshal; entered the army, 1700, and served under Marlborough: M.P., Dunwich, 1715-22, Beeralston, 1724, St. Ives, 1727-41; consistently supported Sir Robert Walpole; fought at Dettingen, 1743; general, 1747; field-marshal. 1757.

[167] Sir Robert Rich , fifth baronet (1714–1785). lieutenantrgeneral; son of Sir Robert Rich, fourth baronet : entered the army, 1735: severely wounded at Culloden, 1746; fought at Minorca, 1756; lieutenant-general, 1760; Involved in a dispute with government, 1768, which resulted in bis dismissal from the service.

[168] William Henry Rich-Jones (1817–1886). See Jones.

[169] Richard I, called Richard Coeur-de-Lion (1157–1199), king of England: third son of Henry II and Eleanor of Poitou; born at Oxford 8 Pept 1157: betrothed (1160 to Alice, daughter of Louis VII, a source of many future troubles; acknowledged Duke of Aquitaine, 1170; joined his brothers in rebelling against tlK-ir fatlier. Henry II. 1173-4, but was forced to submit, and afterwards occupied himself in reducing the local magnates of Aquitaine: completely established the ducal authority, but on becoming (1183) heir to the English tlirone on tl* death of bis elder brother Henry, was called upon by his father to give up Aquitaine to his brother John; compromised tbe , matter by a nominal surrender to Eleanor in 1186; snsI pecting that his father intended to disinherit him, allied, himself with the French king, Philip Augustus, against his father, 1188; succeeded to the English throne, 1189: immediately began his preparations for the third crusade, having already (1187) taken tbe eras; added to his inherited wealth, which was Insufficient, by tbe sale of crown domains and rights; joined Philip Augusts at Medina, 1190, when he compelled Taucred, the Sicilian king, to pay him forty thousand ounces of gold; arrived at Cyprtw, 1191, and, the pseudo-emperor, Isaac Comneuus, having refused to recompense some pilgrims he had plundered, proceeded to conquer the island anil to a'M ittreasures to his hoard: reached Acre, June 1191, which surrendered on 12 July: advanced on Ascalon, August 1191, iiiiving already returned to France: defeated Saladiu near Arsuf, and towards the end of December 1191 was at Beit-Nuba, onl twelve miles off Jerusalem, but judged it too late in the year to attempt the siege; retired to Ascalon, which he fortified; again reached Beit-Nuba, only again to retire, June 1192, and in July relieved Jaffa and defeated Saladin under its walls; accepted, since troubles in England rendered his return imperative, a three yearstruce, by which the crusaders were allowed to visit Jerusalem; set sail for England in October of the same year: while attempting to travel through Germany in disguise was arrested near Vienna and imprisoned at Durrensteiu; handed over by the Duke of Austria to the Emperor Henry VI, and was compelled to pay a ransom of a hundred and fifty thousand marks, besides doing homage for England; set free, March 1194, hU arrival in England at once frustrating the attempt of his brother John to usurp bis authority; intended to return to the East, but found himself unable to depart owing to the alliance of John and Philip Augustus; left England for the last time. May 1194, landed in Normandy, and, after completely defeating Philip, restored the ducal authority in Aquitaiue; made peace (1196) with Philip, who, fearing attack, had again (1195) invaded Normandy; defeated Philip near Gisors, 1198, war having again broken out; mortally wounded by an arrow while besieging the castle of Chaluz in order to seize a newly found treasure: his body buried at Fontevrault, and his heart at Rouen. He married Berengaria of Navarre.

[170] Richard II (1367–1400), 'of Bordeaux'; king of England; younger son of Edward, Prince of Wales; born at Bordeaux, 6 Jan. 1367; created Prince of Wales, 1376; succeeded Edward III, June 1377, but the actual control of government was at first seized by parliament and afterwards passed to Lancaster; met at Smithfleld the peasant insurgents who, led by Wat Tyler , hud risen in revolt (1381) against the attempt to levy a tax of a shilling a head on every person over fifteen, and after the death of their leader succeeded in pacifying them; granted them charters of freedom, but when the revolt was at an end revoked these concessions; proclaimed a general pardon, December 1381, after the execution of the leaders; married, January 1382, Anne, sister of Weuceslaus, king of Bohemia; on the attainment of bis majority found parliament (1382) reluctant to surrender the strict control which it had exercised over the crown during the minority; appointed Michael de la Pole (1330 ?-1389) chancellor without reference to parliament, 1383; showed signs of a disposition to oppose Lancaster; accepted Lancaster's explanation when the old charges of treason against him were revived, 1384; created his uncles, Edmund and Thomas, dukes of York and Gloucester, in the hope of playing them off against Lancaster; got rid of Lancaster by allowing him to go on his long-delayed expedition to Spain, by which, however, the leadership of the magnates was left to Gloucester, a more dangerous person; provoked the nobles by his determination to rule through the upstart Pole, now earl of Suffolk, as chancellor, and Robert de Vere, created duke of Ireland; compelled by Gloucester (1386) to agree to a commission of eleven magnates, with extensive powers for the reform of the household and realm, but (August 1387) obtained an opinion from the judges that the commission was unlawful; his power overthrown by the magnates, headed by Gloucester, December 1387; his adherents proscribed and executed by the merciless parliament; regained the ascendency (May 1389), dismissed the counsellors imposed on him, and replaced them by others of his own choice: subsequently pursued a policy of conciliation, but lost popularity after Queen Anne death (1394) by his marriage (November 1396) with Isabella, daughter of Charles VI of France; the feeling against him fanned by Gloucester; resolved on coup rfVvor, perhaps fearing a repetition of the proceedings of 1388; got the three leaders, Gloucester, Arundel, and Warwick, into his power, July 1397summoned parliament, September 1897, and had these three lords condemned to death as traitors, the upshot being that Arundel was beheaded and Gloucester died in custody at Calais under suspicious circumstances, while Warwick alone obtained pardon; at Shrewsbury had the acts of themercilessparliament annulled i and restitution ordered to the heirs of its victims; was again involved in difficulties by the action of Henry of Lancaster, duke of Hereford, in accusing the Duke of Norfolk of treasonable designs, with reference to which it was arranged that they should settle their quarrel by single combat; forbade the combat on the day appointed for the battle, and sentenced Hereford to ten years banishment and Norfolk to perpetual exile; from this time exercised the royal authority with great arbitrariness, exacting heavy fines and contributions from his subjects; deprived the exiled Hereford of his succession on the death of the Duke of Lancaster in February 1399; went over to Ireland, April 1399, to avenge the death of the Earl of March; heard that in his absence the Duke of Hereford had landed in Yorkshire, and hurried back to Milford to meet him; found himself unable to raise a sufficient force, and after wandering about in North Wales surrendered to Hereford, August 1399; resigned the crown, September 1399, and was imprisoned finally at Pontefract; a rising in his favour set on foot, January 1400; died at Pontefract, probably by a violent death, 14 Feb. 1400. The belief that he had escaped from captivity, and was still alive in Scotland, was widely prevalent even so late as 1417, but has little probability.

[171] Richard III (1452-1485), king of England; eleventh child of Richard, third duke of York; born at Fotheringay Castle on 2 Oct. 1452; created Duke of Gloucester, June 1461; accompanied Edward IV in his flight to Holland, September 1470, and (1471) commanded the vanguard at Barnet and Tewkesbury; reported, perhaps truly, to have butchered young Edward, prince of Wales, after Tewkesbury, and murdered Henry VI in the Tower of London a fortnight later; rewarded by Edward IV with large grants of land, including the possessions of the Earl of Oxford; quarrelled with his brother Clarence on his marriage to Anne, the younger daughter of the Earl of Warwick, Clarence, who had married the elder, desiring to retain the whole of Warwick's estates; was not, however, directly responsible for the death of Clarence in 1478, though there was a suspicion that he had helped indirectly to briiig it about; com* uaanded a Scottish expedition (1482) which captured Berwick and advanced as far as Edinburgh; left by Edward IV (died 9 April 1483) in charge of his family and kingdom during the minority of his successor; resolved, in conjunction with Hastings, to overthrow the party of the Woodvilles, the relatives of the queenmother; seized Edward V's maternal uncles, Rivers and Grey, at Stony-Stratford, and took Edward V under his own protection; was recognised by the council as protector on his arrival in London, but in the meantime became an object of apprehension, after the complete overthrow of the WoodviUe party, to Hastings and some of the council, who consequently desired to get Edward V out of his power; had Hastings and several others seized in the council itself (13 June), and Hastings immediately executed, a step which was followed twelve days later by the execution of Rivers and Grey; employed Archbishop Bourchier to persuade the queen-mother, who was in sanctuary at Westminster, to deliver up the Duke of York, and sent the Duke of York to keep his brother company in the Tower of London; was offered the crown in an incomplete parliament, shortly after Dr. Shaw, preaching at St Paul's Cross, London, 22 June, had declared Edward IV and his children illegitimate; began his reign, 26 June 1483; by his usurpation alienated many of the nobility who had supported him as protector; even Buckingham, his chief adherent, becoming disaffected; cabals against him set on foot over all the southern counties, public feeling being further scandalised by the news of the death of the princes in the Tower of London; a rebellion against him headed by Buckingham, who, however, was captured and executed in November 1483; defeated and slain at Bos worth, chiefly through the treachery of the Stanleys, by Henry, earl of Richmond, to whom had descended the Lancastrian claim to the throne, and who bad invaded England in vindication of it; buried at Grey Friars, London. His nickname Crouchback had its rise in a real, though probably slight, bodily deformity.

[172] Richard, Earl of Cornwall aii.l Kiv. (laoa 1272), second son of King John; chosen leader of au exjieditiou tilted out in 1: to win back tbe Aqnitanian heritage of the English kings; succeeded in recovering Gascony before the close of tbe year, and ( I-JL'7 1 h.ivini.-..ii.-lu.lfd n truce with Louis IX returned to England; brought Into connection with tbe growing baronial opposition by a violent quarn-l with Henry III, concerning the possession of a manor, tin- on being strengthened by bis marriage (1231 with Isabella, daughter of William Marshal, first earl of Pembroke; took tbe cross, 1286, but hi* departure delayed by domestic troubles; beaded thr opposition to the foreigners brought over to England by Hi-nry 1 1 Ts marriage, and for a short time was a popular hero, but in 1239 be became reconciled to Henry III: left England for Palestine, June 1840, and in October 1240 landed at Acre; after fortifying Ascalon and concluding a treaty with the sultan of Krak, returned to England, 1149; after the death of Isabella in 1240 married Banchia, daughter of tbe Count of Provence and sister of tbe queens of England and France, 1843; bound closely to the court by this second marriage, and henceforth was the political ally of his brother; by bis change of policy left room for the rise of Simon de Montfort; was appointed joint-regent of England with Queen Eleanor during Henry Ill's absence in Gascony, 1253, and, May 1254, eeaine sole regent; assisted Henry III in bis financial difficulties, and posed as a neutral in the quarrels between the barons and tbe foreign favourites; received tbe offer of the German crown, and early in 1257 was elected king of the Romans by four of tbe seven elector*, though in April the remaining three chose Alfonso X of Castile; wiu-i crowned at Aachen, May 1257, and succeeded in establishing bis authority generally in tbe Khin.countries: was not acknowledged by tbe rest of t;-rinany, and when his money came to an end was generally deserted; returned to England to raise fresh supplies, 1259; again crossed to Germany, 1260, but, October 1260, was back in England, and never again succeeded in establishing himself permanently in Germany; espoused bis brother's side in the baroiwwar, and was taken prisoner at the battle of Lewes, 1264, but after tbe battle of Evesham, 1206, was unconditionally released; despite his bard treatment counselled moderation, and (1268) paid his last visit to Germany: his eldest son, Henry, was murdered by the younger De Montfort; attacked (1271) by paralysis, of which be eventually died,

[173] Richard, Earl of Cambridge Richard (d. 1415), second son of Edmund de Laugley, first duke of York; created Earl of Cambridge, 1414; married Anne, daughter of Iloger (VI) de Mortimer and through this connection was led to become centre of a plot to place his wife's brother, Edmund, earl of March, on the throne, a scheme which was revealed by Mortimer, who had not been a conspirator, to Henry V, when that king was starting for France in July 1415; attainted and executed; the attainder was reversed in 1461.

