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{{Short description|British botanist (1832–1906)}}
{{Short description|British botanist (1832–1906)}}
[[File:Charles Baron Clarke CdV.jpg|thumb|Carte-de-Visite at the Royal Society, probably at the time of becoming a Fellow in 1882.]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2012}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2012}}
'''Charles Baron Clarke''' (17 June 1832 – 25 August 1906) was a British [[botanist]]. He worked in as a civil servant in British India in the Bengal education department. He was also keenly interested in botany and held the position of superintendent of the [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden|Calcutta Botanical Gardens]] from 1869 to 1871. During this period he became a specialist on the [[Cyperaceae]] and based on their distributions developed an influential phytogeographical classification of British India.
'''Charles Baron Clarke''' (17 June 1832 – 25 August 1906) was a British [[botanist]]. He was born at [[Andover, Hampshire|Andover]], the eldest son of Turner Poulter Clarke. He was educated at [[King's College School]], [[London]], and at [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity]] and [[Queens' College, Cambridge|Queens']] Colleges, [[Cambridge]]. He began the study of law at [[Lincoln's Inn]] in 1856 and was called to the bar in 1860.<ref>{{cite Men-at-the-Bar|name=Clarke, Charles Baron|page=87}}</ref> He lectured in mathematics at [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], from 1857 to 1865. Clarke was Inspector of Schools in [[East Bengal|Eastern Bengal]] and later of [[India]], and superintendent of the [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden|Calcutta Botanical Garden]] from 1869 to 1871.

[[File:Richmond Cemetery, grave of Charles Baron Clarke.jpg|thumb|Richmond Cemetery]]
== Life and work ==
⚫
He retired from the [[Indian Civil Service]] in 1887. He was president of the [[Linnean Society]] from 1894 to 1896, and was elected a fellow of the [[Royal Society]] in 1882. He worked at [[Kew Gardens|Royal Botanic Gardens Kew]] until his death in 1906.<ref>{{cite book | last=Burkhardt | first=Lotte | title=Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen |trans-title=Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names | publisher=Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin | year=2022 | isbn=978-3-946292-41-8 | url=https://doi.org/10.3372/epolist2022 |language=German |location=Berlin | doi=10.3372/epolist2022 | s2cid=246307410 |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref> He is buried in [[Richmond Cemetery]].
Clarke was born at [[Andover, Hampshire|Andover]], the eldest son of Turner Poulter Clarke [[Justice of the peace|JP]] and Elizabeth née Parker. He was introduced into botanical tastes by his paternal grandmother Elizabeth Baron who was the brother of a founder of the Agricultural Society of Saffron Walden. He was educated at [[King's College School]], [[London]], and at [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity]] and [[Queens' College, Cambridge|Queens']] Colleges, [[Cambridge]]. He took a special interest in economics and was part of a group that included [[Henry Fawcett]], [[Leslie Stephen]], and [[John Rigby (politician)|John Rigby]]. He took an interest in climbing and travel and together with Leslie Stephen climbed [[Pillar (Lake District)]] and in the Swiss alps. He was bracketed third wrangler in 1856. He began the study of law at [[Lincoln's Inn]] in 1856 and was called to the bar in 1860.<ref>{{cite Men-at-the-Bar|name=Clarke, Charles Baron|page=87}}</ref>

