Zanthoxylum piperitum

Japanese pepper,; Japanese pricklyash
	Zanthoxylum piperitum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Sapindales
Family:	Rutaceae
Genus:	Zanthoxylum
Species:	Z. piperitum
Binomial name
	Zanthoxylum piperitum; (L.) DC

Zanthoxylum piperitum, the Japanese pepper, Japanese pricklyash, (Template:Lang-ja sanshō) is a deciduous aromatic spiny shrub or small tree, belonging to the Rutaceae (citrus and rue) family^[1]. Natural range spans from Hokkaido to Kyushu in Japan^[2], southern parts of the Korean peninsula^[3]^[4], and Chinese mainland^[5]. The related Z. schinifolium (Template:Lang-ja pron. inuzanshō, lit., "dog sansho") occurs as far south as Yakushima^[6], attaining a height of 3 meters^[5].

The plant is important commercially. The pulverized mature fruits ("peppercorns" or "berries") known as "Japanese pepper" or kona-zanshō (Template:Lang-ja). This is the standard spice for sprinkling on the broiled eel (kabayaki unagi) dish. It is also one of the seven main ingredients of the blended spice called shichimi, which also contains red chili peppers^[7]^[8].

It is also a host plant for several of Japan indigenous swallowtail butterfly species, including the common Papilio xuthus.

Description

The tree blooms in April to May, forming axillary flower clusters, about 5mm, and yellow-green in color. It is dioecious, and the flowers of the male plant can be consumed as hana-sanshō, while the female flowers yield berries or peppercorns of about 5mm. For commercial harvesting, thornless varieties called the Asakura sansho are widely cultivated^[5]. Around September to October, the berries turn scarlet and burst, scattering the black seeds within.

The branch grows pairs of sharp thorns, and has odd-pinnately compound leaves, alternately arranged, with 5〜9 pairs of ovate leaflets having crenate (slightly serrated) margins.

Culinary uses

The finely ground Japanese pepper, kona-zanshō are nowadays usually sold in sealed packets, and individual serving sizes are snuck inside heat-and-serve broiled eel packages. While red chili pepper is never used on eel, otherwise, in many usages, the Japanese red chili pepper, or the shichimi blend of peppers can be used in lieu of Japanese pepper alone, according to taste: e.g., to flavor miso soup, various noodles in broth or dipped in tsuyu, Japanese pickles (tsukemono), teriyaki or fried chicken.

Young leaves and shoots, pronounced ki no mé^[9] or ko no mé^[5] (Template:Lang-ja lit. "tree-bud") herald the spring season, and often garnish grilled fish and soups. It has a distinctive flavor and is not to the liking of everyone. It is customary ritual to put a leaf between cupped hands, and clap the hands with a popping sound, this supposedly serving to bring out the aroma^[10]. The young leaves are crushed and blended with miso using pestle and mortar (suribachi) to make a paste, a pesto sauce of sorts^[11], and then used to make various aemono (or "tossed salad", for lack of a better word). The stereotypical main ingredient for the resultant kinome-ae is the fresh harvest of bamboo shoots^[12], but the sauce may be tossed (or delicately "folded", to use a pastrymaking term) into sashimi, clams, squid or other vegetable such as tara-no-me (Aralia elata shoots).

The immature green berries, blanched and salted, are called ao-zanshō (lit. "green sansho"). The berries are traditionally simmered into dark-brown tsukudani, but nowadays are also available as shoyu-zuke which is just steeped in soy sauce. The berries are also cooked with small fry fish and flavored with soy sauce ([[{{{1}}}]] []), a specialty item of Kyoto, since its Mount Kurama outskirts is a renowned growing area of the Japanese pepper.

The thornless variety, Asakura sansho derives its name from from its place of origin, the Asakura district in the now defunct [[{{{1}}}]] [], integrated into Yabu, Hyōgo^[3].

Wakayama Prefecture boasts 80% of domestic production^[13]. Aridagawa, Wakayama procuces a specialty variety called budō sanshō ("grape sansho"), which bears large fruits and clusters, rather like a bunch of grapes^[13].