[174] Richard, third Duke of York (1411–1460), only son of Richard, earl of Cambridge: was paternal grandson of Edmund, fifth son of Edward III, and maternal great- great-grandson of Lionel, Edward Ill's third son; succeeded his uncle, Edward Plantagenet ,as third duke of York, 1415, and (1425) inherited the possessions of his uncle, Edmund (IV) de Mortimer, fifth earl of March; after serving for a year in France, 1436-7, married (1438) Cicely, daughter of Kalph Neville, first earl of Westmorland: a second time (1440) appointed Henry VI's lieutenant in France, where he remained till the close of 1445; appointed tbe king's lieutenant in Ireland, a convenient place of banishment, 1447; being discontented with the government, landed at lieaumaris, August 1450, and, in spite of armed attempts to binder bim, forced his way into Henry VI's presence at the head of four thousand men, and was promised by Henry VI a place in the new council to be app for tbe next two year? was involved in a contest with Somerset, which terminated in March 1452 in an ineffectual attempt to have him removed from the king's oonnscls; after a year's retirement was recalled to the king's council during Henry's first fit of imbecility, October 1463, Somerset being ent to the Tower of London; in spite of the claim- of Henry VI's queen wan elected protector by the lords, March H!4; his protectorate revoked in consequence of the king's recovery, February 1455, din March. An immediate reverml of policy following, be wan with his friend* driven from tuok up arms in company with Salisbury an Warwick, and on 12 May UM defeated the royal force,, February 1456, but opposed by Queen Margaret and the young Dak* of Somerset, in consequence of which the old feode revived late In 1458; compelled to nek refuge in Watoa, October 1459, and (November 1419) was attainted; crowd to Ireland at tbe end of 1469; returned to England on Warwick and Salisbury's victory at Northampton, 1460; went to Westminster and openly claimed the crown, September 1460; obtained promise of uoccarion to the crown, October 1460, and made protector. November 1460; besieged in Wakefleki Castle, December 146O. having gone north to quell tbe ruing instigated there by Queen Margaret; attacked tbe enemy and fell fighting, 80 Dec. His bead wae placed on tbe wall* of York.

[175] Richard, Duke of York (1472–1483), second son of Edward IV; created Duke of York, 1474; married to Anne, daughter of John Mowbray, fourth duke of Norfolk, 1478; given up, by tbe persuasion of Cardinal Ikmrebier, by his mother, who, on tbe overthrow of tbe Woodville party In 1483, had sought sanctuary with bim at Westminster, and placed with bin brother in tbe Tower of London; murdered there with his brother by Richard Ill's orders two mouths after his brother's deposition in June.

[176] Richard Fitzscrob (fl. 1052–1060), Norman baron; settled in Herefordshire in tbe time of Edward tbe Confessor: was not expelled by Godwin in 1062, but died before the time of Domesday. He is said to have erected Richard's Castle in Herefordshire, the first regular castle in England.

[177] Richard de Capella (d. 1127), bishop of Hereford : 'custos sigilli regis' in 1119; consecrated bishop, 1121.

[178] Richard de Belmeis (d. 1128). See Belmeis.

[179] Richard (d. 1139), first abbot of Fountains; established the new community of Fountains in 1182 on the Cistercian model, and was chosen abbot.

[180] Richard of Hexham (fl. 1138–1154), chronicler and prior of Hexham; elected prior, 1141; wrote an I account of the early history of Hexham, known as the Brevis Annotatio and printed in Maine's Priory of Hexham (Surtees Soc.); also complied De gestis regis Stephani et de bello Standardh (1135-9X. preserved in C.C.C. Cambr. MS. ( 193, f. 3), and translated by Stevenson in Church Historians

[181] Richard called Fastolf (d. 1143), second abbot of Fountains; an original member of tbe convent; succeeded the first abbot Richard (d. 1139).

[182] Richard de Belmeis (d. 1162). See Belmeis.

[183] Richard (d. 1170), sixth abbot of Fountains; a native of York: appointed abbot by St Bernard; raised his convent to a high pitch of excellence by his strict discipline.

[184] Richard of St Victor (d. 1173?), theologian; a native of Scotland; became a canon in the abbey of St. Victor, Paris. His writings resemble those of his master, Hugh of St. Victor, in their abuse of allegory and verbal antithesis. His philosophy is characterised by mysticism. A large number of his works are printed in Migne's Patrologia (vol. cxcvi.); others ascribed to him remain in manuscript.

[185] Richard Strongbow, second Earl of Pembroke and Strigul (d. 1176). See Richard de Clare.

[186] Richard (d. 1177?), bishop of St. Andrews; elected to tbe bishopric, 1163; consecrated, 1165; succeeded in preventing the sacrifice of the independence of the Scottish church at the treaty of Falaise in 1174, and afterwards resisted the pret II-UIIK of the see of York at Northampton in 1170. The uulejveiMience of the Scottish church was assured by Clement III in 1188.

[187] Richard (d. 1184), archbishop of Canterbury ; was :,H.inU*l prior of St Martin's, Dover, 1157; elected rlibi*lKp by the English bishops, 1173, in spite of the wiMh of tlie monks of the chapter, who desired Odo i, 18UO): consecrated, 1174, in spite of the opposition of the younger Henry (Henry II's son) at Anagni, by Alexander III: diligent in promoting the material prosperity of his see, but failed to satisfy the requirements of the extreme clerical party.

[188] Richard of Ilchester (d. 1188), bishop of Winchester; archdeacon of Poitiers (1162-73) and a baron of the exchequer: elected bishop of Winchester, 1173, i-ontinuing to fulfil his judicial functions, and frequently K-rring Henry II in a diplomatic capacity,

[189] Richard (fl. 1180 - 1183), called the 'Premonstratensian', abbot of an unknown English praemonstratensian house; wrote a Life of St. Ursula still extant, and possibly some other extant theological treatises.

[190] Richard of Devizes (fl. 1189–1192), chronicler; n monk of St. Swithun's, Winchester; wrote a chronicle of the deeds of Richard I from his accession to October 1192, which was edited by Hewlett for the Rolls Series in 1886. To him is also generally ascribed Annales de Wintouia printed in Luard's Annales Monastici.

[191] Richard of Ely (d. 1194?), historian; a monk of Ely; wrote an account of Ely, not extant, but quoted by Thomas of Ely.

[192] Richard of Ely (d. 1198). See Richard Fitzneale.

[193] Richard Anglicus (fl. 1196–1226), lawyer; an Englishman by birth; taught at Bologna, where in 1226 he was archdeacon and rector of the law school; author of the famous Ordo Judiciarius

[194] Richard de Templo (fl. 1190–1229), reputed author of the Itinerarium Regis Ricardi; may be identical with a chaplain of the templars and a dependant of the Earl of Leicester of that name. The Itinerarium which is the chief authority for the third crusade, is, however, probably a free translation from a long French poem, by Ambrose, a priest-clerk, who accompanied Richard I on the third crusade. In this case Richard de. Templo was only the translator, though he appears to have made independent additions.

[195] Richard of Cornwall (fl. 1238–1259), called also Richard Rufus, Rnys, Rotwo, or Rowse; B.D. Oxford; a Franciscan teacher; lectured at Paris and Oxford. His commentary on Bonaventure's third book of sentences is preserved in manuscript at Assisi.

[196] Richard of Wethershed (d. 1231). See Richard Grant.

[197] Richard of Cornwall (d. 1237), prebendary of Lincoln; must be distinguished from the Franciscan Richard of Cornwall (fl. 1238-1259)

[198] Richard de Morins (d. 1243). See Morins.

[199] Richard of Wendover (d. 1252), physician; physician to Gregory IX, and afterwards canon of St Paul's, London; most probably identical with the famous physician, Richard Anglicus, or the Englishman, the author ofPractica sive Medicaments Ricardi A number of Ml treatise* are preserved in manuscript, chiefly in the libraries of Oxford and Cambridge.

[200] Richard Anglicus (d. 1252). See Richard of Wendover.

[201] Richard de Wyche (1197?–1253), bishop of Chichester; studied at Oxford, where he became M.A. and chancellor; made by Edmund Rich chancellor of Canterbury; elected bishop of Chichester in spite of the opposition of Henry III, 1244; rigidly maintained ecclesiastical discipline, and made various regulations for the improvement of the ritual of his church; was canonised in 1262.

[202] Richard de Gravesend (d. 1279). See Gravesend.

[203] Richard de Swinfeld (d. 1317). See Swinfeld.

[204] Richard de Abyndon, Abendon, or Abingdon (d. 1327?), judge; appointed chamberlain of North Wales, 1284; prebendary of Dublin, 1285; appointed a baron of the exchequer, 1299; prebendary of Lichfield, 1304.

[205] Richard of Wallingford (1292?–1336), abbot of St. Albans; according to Leland, fellow of Merton College, Oxford; B.D. Oxford; elected abbot, 1327; his rule hampered by his leprosy; appointed a coadjutor, 1333: renowned for sanctity, and the most skilful man of his time in the liberal sciences and mechanical arts. Several of his treatises are extant in manuscript.

[206] Richard de Bury (1281–1345). See Bury.

[207] Richard Wetherset (fl. 1350). See Wetherset.

[208] Richard (d. 1360).

[209] Richard of Maidstone (d. 1396). See Maidstone.

[210] Richard of Cirencester (d. 1401?). See Cirencester.

[211] Edward Richard (1714–1777), Welsh poet; founded a free grammar school at his native village, Ystrad Meurie, which became one of the most famous in Wales, towards the close of the eighteenth century: author of some of the best specimens of pastoral poetry in the Welsh language. A collection of his writings appeared in 1811.

[212] Henry Richard (1812–1888), politician; a native of Wales; congregational pastor in the Old Kent Road, London; 1835-50, when he relinquished the ministry: often called the apostle of peace from his making the advocacy of arbitration as a method for settling international disputes, the chief work of his life; became secretary of the Peace Society, 1848, and took part in a series of international peace congresses, which continued until the outbreak of the Crimean war; liberal M.P. for the Merthyr boroughs, 1868-88; carried a motion in the House of Commons in favour of international arbitration, 1873, and presided at some of the sittings of the peace congress at Paris. 1878; became a member of the royal commission on education. 1886; author of various pamphlets.

[213] Alfred Bate Richards (1820–1876), dramatist, journalist, and a chief promoter of the volunteer movement of 1859; B.A. Exeter College, Oxford, 1841; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1845; published poems and tragedies, the first being Croesus, King of Lydia 1845; first editor of the Daily Telegraph 1855; on the commencement of the volunteer movement raised (1859) the 3nl City of London rifle corps, of which he remained colonel till 1869.

[214] David Richards (1751–1827), Welsh poet; best known as Dafydd Iouawr; for some years a school teacher; abandoned teaching in order to devote himself to writing religious poetry, 1792: took charge of the free school at Dolgelly, 1800-7, but devoted his closing years entirely to writine: Welsh religious verse. A collected edition of his poems appeared in 1851.

[215] Evan Richards (1770–1832). See Prichard.

[216] George Richards (1767–1837), poet and divine; of Trinity College, Oxford; fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, 1790-6; M.A., 1791; D.D., 1820; vicar of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, London, 1824-37; published verse.

[217] Henry Brinley Richards (1819–1886), pianist and composer; gained a high position as a pianist in London, and wrote a large number of piano pieces, partsongs, songs, and choruses, including God bless the Prince of Wales (1862), the Welsh national anthem.