=== India ===
[[File:Clarke India 1898.jpg|left|thumb|Clarke's 1898 phytogeographical classification based on the Cyperaceae (1) West Himalaya (2) India Deserta (3) Malabaria (4) Ceylon (5) Coromandelia (6) Gangetic Plain (7) East Himalaya (8) Assam (9) Ava (10) Pegu (11) Malay Peninsula]]
Clarke lectured in mathematics at [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], from 1857 to 1865. Clarke joined the uncovenanted civil service in 1865 and became Inspector of Schools in [[East Bengal|Eastern Bengal]] and later of [[India]], and superintendent of the [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden|Calcutta Botanical Garden]] from 1869 to 1871 in the place of [[Thomas Anderson (botanist)|Thomas Anderson (1832–1870)]]. He travelled widely and by 1877, his botanical collections made for Kew included about 25000 specimens of nearly 5000 species. In 1879 he was put on special duty which included four years at Kew to assist Sir [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Joseph Hooker]] with work on the Flora of British India. He became director of public instruction in Bengal in 1884 and was transferred to Shillong (then in Assam) the next year. He utilized this period to explore the northeast of India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clarke |first=Charles Baron |date=1889 |title=On the Plants of Kohima and Muneypore. |url=https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1889.tb00793.x |journal=Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany |language=en |volume=25 |issue=165-169 |pages=1–107 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1889.tb00793.x}}</ref> He retired from the [[Indian Civil Service]] in 1887 and lived near Kew along with his brother Poulter Clarke so that he could continue to work as a volunteer at the [[Kew Gardens|Royal Botanic Gardens Kew]] for the next nineteen years, right until his death.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vines |first=S. H. |date=1906 |title=Charles Baron Clarke, F.R.S. |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/074495a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=74 |issue=1924 |pages=495–495 |doi=10.1038/074495a0 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> He also took an interest in music,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Clark, C.B. |year=1874 |title=Bengali Music |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_calcutta-review_1874_58_116/page/243/mode/1up |journal=Calcutta Review |volume=58 |issue=116 |pages=243–266}}</ref> mathematics, ethnography, geology and economics.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |author=Boulger |first=George Simonds |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1912 |chapter=Clarke, Charles Baron (1832–1906) |doi=10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.32425}}</ref>[[File:Richmond Cemetery, grave of Charles Baron Clarke.jpg|thumb|Richmond Cemetery]]
⚫
Clarke was president of the [[Linnean Society]] from 1894 to 1896, and was elected a fellow of the [[Royal Society]] in 1882. He died from internal inflammation caused by excessive bicycling and is buried in [[Richmond Cemetery]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book | last=Burkhardt | first=Lotte | title=Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen |trans-title=Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names | publisher=Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin | year=2022 | isbn=978-3-946292-41-8 | url=https://doi.org/10.3372/epolist2022 |language=German |location=Berlin | doi=10.3372/epolist2022 | s2cid=246307410 |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref>


{{Botanist|C.B.Clarke|Clarke, Charles Baron|border=0}}
{{Botanist|C.B.Clarke|Clarke, Charles Baron|border=0}}


There are number of plants with [[specific name (botany)|specific name]] ''clarkei'', including ''[[Iris clarkei]]'',<ref>{{cite journal |title=Type of Iris clarkei Baker [family IRIDACEAE] |url=http://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.k000098496 |journal=Global Plants |accessdate=19 December 2014}}</ref> ''[[Clarkella]]'',which is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Rubiaceae]].<ref>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/455642#page/50/mode/1up Hooker, Joseph Dalton. 1880. Flora of British India 3(7): 46.]</ref> and also ''[[Clarkeinda]]'', which is a genus of [[fungi]] in the family [[Agaricaceae]].<ref>{{cite web |title=''Clarkeinda'' Kuntze 1891 |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Table=Mycobank&Rec=94342&Fields=All |publisher=[[MycoBank]]. International Mycological Association |accessdate=2012-11-04}}</ref>
There are number of plants named from his specimens with the [[specific name (botany)|specific name]] ''clarkei'', including ''[[Iris clarkei]]'',<ref>{{cite journal |title=Type of Iris clarkei Baker [family IRIDACEAE] |url=http://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.k000098496 |journal=Global Plants |accessdate=19 December 2014}}</ref> ''[[Clarkella]]'',which is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Rubiaceae]].<ref>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/455642#page/50/mode/1up Hooker, Joseph Dalton. 1880. Flora of British India 3(7): 46.]</ref> and also ''[[Clarkeinda]]'', which is a genus of [[fungi]] in the family [[Agaricaceae]].<ref>{{cite web |title=''Clarkeinda'' Kuntze 1891 |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Table=Mycobank&Rec=94342&Fields=All |publisher=[[MycoBank]]. International Mycological Association |accessdate=2012-11-04}}</ref>


