Vinyl acetate
| Vinyl acetate | |
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Ethenyl acetate |
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Ethenyl ethanoate |
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Other names
Acetic acid vinyl ester, acetoxyethene, VyAc, VAM, zeset T, VAM vinyl acetate monomer, acetic acid ethenyl ester, 1-acetoxyethylene |
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| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 108-05-4  |
| PubChem | 7904 |
| KEGG | C19309 |
| Jmol-3D images | Image 1 |
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| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C4H6O2 |
| Molar mass | 86.09 g/mol |
| Appearance | Colorless liquid |
| Density | 0.934 g/cm3 |
| Melting point |
-93 °C, 180 K, -135 °F |
| Boiling point |
72.7 °C, 346 K, 163 °F |
| Hazards | |
| MSDS | ICSC 0347 |
| R-phrases | R11 |
| S-phrases | S16, S23, S29, S33 |
| NFPA 704 |
 3
2
2
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| Flash point | −8 °C |
| Autoignition temperature |
427 °C |
| Explosive limits | 2.6–13.40% |
 (verify) (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) |
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| Infobox references | |
Vinyl acetate is an organic compound with the formula CH3COOCH=CH2. A colorless liquid with a pungent odor, it is the precursor to polyvinyl acetate, an important polymer in industry.
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[edit] Production
The worldwide production capacity of vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) was estimated at 6,154,000 tonnes/annum in 2007, with most capacity concentrated in the United States (1,585,000 all in Texas), China (1,261,000), Japan (725,000) and Taiwan (650,000).[1] The average list price for 2008 was $1600/tonne. Celanese is the largest producer (ca 25% of the worldwide capacity), while other significant producers include China Petrochemical Corporation (7%), Chang Chun Group (6%) and LyondellBasell (5%).[1]
[edit] Preparation
The major industrial route involves the reaction of ethylene and acetic acid with oxygen in the presence of a palladium catalyst.[2]
- Ethylene + acetic acid + 1/2 O2 → Vinyl acetate + H2O
But byproducts are also generated:
- Ethylene + 3 O2 → 2 CO2 + 2 H2O
Vinyl acetate is also prepared by the gas-phase addition of acetic acid to acetylene.[3]
[edit] Polymerization
It can be polymerized, either by itself to make polyvinyl acetate or with other monomers to prepare copolymers such as ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), vinyl acetate-acrylic acid (VA/AA) and polyvinyl chloride acetate (PVCA). Due to the instability of the radical, attempts to control the polymerization via most 'living/controlled' radical processes have proved problematic. However, RAFT (or more specifically MADIX) polymerization offers a convenient method of controlling the synthesis of PVA by the addition of a xanthate chain transfer agent.
[edit] Other reactions
Vinyl acetate undergoes many of the reactions anticipated for an alkene and an ester. Bromine adds to give the dibromide. Hydrogen halides add to give 1-haloethyl acetates, which cannot be generate by other methods because of the non-availability of the corresponding halo-alcohols. Acetic acid adds in the presence of palladium catalysts to give ethylidene diacetate, CH3CH(OAc)2. It undergoes transesterification with a variety of carboxylic acids.[4] The alkene also undergoes Diels-Alder and 2+2 cycloadditions.
[edit] Toxicity evalution
On January 31, 2009, the Government of Canada's final assessment concluded that exposure to vinyl acetate is not considered to be harmful to human health.[5] This decision under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) was based on new information received during the public comment period, as well as more recent information from the risk assessment conducted by the European Union.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b H. Chinn (September 2008). "CEH Marketing Research Report: VINYL ACETATE". Chemical Economics Handbook. SRI consulting. http://www.sriconsulting.com/CEH/Private/Reports/696.5000/. Retrieved July 2011.
- ^ Y.-F. Han, D. Kumar, C. Sivadinarayana, and D.W. Goodman (2004). "Kinetics of ethylene combustion in the synthesis of vinyl acetate over a Pd/SiO2 catalyst". Journal of Catalysis 224: 60–68. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2004.02.028. http://www.chem.tamu.edu/rgroup/goodman/pdf%20files/442_joc-224-04-60.pdf.
- ^ G. Roscher "Vinyl Esters" in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 2007 John Wiley & Sons: New York.
- ^ D. Swern and E. F. Jordan, Jr (1963). "Vinyl Laurate and Other Vinyl Esters". Organic Syntheses, Collected Volume 4: 977. http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/pdfs/CV4P0977.pdf.
- ^ http://www.ec.gc.ca/ese-ees/59EC93F6-2C5D-42B4-BB09-EB198C44788D/batch2_108-05-4_pc_en.pdf