[218] Jacob Richards (1660?–1701), colonel and military engineer; studied the art of sieges in Hungary and the Morea, 1685-6; accompanied Kirke's expedition to Ireland, 1689; appointed chief engineer in Ireland, 1690; served under William III, Marlborough, and Ginki-11: transferred to Flanders, 1692; appointed third engineer of the kingdom, 1698. His diaries are preserved in the Stowe MSS. at the British Museum.

[219] James Brinsley Richards (1846–1892), journalist; siH:nt several year- in Fr.iu- as sea l)roii} n ill- Limy* and tin- Dm: iJccozes: became Time correspondent at Vieuua, 1885, uud was tran-:Berlin, 18-J2.

[220] John Richards (1669–1709), major-general; brother of.lacoh Richard*; served with the Venetians against the Turks, in the Polish army, and In the Portuguese service.luring the war of the Spanish succession; governor of AUcatit, 1707-9; killed by an explosion during the siege of Alicant.

[221] John Inigo Richards (d. 1810), painter and scene-painter; first exhibited with the 'Society of Artists, 1763: became (1768) one of the foundation members of the Royal Academy, where he exhibited landscapes and figure-subjects for forty years; became principal scene-painter of Covent Garden, 1777; secretary to the Royal Academy, 1788.

[222] Michael Richards (1673–1721), brigadier-general; master-surveyor or surveyor-general of the ordnance; brother of Jacob Richards; served in Ireland (1691) and Flanders (1693-6), and under Marlborough (1704-6); was appointed Uul way's chief engineer in Spain, 1707, and served in many of the great engagements of the war of the Spanish succession; promoted brigadier-general, 1711; appointed chief-engineer of Great Britain, 1711.

[223] Nathaniel Richards (d. 1652), dramatist; LL.B. Caius College, Cambridge, 1634; for some time master of St. Alban's school, London; publishedThe Celeatiall Pvblican 1630, and The Tragedy of Messalina 1640.

[224] Sir Richard Richards (1752–1823), judge; of Jesus College, Oxford; B.A. Wadham College, Oxford, 1774; fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, 1776 (M.A., 1777); barrister, Inner Temple, 1780; appointed baron of the exchequer, 1814; knighted, 1814; appointed lord chief baron, 1817.

[225] Thomas Richards (d. 1564?), translator; B.D. Oxford, 1515, Cambridge, 1517; elected prior of Totnes, 1528; is said to have translated the Consolatio Philosophiae of Boethius.

[226] Thomas Richards (1710?–1790), Welsh lexicographer; compiled Antiquae Linguae Britannicae Thesaurus 1753, a Welsh-English dictionary (4th edit. 1838).

[227] William Richards (1643–1705), author; M.A. Trinity College, Oxford, 1666; fellow, 1666-75; rector of Helmdon, 1675-89; published Wallograpby (1682), a small satirical work on Wales, and The English Orator 1680.

[228] William Richards (1749–1818), historian of King's Lynn; baptist pastor at Lynn, 1778-1818; published The History of Lynn 1812, and other works.

[229] William Upton Richards (1811–1873), divine; M.A. Exeter College, Oxford, 1839; vicar of All Saints Marylebonc, 1849-73; published religious treatise*. ID collection of drawings by Engli-h artists, now at South Kensington Museum, and published several an-)

[230] Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson (1828–1896), physician: studied at Glasgow, and was licentiate of Faculty of Physicians and Surgeon*, 1H50, M.A. and M.I). St. Andrews, 1854, and hon. LL.D., 1877; M.R.C.S. London, 1K56; F.R.C.S., 1866; F.R.S., 1867; physician to Royal Infirmary for Diseases of Chest, City Koud, 1856, and to London Temperance Hospital, 1892; president of Medical Society of London, 1868; F.S.A., 1877; knighted, 1893; published scientific and miscellaneous writings; originated.and editedJournal of Public Health and Sanitary Review (1855).

[231] Caroline Richardson (1777–1863), poetess: wife of George Richardson; published a volume of 'Poems in 1829, a novel, and several tales and essays.

[232] Charles Richardson (1775–1865), lexicographer: kept a well-known school on Claphnm Common till 1827; chief work, a New English Dictionary 1835-7.

[233] Charles James Richardson ( 1806–1871), architect; master of the architectural class in the school of design at Somerset House, 1845-52; formed a valuable .

[234] Charlotte Caroline Richardson (1775-1850?), poetess; i*.i" -i. j, - bora "f pent pmBta niiin.ii Bnftfe: taty riwl, in 1*01, a ftboemaker nurut-i Kirlrdm, who died in 1804, leaving hU; publiabed (loe -.r:j,t!.M, a volume of verse, which was followed by other

[235] Christopher Richardson (161-16M nonconformist divine: M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge; obtained rectory of Kirkh.aton. 1644; ejected, 1662; removed, in 1687, to Liverpool, where he became the founder of nonconformity.

[236] David Lester Richardson (1801–1861), poet and miscellaneous writer; became a major in the Bengal service; edited several newspapers at Calcutta, and published prose and verse.

[237] Edward Richardson (1812–1869), sculptor; began to exhibit at the Royal Academy, 1836; refuted admission to the Society of Antiquaries for his restoration of the effigies of the knights templar* in the Temple Church in 1842; restored other ancient monuments and statues.

[238] Frances Mary Richardson (1786–1861). See Currer.

[239] Gabriel Richardson (d. 1642), author : M.A. Brasenose College, Oxford, 1608; B.D., 1619; fellow of Braseuose College, Oxford, 1607-36; rector of Heythrop, 1635-42; published a treatise Of the State of Europe 1627.

[240] George Richardson 1736?–1817?), architect; was in full professional practice in London towards the end of the eighteenth century; in his old age fell into poverty and was relieved by Nollekens; published works on decorative art and architecture.

[241] George Richardson (1778–1862), quaker; began preaching at twenty, and for forty years visited all parts of the British isles on religious tours; published tracts and pamphlets.

[242] George Fleming Richardson (1796?–1848), geologist; employed at the British Museum (1838-48) for ten years; F.G.S., 1839; published useful geological handbooks, besides essays in general literature; committed suicide.

[243] James Richardson (1806–1851) African traveller; attached himself to the English Anti-Slavery Society, and (1845) penetrated through Algiers and Tripoli to Ghadames and Ghat; proceeded by the same route in search of Lake Tchad, 1850; died of fever at Ungouratona within fifteen days of the lake. He wrote three large books of travels, two of which were published posthumously, besides several pamphlets.

[244] John Richardson (d. 1615), biblical scholar; B.A. Clare Hall, Cambridge, 1681: fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge; M.A., 1586; D.D., 1597: appointed regius professor of divinity at Cambridge, 1607: master of Peterhouse, Cambridge, 1609-15; translated the portion from the Chronicles to Ecclealastes inclusive in the uuthorisvd version of the bible; master of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1615-25.

[245] John Richardson (1580–1654), bishop of Ardagh; M.A. Trinity College, Dublin; fellow, 1600; consecrated bishop, 1M3: fled to England on the outbreak of the rebellion in 1G41: his commentary on the Old Testament published posthumously, 1665.

[246] John Richardson (1664–1747), Irish divine; B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1688; appointed rector of Aunagh, 1693; author of theological works in English and Irish.

[247] John Richardson (1667–1763), quaker; travelled through England preaching, as well as in Ireland and America; his journal published, 1757.

[248] John Richardson (1647–1725?), non-juror; fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1674-86; ejected (1690) from the rectory of North Luffeuham, to which he had been appointed, 1685; published an able Vindication of the Canon of the New Testament against Toland 1700.

[249] John Richardson (fl. 1777–1798), writer on brewing; pnbli."hi-lThe Principles of Brewing, 1 ITiW, I, im- th- tirt writer to treat the subject scientifically. Lxlviii.X";

[250] John Richardson (1741–1811l?), orientalist; M.A. by diploma, Wadham College, Oxford, 1780; member of the Middle Temple, 1781; published. In-ides other works, *Dictionary of Persian, Arabic, and English(1777), which, however, was little else than an abridgment of Meninski's Oriental Thesaurus It was finally reconstructed by Dr. Steingass, after several revisions, in 1892.

[251] John Richardson (1767?–1837), itinerant showman; began life in the workhouse at Great Marlow, and made his first experiment as a showman at Bartholomew Fair in 1796. Many actors, who afterwards rose to distinction, appeared in his show, including Edmund Kean. His favourite haunts were Bartholomew Fair and Greenwich,

[252] Sir John Richardson (1771–1841), judge; of Harrow and University College, Oxford: M.A., 1795; barrister,; Lincoln's Inn, mw; puisne judge of the court of common i pleas, 1818-S4; knighted, 1819; compelled by ill-health to pass his later life at Malta.

[253] John Richardson (1780–1864), solicitor; friend of Cockburn, Jeffrey, Thomas Campbell, and Sir Walter Scott: practised in Westminster as a parliamentary solicitor.

[254] John Richardson (1797–1863), journalist; born in Ontario; served in the British legion in Spain; became Times correspondent in Canada, 1858; afterwards removed to the United States, and continued to write for the press till his death.

[255] Sir John Richardson (1787–1865), Arctic explorer and naturalist; studied medicine, and (1807) was gazetted assistant-surgeon in the royal navy; M.D. Edinburgh, 1816; appointed surgeon and naturalist to Franklin's polar expedition, 1819, which, after passing the winter on the Saskatchewan, succeeded in reaching Fort Providence in 1821: F.R.S., 1825: accompanied Franklin in his second expedition to the mouth of the Mackenzie, 1825: separated from Franklin, 1826, and explored the coast to the Coppermine River and the Great Slave Lake; appointed physician to the Royal Hospital at Haslar, 1838; became inspector of hospitals, 1840; knighted, 1846; conducted a search expedition for Franklin, 1847; returned, 1849: C.B., 1850; published his Journal 1851; LL.D. Dublin, 1857; published works on ichthyology and polar exploration.

[256] John Richardson (1817–1886), Cumberland poet; originally a mason; became a schoolmaster, and wrote voluminously in the Cumberland vernacular; had a great local reputation.

[257] Sir John Larkins Cheese Richardson (1810-1878), speaker of the legislative council of New Zealand; entered the Bengal artillery, 1828; major, 1854; settled in Otago, New Zealand, 1856; became postmastergeneral in the Weld ministry, 1864: elected speaker of the legislative council, 1868; knighted, 1874; died at Dunedin.

[258] Jonathan Richardson, the elder (1665–1745), portrait-painter and author; succeeded Kneller and Dahl in the patronage of the public as a portrait-painter; executed portraits of Pope, Prior, Steeie, and many others, and also obtained some distinction by his treatises on painting; his Theory of Painting (1715) for many years a standard work; published also poems and literary criticisms.

[259] Jonathan Richardson, the younger (1694-1771), portrait-painter; only son of Jonathan Richardson the elder; followed his father's profession, but is best known for his association with his father's literary productions.

[260] Joseph Richardson (1755–1803), author; of St. John's College, Cambridge; barrister, Middle Temple; devoted himself to journalism, becoming one of the proprietors of the whig journal, the Morning Post; M.P., Newport, Cornwall, 1796-1803; author of poems, dramatic pieces, and satires.

[261] Joseph Richardson (1814–1862), flautist; became professor of the flute at the Royal Academy of Music, 1837; became principal flautist in Queen Victoria's band.

[262] Moses Aaron Richardson (1793–1871), antiquary; brother of Thomas Miles Richardson: published a number of works on tl.e antiquities of the northern English counties; subsequently emigrated to Melbourne (I860), where he died.