== Bibliography ==
== Bibliography ==
Clarke wrote several books, including:
Clarke wrote several books and papers, including:
* ''The [[Cyperaceae]] of Costa Rica''
* ''The Cyperaceae of Costa Rica''
* ''On the Indian species of Cyperus: with remarks on some others that specially illustrate the sub-divisions of the genus''
* ''On the Indian species of Cyperus: with remarks on some others that specially illustrate the sub-divisions of the genus''
* ''Illustrations of Cyperaceae''
* ''Illustrations of Cyperaceae''
Line 18: Line 25:
* ''Philippine Acanthaceae''
* ''Philippine Acanthaceae''
* ''The Subsubareas of British India''
* ''The Subsubareas of British India''
* ''Speculations From Political Economy''
* ''[[iarchive:speculationsfrom08436gut|Speculations From Political Economy]]'' (1886)
* ''A list of the flowering plants, ferns, and mosses collected in the immediate neighbourhood of Andover''
* ''A list of the flowering plants, ferns, and mosses collected in the immediate neighbourhood of Andover''
* [[iarchive:classbookofgeogr00claruoft|''A class-book of geography'']] (1889)
* ''The stone monuments of the Khasi hills'' (1874)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clarke |first=C. B. |date=1874 |title=The Stone Monuments of the Khasi Hills. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2840920 |journal=The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=3 |pages=481–493 |doi=10.2307/2840920 |issn=0959-5295}}</ref>
One of the most influential contributions was his biogeographical classification of British India which was based on his studies of the Cyperaceae. This was developed from Hooker's earlier biogeographical classification.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clarke |first=C. B. |date=1898 |title=On the Subsubareas of British India, illustrated by the detailed Distribution of the Cyperaceae in that Empire. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/264038 |journal=Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany |language=en |volume=34 |issue=235 |pages=1–146 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1898.tb00555.x}}</ref> He extended the work to a world biogeography in 1892 which agreed largely with the zoological distribution regions indicated by [[Alfred Russel Wallace|A. R. Wallace]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clarke |first=C. B. |date=1892 |title=On Biologic Regions and Tabulation Areas |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/91752 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B |volume=183 |pages=371–387 |issn=0264-3839}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
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==External links==
==External links==
* {{Gutenberg author | id=2745| name=Charles Clarke}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=2745| name=Charles Clarke}}
* [https://search.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.B.C555-ead.xml Archives at American Philosophical Society]
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Charles Baron Clarke |sopt=t}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Charles Baron Clarke |sopt=t}}


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[[Category:Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Burials at Richmond Cemetery]]
[[Category:Burials at Richmond Cemetery]]

{{UK-botanist-stub}}

Latest revision as of 07:40, 26 January 2024

Carte-de-Visite at the Royal Society, probably at the time of becoming a Fellow in 1882.

Charles Baron Clarke (17 June 1832 – 25 August 1906) was a British botanist. He worked in as a civil servant in British India in the Bengal education department. He was also keenly interested in botany and held the position of superintendent of the Calcutta Botanical Gardens from 1869 to 1871. During this period he became a specialist on the Cyperaceae and based on their distributions developed an influential phytogeographical classification of British India.

Life and work

[edit]

Clarke was born at Andover, the eldest son of Turner Poulter Clarke JP and Elizabeth née Parker. He was introduced into botanical tastes by his paternal grandmother Elizabeth Baron who was the brother of a founder of the Agricultural Society of Saffron Walden. He was educated at King's College School, London, and at Trinity and Queens' Colleges, Cambridge. He took a special interest in economics and was part of a group that included Henry Fawcett, Leslie Stephen, and John Rigby. He took an interest in climbing and travel and together with Leslie Stephen climbed Pillar (Lake District) and in the Swiss alps. He was bracketed third wrangler in 1856. He began the study of law at Lincoln's Inn in 1856 and was called to the bar in 1860.[1]

India

[edit]
Clarke's 1898 phytogeographical classification based on the Cyperaceae (1) West Himalaya (2) India Deserta (3) Malabaria (4) Ceylon (5) Coromandelia (6) Gangetic Plain (7) East Himalaya (8) Assam (9) Ava (10) Pegu (11) Malay Peninsula