Confections

In central and northeastern Japan, a non-sticky rice-cake type confection called [[{{{1}}}]] [], which is basted with miso-based paste and grilled, sometimes uses the Japanese pepper as flavor additive to the miso^[14]^[15]. There are also sansho flavored arare (rice crackers) being marketed^[16]^[17], snack foods, and sweet sansho-mochi^[18]^[19].

Timber uses

The thick wood of the tree is traditionally made into a gnarled and rough-hewn wooden pestle, to use with the aforementioned suribachi.

Pharmaceutical uses

The husks are used medicinally. In traditional Chinese medicine it finds uses similar to the hua jiao or Sichuan pepper

In Japanese pharamaceuticals, the mature husks with seeds removed is considered the crude medicine form of sanshō. It is an ingredient in [[{{{1}}}]] [], and the toso wine served ceremonially. The pungent taste derives from sanshool and sanshoamide. It also contains armoatic oils geraniol, dipentene, citral, etc.^[20]^[21]^[22]

This Rutaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Sources

^ Makihara, Naomi (1983), "Spices and Herbs Used in Japanese Cooking" (snippet), Plants & gardens, 39&, Brooklyn Botanic Garden: 52
^ Montreal Horticultural Society and Fruit Growers' Association of the Province of Quebec (1876), Montreal: Witness Printing House, p. 25 http://books.google.co.jp/books?id=pvRIAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA8-PA25 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |Titler= ignored (help)
^ ^a ^b 岡田稔 (1998). "和漢薬の選品20：山椒の選品". 月刊漢方療法. 2 (8): p.p.641-645. {{cite journal}}: Text "和書" ignored (help)
^ 佐竹（1989年）、p.280
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Heibonsha sekai daihyakkajiten (Heibonsha's world encyclopedia), 1965 ed., "sansho"
^ 川原勝征; 初島住彦 (1876), 屋久島の植物 (google), Witness Printing House, p. 109
^ Andoh & Beisch, p. 47
^ Andoh & Beisch, p. 47, under shichimi tōgarashi
^ Andoh & Beisch, p. 47
^ Andoh & Beisch, p. 47
^ Shimbo 2001,p.261 uses this same metaphor
^ Shimbo 2001, p.261-, "Bamboo shoots tossed with aromatic sansho leaves (takenoko no kinome-ae)"
^ ^a ^b prefectural website:県民の友8月号｜和歌山県ホームページ
^ "五平餅の作り方". とよた五平餅学会. Retrieved 2011-01-30. shows how-to in Japanese; notes you may add "* sansho, chopped walnuts or peanuts according to taste".
^ 農文協 (2006), 伝承写真館日本の食文化 5 甲信越, 農山漁村文化協会,p.13. In [[{{{1}}}]] []the goheimochi is enjoyed with sansho miso in spring, yuzu mison in autumn.
^ "京山椒あられ". 小倉山荘. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
^ "山椒あられ". 七味家本舗. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
^ "実生屋の山椒餅". NPO法人佐川くろがねの会. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
^ "餅類". 俵屋吉冨. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
^ Kimura et al. 1989, p.82
^ Hsu, Hong-Yen (1986), Oriental materia médica: a concise guide (snippet), Oriental Healing Arts Institute, p. 382, "..citral, citronellal, dipentene; (+)-phellandrene, geraniol;(2)pungent substances: sanshool I (a-sanshool), sanshoamide"
^ This section translated from Japanese version [Medicinal use: 2004.7.23 (Fri.) 21:04 added by user: Kurayamizaka; Active ingredients: 2004.7.26 (Mon) 07:08 by Kurayamizaka], and lists only the active ingredients stated there.

References

Andoh, Elizabeth; Beisch, Leigh (2005), Washoku: recipes from the Japanese home kitchen (google), Random House Digital, Inc., p. 47, ISBN 9781580085199 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
Shimbo, Hiroko (2001), The Japanese kitchen: 250 recipes in a traditional spirit (preview), Harvard Common Press, ISBN 9781558321779
Kimura, Takeatsu; But, Paul P. H.; Guo, Ji-Xian (1996), International Collation of Traditional and Folk Medicine: Northeast Asia (snippet), World Scientific, p. 82, ISBN 9789810225896 {{citation}}: |first4= missing |last4= (help); Unknown parameter |las4= ignored (help)