[263] Richard Richardson (1663–1741), botanist and antiquary; of University College, Oxford; student at Gray's Inn, 1681: practised as a physician at North Hierley; engaged in botanical researches, and formed a valuable library of botanical and historical works, which n,-isel to his descendant, Frances Mary Richardson Currer

[264] Robert Richardson (fl. 1530–1543), divine ; a canon of Cambuskenneth: converted to protestantism, and employed by Henry VIII in 1543 to preach in Scotland,

[265] Robert Richardson (d. 1578), lord high treasurer of Scotland: M.A. St. Andrews, 153:5; was appointed prior of St. Mary's, Isle of Trail, 1559, and lord high treasurer, 1661; adhered to the party of the lords after the fall of Mary Queen of Scots and (1571) vacated the office of treasurer.

[266] Robert Richardson (1732–1781), divine ; only son of William Richardson (1698-1775); prebendary of Lincoln Cathedral and chaplain in ordinary to the king.

[267] Robert Richardson (1779–1847), physician and traveller; studied at Glasgow and Edinburgh universities; M.D. Edinburgh, 1807; travelling physician to Charles John Gardiner, second viscount Mount joy; joined Somerset Lowry Corry, second earl of Belmore, and a party in a tour through Europe, Egypt, and Palestine, 1816; claims to have been the first Christian traveller admitted to Solomon's mosque; published Travels 1822.

[268] Samuel Richardson (fl. 1643–1658), controversialist; probably a soldier and army preacher in the early part of the civil wars; published a number of treatises on political and religious subjects characterised by boldness of thought.

[269] Samuel Richardson (1689–1761), novelist; born in Derbyshire; was apprenticed to a stationer, and started in business as a printer, first in Fleet Street, London, and then in Salisbury Court, London, where he lived for the rest of his life; published his first novel, Pamela 1740, which was soon translated into French and Dutch; still raore successful withClarissa Harlowe* (1740), which won him a European fame; his Sir Charles Grandison(1753), though it never held so high a position asClarissa received with equal enthusiasm. His novels represented the didacticism of his time, and owe their power mainly to their earnestness, minute realism, and sentimentalism. Among their admirers were Diderot, Rousseau, and, later, Macaulay.

[270] Samuel Richardson (d. 1805), stenographer; a particular baptist pastor in Chester; author of A New System of Shorthand (1800), which, necessitating the use of specially ruled paper, never had much vogue.

[271] Sir Thomas Richardson (1569–1635), judge; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1595; Lent reader, 1614; serjeant-at-law, 1614; speaker of the House of Commons in 1621 (M.P., St. Albans); knighted, 1621; became chiefjustice of common pleas, 1626; refused (1628) to allow Felton to be racked to induce confession, a step which marks an epoch in the history of criminal jurisprudence; became chief-justice of the king's bench, 1631, and came into conflict with Laud for suppressing wakes or Sunday revels.

[272] Thomas Richardson (1771–1853), quaker and financier; one of the original partners of the firm Overend, Gurney & Co., and a great benefactor to the Society of Friends,

[273] Thomas Richardson (1816–1867), industrial chemist; invented (1840) a process for purifying hard lead, and (1844; began the manufacture of superphosphates at Blaydon; lecturer on chemistry, Durham University, and M.A., 1856; F.R.S., 1866; published chemical treatises

[274] Thomas Miles Richardson (1784–1848), landscape-painter; begun to r..ntnljtit.; to tbc Royal Academy, 1818; member of the New Water-colour Society.

[275] Vaughan Richardson (1670?-1729), organist and composer; oraniet of Winchester Cathedral, 1693-1729; composed services, songs, aud anthems.

[276] William Richardson (1698–1775), antiquary; nephew of John Richardson (1647-1725?); M.A. Knimanii. !.-iil.ridge, 1723: D.D., 1785: pre iN-ndnry of l.iii.-.,ln raiU-draU 1724-60; F.S.A., 1734; mast-rof Kmmamu-1 Culli-,f, Cambridge, 1736-75: Yice-h;ii!cellor of Camt.n.l, Cnivenity. 1737 and 1769; OIKS if C.-oix- II and (it-oru'c Ill's chaplains, 1746-.-m..r. I.IM.-.,II Cathedral, 1700-75; edited (iodwin's De a!il.n Anu'liuj Comaieutarii 1743.

[277] William Richardson (1743–1814), professor of humanity at Glasgow University; M.A. Glasgow: appointed professor, 1772; published miscellaneous uork-. i in-hiding rosaya on Shakespeare's characters andPoeuu -nid 1'lays 1805.

[278] William Richardson (1740–1820), writer on geology and agriculture; M.A. Trinity College, Dublin; jtellow, 17CG: D.D., 1778; afterwards rectorof Moy; published pamphlets on geological and agricultural subjects.

[279] Alexander George Richey (1830–1883), Irish historian; B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1853; LL.D., 187:1; called to the Irish bar, 1855: Q.O., 1871; deputy rcifius professor of feudal and English law at Trinity 4llcge, Dublin; author of Lectures on the History of Ireland (18(59-70) and other works.

[280] Dukes of Richmond . See FITZROY, 8m HENRY, first DL-KK, 1519-1536: STUART, LUDOVICK, first DUKK of the second creation, 1574-1624; STUAKT, Sm JAMES, first DUKK of the third creation, 1612-1655: STUART, SIR CHARLKS, third DUKK, 1640-1672: LKNXOJC. BmC&ULUB, first DUKK of the fourth creation, 1672-17:23; LKNXOX, Sm CHARUCS, second DUKK, 1701-1750; LENNOX, C'HAUI.KS, third DUKK, 1735-1806; LKNNOX, CHARLKH, fourth DUKK, 1764-1819; LENNOX, SIR CHARLES GORDON-, flfth DUKK, 1791-1860.

[281] Duchesses of Richmond . See FITZROY, MARY, d. 1557; STUART, FRANCES TKRESA, 1648-1702.

[282] Earls of Richmond . See Peter OP SAVOY, d. 1268; TUDOR, EDMUND, 1430 ?-1456.

[283] Countess of Richmond (1443–1509). See Margaret Beaufort.

[284] Alexander Bailey Richmond (fl. 1809–1834), reputed government spy; by trade a weaver; when at Pollorkshiiws led tin agitation for an increase of wages, 1812; entered into relations with government after being outlawed for his share in the strike, ami in 1817 betrayed the Glasgow reform committee, the members of which were arrested: invariably denied his actual guilt, but in a libel notion in 1H34 against Tait's Edinburgh Magazine brought by him in consequence of his being termed a contemptible informer, was nonsuited.

[285] George Richmond (1809–1896), portrait-painter ; son of Thomas Richmond: was inspired in early life by William Blake; began toexhibit at the Royal Academy, c. 1825: turned his attention to portrait-painting, 1831; achieved a world-wide fame by his portrait in water-colour of William Wilberforce: paid a two years visit to Italy, 1837, resuming his labours in 1839, and contimiiuir them for over forty years; began to paint in oil after 1846; gnve up regular work, 1881, but still painted occasionally and occupied himself with sculpture. Among his sitters were Earl Granville, Keble, Hallam. Macaulay, Faraday.

[286] Legh Richmond (1772–1827), evangelical divine; M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1799; while a curate in the Isle of Wight wrote three famous tales of village life, of which the earliest ami most popular wasThe Dairyman: Daughter (1809); became rector of Turvey, 1806; edited Fathers of the English Church 1807-12.

[287] Thomas Richmond (1771-1837), miniature painter; pupil of his mother's cousin, George Engleheart; was employed by the royal family.

[288] Charles Richson (1806–1874), educational reformer; M A. OsAhftriMTi II,:...,...,,,,,.;-;-,. ?,.. o .. ral, 18*4: for thirty Mbfe Mi !,M Chester: secretary of the Church Education Society. IBM, MMBI si HtaMM M Ibftohi -T MUSK! 8 be* M:II.V ot bk ?MM.-n- m, !..,:. -i., i M., r -Education Act of 1870.

[289] Christian Richtbr (1682?-1732), miniature painter; born at Stockholm: canon to Enjruuxl imitated tins style of his fellow-countryman and patron, Michael Dahl

[290] Henry James Richter (1778-1857), painter; began to exhibit at tbc Royal Academy, 1788; painted mainly figures of a domestic nature of scenes from Shakespeare,Don Quixote and the like.

[291] William Richword (d. 1637) See Rushworth.

[292] Sir George Kettilby Rickards (1812–1889), political economist; of Westminster Scliool and Eton College, and Bulliol, Trinity, and Queen's Colleges, )xford; M.A., 1836; fellow of Queen's College, 183G-I3:Barrister, Inner Temple, 1837 (U-nclier, 1873): cnnnl to the speaker of the House of Commons, 1861 -8i; Dnuninond professor of political economy at Oxfor-l, 1851-7; K.C.B., 1882.

[293] Samuel Rickards (1796–1866), divine; fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, 1819-22; M.A., 1820; rector of Stowlangtoft, 1832-65; published devotional works.

[294] Sir Henry Ricketts (1802–1886), Indian civil servant; entered the Bengal civil per vice, 1821; commissioner of Cuttack. 1836-9; commissioner of Chittagong, 1841-8; a member of the board of revenue, 1849-56; and a member of the governor-general's council, 1858-60: retired in consequence of ill- health, 1860; K.C.S.L, 1866.

[295] Sir William Rickhill (fl. 1378–1407), judge; nominated a justice of the common pleas, 1889; sent (1397) to Calais to obtain the confession of the Duke of Gloucester, which was afterwards read in parliament.

[296] John Rickinghale (d. 1429), bishop of Chichester; D.D. Cambridge; master of Gonville Hall (now Gonville and Caius College), Cambridge, 1416-26: consecrated bbhop, 1426.

[297] John Rickman (1771–1840), statistician; of Magdalen College, Oxford; B.A. Lincoln College, Oxford, 1792; became secretary to Charles Abbot (Baron Colchester) and prepared the first census act (1800): became second clerk assistant at the House of Commons, 1814, and (1820) clerk assistant; prepared annual abstracts of the poor-law returns, 1816-36; friend of Lamb and Sou they. He devised the methods to be employed in the census, and prepared the reports published in 1801, 1811, 1821, and 1831, besides making elaborate calculations as to the population of preceding periods.

[298] Thomas Rickman 'Clio' (1761–1834), bookseller and reformer: was known asClioin his youth for his precocious poetical aud historical ta-te, and wrou- u.ncli under that sobriquet: settled in London us a lookficUer, 1783; was an early friend of Paine, and K* into trouble for selling Paine's works; wrote a mmiljcr of radical works, besides contributing to the Black Dwarf and other weekly journals.

[299] Thomas Rickman (1776–1841), architect; began to practise in Liverpool, c. 1815: pnhl ?ln-d a series of lectures on English styles of architecture, 1817, which became well known, and reached a seventh edition in 1881: built the New court of St John's College, Cambridge, 182G; published architectural tn.

[300] Josiah Ricraft (fl. 1645–1679), author; a merchant of London and a writer of much rvmt among the Presbyterians: renounced his principles at the Restoration a Middlesex magistrate in 1679.

[301] Henry Scott Riddell (1798–1870), minor poet, originally a Selkirkshire shepherd: studied at St. AnS" was minister of Caerlanrig ( 1X33-41 ), Teviothead; .-onfiiH-d in an asylum on account of insanity, 1841-4; on ,,, rvturn'rtl to Teviothead: author ofThe Crook an.l 1 -laid," Scotland Yet and other popoltt songs: his Poetical Works brought out, 1871.

[302] James Riddell (d. 1674), Scottish merchant and manufacturer; an Edinburgh merchant; became comiMi.Harv-Keneral to the Scottish forces, 1645, and made the acquaintance of Cromwell and Mouck.

[303] James Riddell (1823–1866), classical scholar; M.A. and (1844) fellow of Balliol College, Oxford; senior proctor, 1862; prepared editions of the Odyssey for the Oxford series, and of the Apology of Plato for Benjamin Jowett, the master of Balliol.