Clarke lectured in mathematics at Presidency College, Calcutta, from 1857 to 1865. Clarke joined the uncovenanted civil service in 1865 and became Inspector of Schools in Eastern Bengal and later of India, and superintendent of the Calcutta Botanical Garden from 1869 to 1871 in the place of Thomas Anderson (1832–1870). He travelled widely and by 1877, his botanical collections made for Kew included about 25000 specimens of nearly 5000 species. In 1879 he was put on special duty which included four years at Kew to assist Sir Joseph Hooker with work on the Flora of British India. He became director of public instruction in Bengal in 1884 and was transferred to Shillong (then in Assam) the next year. He utilized this period to explore the northeast of India.[2] He retired from the Indian Civil Service in 1887 and lived near Kew along with his brother Poulter Clarke so that he could continue to work as a volunteer at the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew for the next nineteen years, right until his death.[3] He also took an interest in music,[4] mathematics, ethnography, geology and economics.[5]

Richmond Cemetery

Clarke was president of the Linnean Society from 1894 to 1896, and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1882. He died from internal inflammation caused by excessive bicycling and is buried in Richmond Cemetery.[5][6]

The standard author abbreviation C.B.Clarke is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[7]

There are number of plants named from his specimens with the specific name clarkei, including Iris clarkei,[8] Clarkella,which is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae.[9] and also Clarkeinda, which is a genus of fungi in the family Agaricaceae.[10]

Bibliography

[edit]

Clarke wrote several books and papers, including:

  • The Cyperaceae of Costa Rica
  • On the Indian species of Cyperus: with remarks on some others that specially illustrate the sub-divisions of the genus
  • Illustrations of Cyperaceae
  • Cyperaceae of the Philippines: a list of the species in the Kew Herbarium
  • Philippine Acanthaceae
  • The Subsubareas of British India
  • Speculations From Political Economy (1886)
  • A list of the flowering plants, ferns, and mosses collected in the immediate neighbourhood of Andover
  • A class-book of geography (1889)
  • The stone monuments of the Khasi hills (1874)[11]

One of the most influential contributions was his biogeographical classification of British India which was based on his studies of the Cyperaceae. This was developed from Hooker's earlier biogeographical classification.[12] He extended the work to a world biogeography in 1892 which agreed largely with the zoological distribution regions indicated by A. R. Wallace.[13]

References

[edit]
  1. ^  Foster, Joseph (1885). "Clarke, Charles Baron" . Men-at-the-Bar  (second ed.). London: Hazell, Watson, and Viney. p. 87.
  2. ^ Clarke, Charles Baron (1889). "On the Plants of Kohima and Muneypore". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany. 25 (165–169): 1–107. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1889.tb00793.x.
  3. ^ Vines, S. H. (1906). "Charles Baron Clarke, F.R.S." Nature. 74 (1924): 495–495. doi:10.1038/074495a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
  4. ^ Clark, C.B. (1874). "Bengali Music". Calcutta Review. 58 (116): 243–266.
  5. ^ a b Boulger, George Simonds (1912). "Clarke, Charles Baron (1832–1906)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.32425.
  6. ^ Burkhardt, Lotte (2022). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen [Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names] (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN 978-3-946292-41-8. S2CID 246307410. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  7. ^ International Plant Names Index.  C.B.Clarke.
  8. ^ "Type of Iris clarkei Baker [family IRIDACEAE]". Global Plants. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  9. ^ Hooker, Joseph Dalton. 1880. Flora of British India 3(7): 46.
  10. ^ "Clarkeinda Kuntze 1891". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
  11. ^ Clarke, C. B. (1874). "The Stone Monuments of the Khasi Hills". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 3: 481–493. doi:10.2307/2840920. ISSN 0959-5295.
  12. ^ Clarke, C. B. (1898). "On the Subsubareas of British India, illustrated by the detailed Distribution of the Cyperaceae in that Empire". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany. 34 (235): 1–146. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1898.tb00555.x.
  13. ^ Clarke, C. B. (1892). "On Biologic Regions and Tabulation Areas". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 183: 371–387. ISSN 0264-3839.
[edit]
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