[304] John Riddell (1785–1862), peerage lawyer; made a study of Scottish peerage law, and published treatises on genealogical questions.

[305] Robert Riddell (d. 1794), antiquary and patron of Burns; entered the army and (1780) attained the rank of captain, but passed much of his life in antiquarian pursuits on his estate at Friars Carse; F.S.A.; lion. LL.D. Edinburgh, 1794; remembered chiefly as the friend of Robert Burns, Friars Carse being within a mile of Burns's farm of Ellistoun; composed airs for several of the poet's songs.

[306] Sir Thomas Riddell (d. 1652), royalist: M.P. for Newcastle in the Short parliament, 1640; knighted; held Tynemouth Castle against the parliamentarians, 1644-5; died in exile at Antwerp.

[307] Edward Riddle (1788–1854), mathematician and astronomer; mathematical master at the Royal Naval Hospital, Greenwich, 1821-51: F.R.A.S. and member of the council, 1825-61; published aTreatise on Navigation and Nautical Astronomy 1824 (8th edit. 1864); re-edited Hutton's Mathematical Recreations (1840, 1854), and published some sixteen papers on astronomical subjects.

[308] Joseph Esmond Riddle (1804–1859), scholar and divine; M.A. St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, 1831; incumbent of St. Philips, Leckhampton, 1840-59; joint-editor of a Latin dictionary with John T. White and of an 4 English- Latin Dictionary* with Thomas Kerchever Arnold; wrote largely on religious and miscellaneous topics.

[309] Geoffrey Ridel (d. 1120), judge; drowned in the White Ship disaster of 1120, when he is referred to by Henry of Huntingdon as justiciarum totius Angliae.

[310] Geoffrey Ridel (d. 1189), bishop of Ely; probably great-nephew of Geoffrey Ridel (i. 1120); became archdeacon of Canterbury, 1163; a prominent opponent of Thomas Becket; a baron of exchequer, 1165; excommunicated by Becket, 1169, but released before 1173, when he was chosen bishop of Ely: shared with the bishops of Winchester and Norwich the office of chief justiciar, 1179-80. He built the western transept of Ely Cathedral, of which the southern half etill remains.

[311] John Rider or Ryder (1562–1632), lexicographer and bishop of Killaloe; M.A. Jesus College, Oxford, 1583; rector of Winwick, 1597-1615; bishop of Killaloe, 161316S2; published (1589) Bibliotheca Scholastica an elaborate English-Latin and Latin-English dictionary, which was recast and reissued hi 1C17, 1626, 1633, and 1640.

[312] William Rider (1723–1785), mlscellaneous writer; of St. Mary Hall and Jesus College, Oxford; B.A., 1745; clia plain and sur muster (1763-83) at St. Paul's School, London; published several miscellaneous compilations.

[313] John de Ridevall or Ridevans (fl. 1330), Franciscan; was divinity reader of his order at Oxford. Works by him are extant in manuscript at Oxford, Cambridge, Worcester, and Venice,

[314] John Ridge (1590?–1637?), puritan divine; B. A., St John's College. Oxford, 1612; admitted vicar of Antrim (1619), where in 1626 he established the Antrim meeting, the model of numerous English county assemblies of independents, both during the Commonwealth and after the Toleration Act of 1689; silenced by Henry Leslie q. v., 1636, on which he retired to Scotland.

[315] Sir Thomas Ridgeway, first baronet, first Baron Ridgeway, and first Earl of Londonderry (1565?-1631), of Exeter College, Oxford; student, Inner Temple, 1583; high sheriff of Devonshire, 1600; M.P., Devonshire r 1604-6: became treasurer in Ireland, 1606, and took an important part in preparing for the Ulster settlement bv surveying the escheated counties and other laboursy himself receiving, as an undertaker, two thousand acres in Tyrone; purchased a baronetcy, 1611: created Baron Ridgeway, 1616; nominated Earl of Londonderry, 1623.

[316] William Ridgeway (d. 1817), law reporter; B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1787; LL.D., 1795; called to the Irish bar: acted as crown counsel in several state trials; published reports of proceedings in cases brought before the Irish courts.

[317] Thomas Ridgley (1667?–1734), independent theologian; became assistant to Thomas Gouge (1665? 1700) in Thames Street, London, 1695, and succeeded him, 1700: elected divinity tutor (1712) to the Fund Academy, Moorfields, London: upheld orthodox opinions against prevalent tendencies to Arianism and A rminiuniam, being himself a Sabellian; D.D. by diploma, Aberdeen; published theological works.

[318] Glocester Ridley or Gloster (1702–1774), miscellaneous writer; of Winchester College and Trinity and New Colleges, Oxford; B.C.L., 1729; D.D. by diploma, 1767: fellow of New College, Oxford, 1724-34; prebendary of Salisbury Cathedral, 1766-74; published sermons, poems, critical treatises, and biographies.

[319] Humphrey Ridley (1653–1708), physician; of Merton College, Oxford; M.D. Leyden, 1679; incorporated M.D. Cambridge, 1688; F.R.C.P., 1692; Gulstonian lecturer, 1694; published (1695) an important work on The Anatomy of the Brain which established his reputation as an anatomist, and Observationes 1703.

[320] James Ridley (1736–1765), author; eldest son of Glocester Ridley; of Winchester School and University College, Oxford; B.A. New College, Oxford, 1760: fellow of New College, Oxford, 1755-62; incumbent of Romford, 1762-5; chiefly remembered as the author of 'Tales of the Genii(1764), which professed to be a translation, but were in reality entirely his own, though skilfully modelled on theArabian Nights The work went through many editions (the latest appearing in 1861), and w'as translated into French (1766) and German. (17C5-6).

[321] Lancelot Ridley (d. 1576), divine; first cousin of Nicholas Ridley; M.A., 1527, and D.D., 1540-1, Clare Hall, Cambridge; was a vigorous protestant under Edward VI, and was deprived of his rectory of Willingham under Queen Mary; afterwards (1560-76) rector of Stretham; published three expositions on various books of the New Testament.

[322] Mark Ridley (1560–1624), physician; son of Lancelot Ridley; M.A. Clare Hall, Cambridge, 1584; went to Russia and became chief physician to the czar, Boris Gudonoff: settled in London on the czar's death, 1598; censor of the Royal College of Physicians, 1607, 1609-13, 1615, and 1618; published a treatise on the magnet, 1613.

[323] Nicholas Ridley (1500?–1555), successively bishop of Rochester and London; of an ancient border family; elected a fellow of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, c. 1524; M.A., 1526; afterwards studied at the Sorbonne and Louvaiu; became one of Cranmer's chaplains, 1537, and began, though gradually, to reject many Roman doctrines: D.D. Cambridge, 1540; became master of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, 1540, and king's chaplain; canon of Canterbury, 1541; canon of Westminster, 1545; nominated bishop of Rochester, 1547. and (1548) was one of the visitors of Cambridge University, when he pronounced in favour of reformed opinions; installed Bonner's successor in the bishopric of London, 1550, where he exerted himself to propagate reformed opinions and to improve the condition of the poor; on Edward's death denounced Queens Mary and Elizabeth as illegitimate at St. Paul's Cross, London, but on perceiving that Lady Jane Grey's cause was lost, MHIUi.imself on Queen Mary's mercy; sent to the Tower of London (June 1553), exceptol from the amnesty, and deprived of Ids bishopric; after Wyult's rebellion wa n-nt to Ox for 1 with 1-utiincr and ranmcr. and declared:i In n tic after n debate in tin- divinitj Aprd 1554); condemned on tin- capital -!::irwc f heresy, September 155fi, and burnt:ili vi-.Hin.-t.ir,:-5. M.-j.u hardly anything in hi* lifetime, hut several theological treatise* appeared posthumously. In 141 the Work* of Nicholas icidl.-y were edited for the Parker Soci Henry Christmas.

[324] Sir Thomas Ridley (1550?–1629), chancellor of Winchester; of Eton and King's College, Cambridge; M.A., 1574; D.D., 16H3; incorporated lUL. at Oxford, 159K; fellow of King College, Cambridge: became headmaster of Eton, 1580; became, before 1599, a matter in cliaucery, chancellor of Winchester, and Yicar-general to Archbishop George Abbot q. T.lj M.P., Wye, 1M6-7, Lyiiiiiitrtou, 1601: knighted, 1610; published A View of tbe Civile and Ecclesiastical LAW 1607.

[325] William Henry Ridley (1816–1881). religious writer: Btudeut of Christ Churc-h, Oxford, 1836-41: M.A., 1840; rector of Hamhledon, 1840-82; published theological works,

[326] Roberto di Ridolfi or Ridolfo (1531–1612), conspirator; born at Florence; belonged to the great Florentine family of Ridolfl di Piazza; was brought up as a banker; entered into mercantile relations with London merchants, ami after Queen Mary's accession Fettl.it in London, where In Queen Elizabeth's reign Sir William Cecil and others employed him in financial business: intrigued with the French and Spanish ambassador?; privy to the Northern rebellion, 1569, but though arrested pu siiKpicion, vras not proved guilty: engaged (1570) in a fresh conspiracy, in which Norfolk was implicated, to overthrow Jueen Elizabeth's government with the aid of a Spanish army; his agent, Charles Baillie, arrested at Dover, April 1571, while lie himself was absent at Brussels, and bis English confederates shortly afterwards arrested; retired to Italy and settled finally at Florence; admitted to the Florentine nate, 1600.

[327] George Ridpath (d. 1726), Whig journalist: studied at Edinburgh: imprisoned at Edinburgh (1681) for burning Pope Innocent XI in effigy, and Imnisbed the country; went to London and adopted literature as a profession; wrote under the name of Will Laick, attacked the Scottish bishops, and defended the English presbytcrians; was, before the uuion, loud on Scotland's commercial wrongs, and for some years conducted the Flying Post or Postman a whig journal; committed to Newgate for libelling government in the Observer 1712; fled, after conviction, to Holland, whence he upheld the Hanoverian succession; returned to England and received some minor offices under George I, but (c. 1723) fell under suspicion of bigamy, and avoided his old friends.

[328] George Ridpath (1717?–1772), historian of the Scottish border; minister of Stitchell, 1742-72; left in manuscriptThe Border History of England and Scotland (published, 1776).

[329] Philip Ridpath (1721–1788), Scottish minister; brother of George Rid path (17177-1772); edited his brother's Border History and (1785) published an edition of Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy

[330] Louis Riel (1844–1885), Canadian insurgent leader; became secretary in 1869 of an association to resist the incorporation of tbe North- West Territories in the Canadian Dominion in the half-breed interest; became (December 1869) president of a provisional government at Port Garry, which was suppressed by the Hal Hiver Expedition In September 1870, after which he fled to the United States; became president of a second pro Uional government, 1885, and began active warfare; captured and executed.

[331] Ethelred of Rievaulx (1109?–1166). See Ethelred.

[332] John Francis Rigaud (1742–1810), painter : born at Turin; studied painting in Italy; came to London, 1771; R.A., 1784. As an historical painter he had little merit, but ranks high as a portrait-painter.

[333] Stephen Francis Dutilh Rigaud (1777-1861), painter: only MO of John Francis Rigaai: engaged chiefly in historical painting, and aUtod lu .!i decorative work.

[334] Stephen Jordan Rigaud (1816–1859), bishop of Antigua; eldest son of Stephen Peter Rigaud: fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, 18*8-41: M.A.. IM-J: D.D., 1854; consecrated bishop of Antigua, 1858; pub!.-!. i raited irodni, iadttld h - BrtbffVObmnn* ence of Scientific Men 1841.

[335] Stephen Peter Rigaud (1774-1839), mathematician; UttWlMttl I IM m.r; ;,:.,,.s ,! Kv.ur . ..lege, Oxford, 1794-1810: M.A., 1799; F.RA, 180ft; Savilian professor of geometry; Savilian professor of astronomy, 1827-39; remarkable as an astronomer for accurate knowledge of the literature ami history of the subject. He wrote several important works. Including an Historical Eway on the First Publl of Newton's " iTincipia," 1838: edited others, and published a number of important papers In various scientific periodicals.

[336] Alexander Rigby (1594-1650), parliamentary colonel and baron of the exchequer; student of Gray Inn, 1610; sat in the short parliament u M.F., Wijmn, 1640; nominated one of t lie deputy-lieutenants of J.:un.ishire, 1642: became a colonel in the parliamentary font-s: appointed a baron of the exchequer, 1649, and ( 1650 a commissioner of the high court of justice,

[337] Edward Rigby (1747–1821), physician; published a work on uterine haemorrhage in 1776, which v. lated Into French and German; visited France, 1789, his Letters from France forming a useful supplement to Arthur Young's observations; practised in Norwich; mayor of Norwich, 1805.

[338] Edward Rigby (1804–1860), obstetrician; son of Edward Rigby (1747-1821 ); M.D. Edinburgh. 1825: studied midwifery at Berlin and Heidelberg and became physician at the Lying-in Ho?piUU at Lambeth; F.L.; F.It. (.I, 1 M3; n'tirdeil as the first obstetric physician in London after Sir Charles Locock retired from practice.

[339] Elizabeth Rigby, afterwards Lady Eastlake (l809-1893). See Eastlake.

[340] Joseph Rigby (d. 1671), parliamentarian; brother of Alexander Rigby; educated at Eton; rose to be lieutenant-colonel in the parliamentary army, 1650; published The Drunkard's Perspective 1656, directed against alcoholic drink.

[341] Richard Rigby (1722–1788), politician; entered parliament as.Ml, Castle Rising, 1745, and attached himself to Frederick, prince of Wales; M.P., Sudbury. 17. Tavlstock, 1754-84; afterwards transferred his allegiance to tbe Duke of Bedford, whose secretary be became in 1758, when Bedford was appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland; appointed master of the rolls for Ireland. I:M. vice-treasurer for Ireland, 1765, and paymaster of the forces, 1768; took a pronrnent part in opposing Wilkw, 1769, and ( 1 77- ) objected to a public funeral to Chatham; succeeded as paymaster by Burke, 1784; died, leaving near hulf a million of public money."

[342] Ambrose Rigg or Rigge (1635?–1705), quaker; became a quaker, c. 1653. and, in spite of continued persecution, preached persistently In the southern countie* till 1662, when he was arrested and kept in gaol for M-V.-U years; published religious works.

[343] Robert Rigge (d. 1410). See Rygge.

[344] John Rightwise or Ritwise (1490-1532?), grammarian; of Eton and King's College, Cambridge; B.A.. 1513; became surmaster of St. Paul's School, London, Iftl 7, and high master, 1522; removed for neglect, 1531; chiefly remembered as a composer of plays and iuterlodea.

[345] Charles Reuben Riley (1752?–1798). See Ryley.

[346] Henry Thomas Riley (1816–1878), translator and antiquary: educated at Charterhouse School, London, and Trinity and Clare Colleges, Cambridge: M.A. Clare College, 1859; incorporated at Exeter College, Oxford, 1870; barrister. Inner Temple, 1847, but made a liring in earlier life by hack-writing; edited several Chronicles and Memorialsfor the master of tin- roll?, and i became an additional inspector of the newly civatM Historical Manuscripts Commission.

[347] John Riley or Ryley (1646-1691), portrait painter; pupil of Gerard Soest: painted portrait* SfCharles II nn.l James II and bis queen: appointed coart-pai uter to William and Mary.

[348] Edward Francis Rimbault (1816–1876), musical author and antiquary: was a founder of the Musical Antiquarian Society, of which he became secretary, and for which hi- edited u number of works; also edited the Motet Society publications from 1841: F.8.A., 1842. He was organist of various London churches. BTjnnftfc,

[349] Alfred Rimmer (1820-1893), artist and author; engaged in trade in Canada, 1868-70, subsequently settling in Chester: published a number of illustrated works on English topography.

[350] Samuel Rimmington (1755?–1826), lieutenant-general, royal artillery; entered the army, 1771; fought in the war of American independence; colonel, 1808; lieutenant-general, 1821.

[351] William Rimston or Remington (fl. 1372), theological writer; doctor of theology at Oxford; chancellor of Oxford University, 1372.

[352] John King (1752–1821), surgeon; educated at Winchester College; began to practise in London, 1774; became a friend of Edward Jenner, 1799, and rendered most important services to the cause of vaccination; published numerous tracts on vaccination,

[353] Basil Ringrose (d. 1686), buccaneer and author; was with the buccaneers at Darien in 1680; he returned t England, 1682; his journal published as a second volume of theHistory of the Buccaneers 1685; sailed (1G84) for the South Seas in the Cygnet, whose captain ioiiied the buccaneers; slain by the Spaniards in Mexico.

[354] Thomas de Ringstead (d. 1366), bishop of Bangor; doctor of theology at Cambridge; subsequently became a Dominican, and (1357) was papally provided to the see of Bangor; said to be the author of a work on the Proverbs of Solomon, of which three copies are extant at Oxford.

[355] Robert Stephen Rintoul (1787-1858), journalist; set up as a printer at Dundee, 1809; edited (18111826) the Dundee Advertiser,* a paper which became one of the chief liberal journals in Scotland: went to London, 1826, and (1828) founded theSpectator which he sold in 1868. The Spectator took a prominent part in the discussion of all questions of social and political reform.

[356] Giovanni Battista Rinuccini (1592–1653), archbishop of Fermo, and papal nuncio in Ireland; born in Rome; son of a Florentine patrician; became archbishop of Fermo, 1625; appointed papal nuncio in Irelaud, 1645; interfered in the negotiations between the royalists and the Roman catholic confederates, on his arrival in Ireland, by proposing conditions which it was out of the power of Charles I to grant; consequently quarrelled with the Irish catholic royalists, and as soon as a treaty was concluded with Ormonde (March 1646) set to work to annul it, with the support of Owen Roe O'Neill l j. v., the consequence being that Ormonde's peace was rejected by a great part of Ireland; severely reprimanded from Rome for exceeding his instructions; persisted, and finally drove Ormonde to come to terms with the English parliament; rendered extremely unpopular by the victories of Inchiquin, who had declared for parliament; warned by the confederates (January 1649) tointermeddle not in any of the affairs of this kingdom; left Ireland, February 1649, and returned to Rome, where he received an honourable reception; died at Fermo of apoplexy. Though his political conduct in Ireland was unwise, his ecclesiastical duties were well performed, and in his distribution of Irish church patronage he took great care to make good appointments.

[357] Francis Riollay (1748–1797), physician : born in Brittany: educated at Trinity College, Dublin (B. A.); incorporated at Oxford, 1777; M.A. Oxford, 1780; M.D., 1784; practised in London; Gulstonian lecturer, 1787, Harrdan orator, 1787, and Crooniau lecturer, 1788-90.

[358] Joseph de Mendoza y Rios (1762-1816). See Mendoza.

[359] Edward Riou (1758?–1801), captain in the navy; captain, 1791; led the detached- squadron against he defences of Copenhagen, where he was killed l;i cannonshot.,

[360] De Ripariis .

[361] George Ripley (d. 1490?), alchemist; an Angu-tiniau and a canon of Bridlington; was undoubtedly the most widely studied of the late alchemists: compiled,. 1471,The Compound of Alchemic and, 1 176, Medulhi Alchimiae

[362] Thomas Ripley (d. 1758), architect; originally a carpenter; owed his advancement in life to Sir Robert Walpole's patronage; built Wolterton House, 17L't:;v and the Admiralty, Whitehall, 1724-6.

[363] Ripon, first Earl of (1782–1859). See John Frederick Robinson.

[364] Edward Villiers Rippingille (1798?-1859), painter and writer on art; began to exhibit at the Royal Academy, 1813; chiefly painted pictures of English country life: contributed toBentley's Magazin eand the Art Journal

[365] John Rippon (1751–1836), baptist divine; pastor in Carter Lane and New Park Street, London (1773-183G): editedBaptist Annual Register 1790-1802; compiled a well-known Selection of Hymns 1827.

[366] Thomas Rippon (1761–1835), chief cashier of the Bank of England: brother of John Rippon; succeeded Abraham Newland as cashier,

[367] Tristram Risdon (1580?–1640), topographer : author of a Cborographical Description or Survey of Devon first printed by Edmund Curll in a garbled edition in 1714. An excellent edition appeared in 1811.

[368] William Rishanger (1250?–1312?), monk of St. Albans and chronicler; became a Benedictine of St. Albans Abbey, 1271; author of Narratio de Bellis apud Lewes et Evesham (edited for the Camden Society. 1840), and of a chronicle of Gesta Edwardi Primi Riley alsoassigns to him a longer chronicle of English history edited by him for the Rolls Series in 1865.

[369] Edward Rishton (1550–1586), Roman catholic divine; B.A. Brasenose College, Oxford, 1572; studied at Douay; condemned to death for officiating in EiKrl;inl and banished, 1581; died of the plague near Ste.-Mrnehould. Several of his works are extant.

[370] Nicholas Rishton (d. 1413). diplomatist; educated at New College, Oxford; held several minor txvlesiastical preferments, and was employed in negotiations with the French, 1403-5; an English representative at the council of Pisa.

[371] John Rising (1756–1815), portrait and subject painter; regularly exhibited at the Royal Academy, 1785-1815.

[372] Thomas Risley (1630-1716), nonconformist divine; fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford, 1654-62; M.A., 1655; built a chapel at Culcheth after the passing of the Toleration Act in 1689, and ministered there till his death.

[373] Alexander Handyside Ritchie (1804–1870), sculptor; studied at Rome under Thorwaldsen, and from 1838 practised successfully at Edinburgh,

[374] John Ritchie (1809–1850), sculptor; younger brother of Alexander Handyside Ritchie: worked for a time with his brother. His fine group, The Dduw was suggested by a dream.

[375] John Ritchie (1778–1870), journalist : one of the founders of the Scotsman (1817); became sole proprietor shortly after 1831.

[376] Joseph Ritchie (1788?–1819), African traveller; a surgeon by profession; commissioned by government to undertake the exploration of the Nigritlan Soudan by way of Tripoli and Fezzau, c. 1818; died at Murzuk.

[377] Leitch Ritchie (1800?–1865), novelist; w employed as a clerk in Glasgow, but (c. 1820) adopted llteraturc as a profession; published novels and othor works. Hinlilurini tin- lutu-r part of his life wiit.il ri,:,iiit.-iV* Journal.

[378] William Ritchie (1781-1831), journalist; younger brother of John Ritchie (177* ln7u); joined Charles Maclaren and others in 1817 in founding the Scotsman of which he and Maclaren were joint -.-liters until bis.K-.i-.h.

[379] William Ritchie (1790–1837), physicist ; professor of natural philosophy at Loudon University, 1831-1837.

[380] Sir William Johnstone Ritchie (1813-1892), chief Justice of Canada; born at Annapolis, Nora Scotta: edacated at Pictou College. Nova Scotia: member for St. John's in the Nova Scotia amenably, 1846-61: became pnisne judge of New Brunswick, 1865; chief-jnstlce of New Brunswick, 1866: puisne judge of the Dominion supreme court, 1876, and chief-justice of Canada, 1879; knighted, 1881.

[381] George Ritschel (1616–1688), divine; born lu Bohemia: came to England, 1641; left England on the outbreak of the civil war, returning, 1644: rector of Hexham, 1656 7-1688; published one religious and one metaphysical work in Latin.

[382] Isaac Ritson (1761–1789), translator; schoolmaster at Penrith; published a translation of the Hymn to Venus 1788.

[383] Jonathan Ritson (1776?–1846), wood-carver; completed the work of Griuling Gibbous at Arundel and Pctworth.

[384] Joseph Ritson 0752–1803), antiquary; settled in London, 1775, as a conveyancing clerk, and (1780) began business on his own account; high bailiff of the liberty of the Savoy, 1784-1803: zealously studied English literature and history; attacked Wartou's History of English Poetry 1782, and Johnson and Steevens's edition of Shakespeare, 1783: attacked also Steevens's editorial successors, Isaac Reed and Malone: detected the Ireland forgeries, 1795: waa one of the earliest collectors of local verse, and (1783) published a Select Collection of English Songs,* in wliich he attacked Percy's Reliques and in subsequent works on the same subject threw doubt on the existence of the manuscript whence Percy claimed to have derived his ballads; demonstrated that many of John Pinkerton's Select Scottish Ballads * were forgeries, 1784; visited Paris, 1791, and from that time showed a close sympathy with the French revolution; produced (1802) his useful Bibliographia Poetica became insane, 1803, shortly before his death.

[385] Henry Ritter (1816–1863), artist; born at Montreal; practised at Düsseldorf, chiefly affecting sea-pieces.

[386] John Ritwyse (d. 1532?). See Rightwise.

[387] Louisa Henrietta Rivarol, Madame de (1749?-1821), translator; only child of Mather Flint; born at Remiremont; married the so-called Comte de Rivarol, the future satirist of the revolution, e, 1780: obtained a divorce (1794) from her husband, who had deserted her; translated several English works into French.

[388] '^ Peter de Rivaulx or Rivallis (d, 1258?), favourite of Henry III; said to have been a son or nephew of Peter des Roches (d. 1238); made treasurer, 1232, but (1234) deprived of his offices in consequence of the opposition to the Poitevin favourites; restored to favour, 1286; again treasurer, 1257.

[389] Earls of Rivers . See Woonville, RICHARD, first Earl d. 1469 ; WOODVILLE, ANTHONY, second Darcy, 1442?-1483; SAVAGE, RICHARD, fourth EARL of the second creation, 1660 ?-1712.

[390] Rivers, first Baron (1722?–1803 See George Pitt.

[391] Antony Rivers , alias Thomas Blewett (fl. 1601-1606), Jesuit; was secretary to Henry Garnett. In 1692 Shirley's tragedy, The Traytor was reissued, with a dedication unwarrantably attributing it to Rivers,

[392] Augustus Henry Lane Fox Pitt-Rivers (1827-1900). See Pitt-Rivers.

[393] Thomas Rivers (1798–1877), nurseryman; espeoially noted for his collection of roses at his nurseries at Sawbrldgeworth and fur his development of t!..-, ilture of nall fruit trees..3*8

[394] William Rivers (1788-1856), lieutenant in the navy; i-m.-r-i DM- Victory. 17M: tort a leg at Trafalgar, 1806; adjutant of Greenwich Hospital, 182-M.

[395] Riverston titular Baron of (d. 1715. See Thomas Nugent.

[396] John Rivett or Revett (1624-1674), brazier; concealed and (1660) handed over to Charles II thebrasen sUtne of Charles I (made by Hubert Le Bueur), which the parliament, on Charles I's execution, sold him as old metal and ordered to be destroyed,

[397] Henry Parsons Riviere (1811–1888), watercolour painter; brother of William Riviere; began to exhibit in 1832; went to Rome, 1866, and remained there till near the end of hi* life, exhibiting hi England views of Rome and the neighbourhood.

[398] Robert Riviere (1808–1882), bookbinder: brother of William Riviere; commenced business in 1829 hi hath, and r.-mov.-l. in 1840, to London, where hi* excellent taste and workmanship made him fynvms.

[399] William Riviere (1806–1876), historical painter; began to exhibit at the Royal Academy, 1826.

[400] Charles Rivington (1688–1742), publisher; took over the premises and trade of Richard Chiswell (1639-1711) in 1711, and soon became the leading theological publisher.

[401] Charles Rivington (1764–1881), publisher: son of John Rivington (1720-1792); carried on bis father's business, at first with his brother Francis Rivington, and after his death alone.

[402] Francis Rivington (1745–1822), publisher; eldest son of John Rivington (1720-1792); carried on his father's business with his brother Charles Rivington (1764-1831)

[403] Francis Rivington (1805–1886), publisher; son of Charles Rivington (1764-1831); succeeded to his father's business, 1831: retired, 1869; published Tracts for the Times and other tractarian writing*.

[404] James Rivington (1724–1803), publisher : son of Charles Rivington (1688-1742); emigrated to New England in 176O, where he started Rivington's New York Gazette (1777).

[405] John Rivington (1720–1792), publisher: son of Charles Rivington (1688-1742); succeeded to his father's business, and in 1760 became publisher to the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge,

[406] John Rivington (1779–1841), publisher: eldest son of Francis Rivington (1746-1822); admitted into the firm in 1810.

[407] David Rizzio (1533?–1566). See Riccio.

[408] John Roach (fl. 1794–1796), bookseller and compiler: kept a shop in Drury Lane, London, where he sold odd volumes and indelicate prints.

[409] Richard Roach (1662–1730), divine; of Merchant Taylors' School, London, and St. John's College, Oxford: M.A., 1688; B.D., 1695: rector of 8t Augustine's, Hackney, 1690-1730: a follower of Jane Lead; published mystical treatises.

[410] Charles Roach-Smith (1807–1890). See Smith.

[411] Bonn Rob (1714–1778).

[412] Roy Rob (1671–1734).

[413] Rob Roy (pseudonym). Sec MACGREOOR, JURK, 1825-1892.

[414] Foulk Robartes or Robertes (1580?-16500, divine; M.A. Christ's College, Cambridge, 1602: B.D. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1609; incorporated B.D. Oxford, 1621; installed a prebendary of Norwich Cathedral, 1616, but during the civil wwr.died

[415] Francis Robartes (1650?–1718), politician and musician: son of Sir John Robartes, first Earl of Radnor; sat in parliament from 1673 till Ins death; knownas a musical composer and a* a writer on the theory of sound.

[416] Sir John Robartes , first Earl of Radnor, second Baron Robartes, and second baronet (1606168i. of Exeter College, Oxford; succeeded his father as second baron RobartU 1634: voted with the popular mrtv during tbe Lou? parliament; he became a colonel in SJexVarmy nd in 1644 held the rank of field-marshal: wa* a strong presbytemn, and after Charles I's execution took no further share in public affairs; made at the Restoration lord-deputy of Ireland, an office which he exchanged for that of lord privy seal: closely associated with Clarendon's opponents from 1663: appointed lord-lieutenant of Irdaiwi; 1669: recalled, 1670; created Earl of Radnor, 1679; appointed lord president of the council, 1679.

[417] John Gooch Robberds (1789–1854), Unitarian minister; pastor of Crow Street, Manchester, 1811-54; published sermons, tracts, and lectures.

[418] James Robe (1688–1753), Scottish presbyterian divine; studied at Glasgow University; minister of Kilsyth, 1713-53: published religious works,

[419] '^ Sir William Robe (1765–1820), colonel, royal artillery; entered the army, 1781; served in Holland, 1793-4 and 1799, at Copenhagen, 1807, and in the Spanish peninsula, 1808-12; K.C.B., 1815; K.H.; regimental colonel, 1815.

[420] William Livingstone Robe (1791–1815), lieutenant, royal artillery: eldest son of Sir William Robe; served in the peninsula, 18-J8-14: lieutenant, 1808; fell at Waterloo.

[421] John Peter Roberdeau (1754–1815), dramatist; settled at Chichester, 1796: wrote many plays of indifferent merit, chiefly for the provincial theatres.

[422] Robert I (1274–1329). See Robert de Bruce VIII.,

[423] Robert II (1316–1390), The Steward, king of Scotland; son of Walter III steward of Scotland, by Marjory, daughter of Robert the Bruce: declared heir presumptive, 1318; succeeded to his father's office and estates, 1326; led the second division of the Scottish army at Halidon Hill, 133S; with Moray was chosen regent, 1334; lost his authority in consequence of Edward Ill's successes, 1335, but in 1338 again became regent, and in 1341 regained Edinburgh from the English; vacated the regency, David II having returned from France; resumed his authority as king, May 1341; resumed the regency when David II was captured at Neville's Cross, 1346; his hopes of the crown impaired by David II's recognition of Edward III as his successor, 1863: imprisoned with bis three sous by David II as a measure of security; released, 1370, and peacefully succeeded to the throne on David II's death, 1371; took no personal share in the war with England, which was renewed in 1378 and continued intermittently till his death; his second son Robert, duke of Albany, named guardian of the kingdom, 1389; died at Dundonald.

[424] Robert m (1340?-1406), king of Scotland: originally known as John, earl of Carrick; eldest son of Robert II; changed his name on succeeding to the throne in 1390; created Earl of Atholl, 1367, and Earl of Carrick, 1368: disabled from bodily exertion by an accident which took place before his father's death; never personally governed, all the power of administration being in tbe hands of his younger brother, Robert Stewart, first duke of Albany; his heir, the Duke of Rothesay, created lieutenant of the kingdom, 1399, arrested by Albany, 1402, the order being in his father's name, and perhaps put to death in prison, on which Albany resumed the regency; died at Rothesay.

[425] Robert, Duke of Normandy (1054? –1134), eldest son of William I; received the investiture of Maine, 1069, but was unable to prevail on his father to Rive him actual possession of the county: rebelled, 1077, and (1079) accidentally wounded his father at Gerberoi; subsequently made his submission and was recognised as heir of Normandy, which he inherited on William I's death in 1087; having emptied his treasury, sold the Cotentin to his brother Henry, 1088; his duchy of Normandy invaded by his brother, William II, 1089; caine to an agreement with William 11, loal, and with him drove Henry out of the Cotentin; shared his possessions; took the cross and pledged his duchy to William II for five years for the sum of ten thousand marks, 1096: set out in October, and after joining the other crusaders reached Constantinople early in the summer of 1097; distinguished himself by his valour at Dorylaeum, and in the march to Autioch led the advanced guard; by his prowess enabled the crusaders to defeut Corbogha in a great battle under the walls of Antioch, June 1098; refused the sovereignty of Jerusalem, and in the autumn left Palestine; did not, however, reach Normandy till September 1100, and thus lost his opportunity of the English succession on the death of William II, but was freed by that event from the necessity of redeeming Normandy from pledge: urged by Ranuulf Flauibard, invaded England, July 1101, but made a treaty with Henry I; ceded the county of Evreux to Henry 1, 1104; hia duchy of Normandy invaded by Henry I, who was indignant at his misgoyermnent of it, 1105; defeated by Henry I and taken prisoner at the battle of Tinchebrai, 1106; passed the rest of his life in confinement in England; was probably well treated, the statement that he was blinded after being detected in plotting treason being unsupported by adequate authority,

[426] Earl of Gloucester Robert (d. 1147), a natural son of Henry I, who bestowed on him the hand of Mabel, daughter of Robert Fitzhamon (rf. 1107), and the whole of her father's heritage in Normandy, Wales, and England; created Earl of Gloucester, c. 1122; on Henry I deatli (1135) submitted to Stephen; quarrelled with Stephen, 1137, who soon afterwards confiscated his English and Welsh estates, and (1139) landed in England in company with Matilda: captured Stephen under the walls of Lincoln, 1141, but before the close of the year was himself made prisoner at Stockbridge and exchanged for Stephen: defeated Stephen at Wilton, 1143, but spent the rest of his life in desperate efforts to hold his ground, in spite of the rapid disintegration of the Angevin party; died at Bristol.

[427] Robert of Jumièges (fl. 1037–1052), archbishop of Canterbury; became abbot of Jumieges, 1037; accompanied Edward the Confessor to England, 1043; was consecrated bishop of London, 1044, and became the head of the Norman opposition to Godwin; appointed archbishop of Canterbury, 1051; by inflaming Edward's resentment against Godwin, succeeded in driving the earl into exile, September 1051; fled to Normandy on Godwin's return in 1052; outlawed by the witan and deposed; went to Rome and procured the support of the pope, who ordered hia reinstatement, but in spite of that could not regain possession of his see; died at Jumieges.

[428] TRobert the Staller (d. 1066), otherwise known as Robert FitzWimarc; staller in the court of Edward the Confessor; supported William the Norman, 1066.

[429] Robert D'Oilgi I, D'Oilly, or D'Oyly (d. 1090?), Norman baron; came to England with William I, and obtained large grants of land in the midland counties. Some of his buildings at Oxford are still extant, including the tower of St. Michael's Church and the keep of Oxford Castle.

[430] Robert of Mortain, Count of Mortain (d. 1091?). See Mortain.

[431] Robert Losinga (d. 1095). See Losinga.

[432] Robert (d. 1103), crusader and martyr; an Englishman of good family: followed Edgar Atheling to Palestine on crusade; taken prisoner at Ramlah and, refusing to deny Christ, was put to death.

[433] Fitzhamon Robert (d. 1107). See Fitzhamon.

[434] Robert of Bellême, Earl of Shrewsbury (fl. 1098). See Bellême.

[435] Robert de Beaumont, Count of Meulan (d. 1118). See Beaumont.

[436] Robert Bloet (d. 1123). See Bloet.

[437] Robert (d. 1139), first abbot of Newminater; entered the Benedictine abbey at Whitby, but afterwards joined Ti or.lr-r.:nul in 1132 owUted to foun-l tinabbey of 1'oimtuius; became first abbot of 11:17. xlv.u.

[438] Robert d'Oilgi II (fl. 1130–1142), baron; eWer wn of Robert d'Oiigi r (.1. 1090?), wasoonntabuUwriui regU Hnriri iimi assisted the KtuproM Matilda against KinirSti-phiMi.

[439] Robert ini: KC;T.I-HMAV, UDIIKHT iR KRTKXR, or lloiiKKT DK HKTIM:S ti. 1 141-1 143), first translator of the Koran: travelled widely ami Kiiniul Arabic in A*ia; was living in Spain, in-ar tin- Kbro, 1U1-3, and Mltaeqnently became archdeacon of I'ampeluna; translated the Koran into Latin for Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny, between 1141 anl 11 i:i. His translation was first printed at Hash- in 1513. Many other works ascribed to him.

[440] Pui Robert .LBX (d. 1147?).

[441] Robert de Bethune (d. 1148), bishop of Hereford; a native of Bethune in Artois: entered the house of the Augustinian canons at Llanthony, where he became prior; consecrated bishop of Hereford, 1131; followed the political guidance of Henry of Winchester during the troubles of Stephen's reign; died while attending the council of Rheini.

[442] Robert of Salesby (fl. 1132-1148), chancellor of Sicily; was one of the many Englishmen who found employment under the Norman kings of Sicily: wan chancellor as early as 1132, and attested charters of King Roger at least as late as 1148.

[443] Robert (d. 1159). bishop of St. Andrews; probably consecrated in 1125; the prior of St. Andrews founded during his rule by David I.

[444] Robert of Melun (d. 1167), bishop of Hereford ; an Englishman by birth; went to France, c. 112". and taught philosophy at Paris and Melun; recalled to England by Thomas Becket and elected bishop of Hereford, 1163; supported Henry in his controversy with Becket, though with moderation; enjoyed great renown as a theologian and teacher. In philosophy he was a realist, but stopped short of anything like heterodoxy. His great work was Summa Theologiae.

[445] Robert of Shrewsbury (d. 1167), hagiologist; became abbot of Shrewsbury before 1160, and wrote an extant Life of St. Wenefred

[446] Robert, Earl of Leicester (1104–1168). See Robert de Beaumont.

[447] Robert Fitzharding (d. 1170). See Fitzharding.

[448] Robert of Bridlington or Robert the Scribe (fl. 1160-1170), theologian; became prior of Bridlington, e. 1160. He owed his name ofScribeto his many writings, chiefly commentaries on portions of the bible.

[449] Robert of Cricklade, also called Canutus (fl. 1157-1170), historical writer; chancellor of the university of Oxford, 1159; was also prior of St. Frideswide; wrote a life of Thomas Becket.

[450] Robert (d. 1178), abbot of Glastonbury; wrote lives of two of the bishops of Winchester, printed in Wharton's Anglia Sacra

[451] Robert Fitzstephen (d. 1183?). See Fitzstephen.

[452] Robert de Monte (1110?–1186), chronicler: born at Torigni-sur-Vire; was abbot of Mont St. Michel, 1 154 1186: continued the work of William of Jumlege* and the chronicle of Sigebert of Gemblours.

[453] Robert Foliot (d. 1188). See Foliot.

[454] Robert de Stuteville (d. 1186). See Stuteville.

[455] Robert, Earl of Leicester (d. 1190). See Robert de Beaumont.

[456] Robert de Beaufeu (fl. 1190). See Beaufeu.

[457] Robert de Turnham (d. 1211). See Turnham.

[458] Robert de Vieuxport or Vipont (d. 1228). See Vieuxport.

[459] Robert (d. 1211?), saint: lived at at a hermit: often confused with rough first abbot of NewmUuf; _ b* !!S *

[460] Robert 1:1. n (ft. 1186–1240). 8 I.

[461] Robert H I.' MVTOX (f. 12WX See Lwi

[462] Robert i liiurv.., TllWlXO, or TWKXO (UQ6 ?1268?). Sec Tnv

[463] Robert xoucu* rf. 1272), author: wrote ( mentary on John de Sacrobosco'i tn-atiae De Kphjprn.

[464] Robert of Swaffham (d. 1273, historian of the abbey of Peterborough: continued the hUtory of toe abbey coinmencvd by Hugh it. Ilu7 V 1156 ?)

[465] '^ Robert de Stichil (d. 1974). See Stichil.

[466] Robert Thorpe (fl. 1290). See Thorpe.

[467] Robert or GU)OCDtTKit ( A 120–1300), historian : known only from tin- KiiflUh metrical chronicle of the history of England to 1270, which Dear* hi* name: may have been an inhabitant of Gloucwter.

[468] Robert of Leicester (fl. 1320). See Leicester.

[469] Robert the Englishman, also called Robertus Perscrutator (fl. 1326), author; wrote several extant treatises on medicine and alchemy.

[470] Mannyng, Robert or DE BRUNNE (ft. 1288-1338).

[471] Robert of Avesbury (fl. 1356), historian; compiled a history of the Mlrabilia Gtesta 1 of Edward III down to 1356, printed in the Rolls Series, 1889.

[472] Sir Robert de Thorpe (d. 1372). See Thorpe.

[473] Robert de Stretton (d. 1385). See Stretton.

[474] Robert Wikeford (d. 1390). See Wikeford.

[475] Robert of Woodstock (d. 1418). See Robert Heete.

[476] James Roberton, Lord Bedlay (1590?–1661), Scottish judge; M.A. Glasgow, 1609; appointed professor of philosophy and humanity, Glasgow, 1018; appointed judge in the admiralty court, 1626; retired during Cromwell's supremacy; made an ordinary lord of session, 1661.

[477] John Roberton (1797–1876), surgeon; appointed surgeon to the Manchester Lying-in Hoopital, 1H27; helped much to extend the fame of the Manchester school of obstetrics.

[478] Sir Abraham Roberts (1784–1873), general; entered the army, 1H03: served in India and Afghanistan with distinction for over fifty yean: G.C.B., 1873. He was the father of Field-Marshal Karl Robert*, K.i.

[479] Arthur Roberts (1801–1886), author; eldest wn of William Roberts (1767-1849); published hi* father's biography.

[480] Barré Charles Roberts (1789–1810), antiquary; B.A. Christ Church, Oxford, 1808; made a fine collection of English coins, now in possession of the trustees of the British Museum.

[481] Bartholomew Roberts (1682?–1722), pirate; was captured by pirates in 1718, and joined their company; killed in 1722 off Cape Lopea white in action with a man-of-war.

[482] David Roberts (1757–1819), lieutenant-colonel ; entered the army, 1794; served In the Spanish peninsula, 1808-13; brevet lieutenant-colonel, 1813; author of The Military Adventures of Johnny Kewcome 1816.

[483] David Roberts (1796–1864), painter : began to practise his art as scene-painter began to exhibit at the 11 extensively, and painted Europe, as well as of Syria and the Holy Land xlvnl. 8761

[484] Emma Roberts (1794 ?-1840), author; resided for some years in India with her married sister, and published feveral works on that country, including Scenes and Characteristics of Hindoftan 18. xlrtll. JTH llfVO-lOO*;, pitimcT; LK-KHII to aainter to a travelling company; Royal Academy, 1826; travelled d landscapes of all parte of

[485] Francis Roberts (1601–1675), puritan ; M.A. Trinity College, Oxford, 1632; joined tlu- preshytrrian party at the outbreak of tin- civil war, and was instituted o Yrington: conformed at the Restoration, and was l-ft undisturbr.1: created D.D. Dublin, when chaplain to i, lord-lieutenant of Ireland; Itft several theological

[486] George Roberts (fl. 1721–1726), mariner; reputed Authorof "Tlie Four Years* Voyaures of (apt. George Roberts(1726 X which is sometimes assigned to 5SS

[487] George Roberts (d. 1860), antiquary; mayor of Lyme Regis, 1848-9 and 1854-5: published, besides other works, the Life, Progresses, and Rebellion of James, Duke of Monmouth 1844.

[488] George Edward Roberts (1831–1865) geologist; author of The Rocks of Worcestershire 1860, and other geological treatises.

[489] Griffith Roberts (fl. 1567–1585), Welsh grammarian; M.D. Siena; published a Welsh treatise on grammar at Milan in 1567, which was reprinted in 1857.

[490] Henry Roberts or Robarts (fl. 1585-1616), author; author of a number of works of extreme rarity, mainly panegyrics and romances; attached to the court of James L

[491] Henry Roberts (rf. 1876), architect ; interested himself in the housing of the poor of London, and also of Belgium and Italy.

[492] Sir Henry Gee Roberts (1800–1860), major-general; entered the East India Company's service, 1818; took a distinguished part in the Sikh wars and in the Indian mutiny; major-general, 1854; K.O.B., 1859.

[493] James Roberts (fl. 1564–1606), printer; printed editions of several of Shakespeare's plays, includingThe Mart-haunt of Venyce(1600),A Midsummer Night's Dr. -am (1600), and Hamlet (1604).

[494] James Roberts (fl. 1766–1809), portrait-painter.

[495] John Roberts (1576–1610), Benedictine monk ; educated at St. John's College, Oxford; ordained priest at Valladolid, 1602; came to England as a missioner; was arrested in England and executed.

[496] John Roberts (1623?–1684), quaker and humorist; joined the parliamentary army, and (1655) became a quaker; suffered persecution, but was befriended by Nicholson, bishop of Gloucester.

[497] John Roberts (1712?–1772), politician; was private secretary to Henry Pelham, and was rewarded for his services with a series of sinecures; M.P., Harwich, 1701-72.

[498] John Roberts (1749–1817). See Sion Lleyn.

[499] John Roberts (1767–1834), Welsh divine : became co-pastor of Llanbrynmair independent church, 1796, and sole pastor, 1798. A theological work by him, Dybenion Marwolaeth Crist(1814 ), provoked a tedious controversy. M

[500] John Roberts (1822–1877), Welsh musician; better known as Ieuan Gwyllt: published (1859) his tune-book, Llyfr Tonau which at once became popular; composed twenty-one or more tunes, of which some halfdozen are still in popular use; contributed miscellaneous articles to the Traethodydd the Welsh quarterly.

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