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[[File:Akt nadawczy.jpg|thumb|right|Cover of a ''land allotment'' document from 1923; altogether some 8000 people received land in the eastern [[Voivodeships of Poland]]]] |
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'''Osadniks''' ({{lang-pl|osadnik/osadnicy}}, "settler/settlers, colonist/colonists") was the Polish [[loanword]] used in [[Soviet Union]] for [[veteran]]s of the [[Polish Army]] that were given land in the ''[[Kresy]]'' (current [[Western Belarus]] and [[Western Ukraine]]) territory ceded to [[Poland]] by [[Polish-Soviet Riga Peace Treaty]] of 1921 (and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1939). |
'''Osadniks''' ({{lang-pl|osadnik/osadnicy}}, "settler/settlers, colonist/colonists") was the Polish [[loanword]] used in [[Soviet Union]] for [[veteran]]s of the [[Polish Army]] that were given land in the ''[[Kresy]]'' (current [[Western Belarus]] and [[Western Ukraine]]) territory ceded to [[Poland]] by [[Polish-Soviet Riga Peace Treaty]] of 1921 (and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1939). |
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== History == |
== History == |
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Shortly before the [[battle of Warsaw (1920)|battle of Warsaw]] on August 7, 1920, the [[Premier of Poland]] [[Wincenty Witos]] announced, that after the war volunteers and soldiers who served on the front would have priority in purchase of state-owned land, while the soldiers to receive medals for bravery would receive land free of charge. The announcement was one of the means to repair the Polish morale, shaken after the retreat from the east. On December 17 the [[Sejm]] passed the ''Act on Nationalization of North-Eastern Powiats of the Republic''<ref name="Przejęcie">{{cite journal | title= ustawa z dnia 17 grudnia 1920 r. o przejęciu na własność Państwa ziemi w niektórych powiatach Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej | journal=[[Dziennik Ustaw]] | year=1921 | volume=4 | issue=17 | url=http://www.promulgatory.pl/?pro=DURP192100400001700&view=toc}} |
Shortly before the [[battle of Warsaw (1920)|battle of Warsaw]] on August 7, 1920, the [[Premier of Poland]] [[Wincenty Witos]] announced, that after the war volunteers and soldiers who served on the front would have priority in purchase of state-owned land, while the soldiers to receive medals for bravery would receive land free of charge. The announcement was one of the means to repair the Polish morale, shaken after the retreat from the east. On December 17 the [[Sejm]] passed the ''Act on Nationalization of North-Eastern Powiats of the Republic''<ref name="Przejęcie">{{cite journal | title= ustawa z dnia 17 grudnia 1920 r. o przejęciu na własność Państwa ziemi w niektórych powiatach Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej | journal=[[Dziennik Ustaw]] | year=1921 | volume=4 | issue=17 | url=http://www.promulgatory.pl/?pro=DURP192100400001700&view=toc}} |
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</ref> and ''Act on Granting the Soldiers of the Polish Army with Land''<ref name="Nadanie">{{cite journal | title= ustawa z dnia 17 grudnia 1920 r. o nadaniu ziemi żołnierzom Wojska Polskiego | journal=[[Dziennik Ustaw]] | year=1921 | volume=4 | issue=18 | url=http://www.promulgatory.pl/?pro=DURP192100400001800&view=toc}}</ref>. Both of these acts allowed the |
</ref> and ''Act on Granting the Soldiers of the Polish Army with Land''<ref name="Nadanie">{{cite journal | title= ustawa z dnia 17 grudnia 1920 r. o nadaniu ziemi żołnierzom Wojska Polskiego | journal=[[Dziennik Ustaw]] | year=1921 | volume=4 | issue=18 | url=http://www.promulgatory.pl/?pro=DURP192100400001800&view=toc}}</ref>. Both of these acts allowed the demobilised soldiers to apply for land parcels. The acts of parliament applied for [[powiat]]s of [[Grodno]] and [[Wołożyn]] of [[Białystok Voivodeship]], as well as 20 other powiats in the eastern voivodeships of Poland.<ref name="Gawryszewski">{{pl icon}} {{cite book | author =Andrzej Gawryszewski | coauthors = | title =Ludność Polski w XX wieku | year =2005 | editor =Ludmiła Leszczyńska | pages =381-383 | chapter =XI: Przemieszczenia ludności | chapterurl =http://www.igipz.pan.pl/wydaw/Monografie_5/rozdz11_1.pdf | publisher =[[Polish Academy of Sciences]] | location =Warsaw | isbn=83−87954−66−7 | url =http://www.igipz.pan.pl/wydaw/Monografie_5/ }}</ref> |
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In the spring of 1921 the first groups of settlers arrived to newly-constructed settlements in what formerly constituted the property of major [[landowner]]s: [[Government of Russia|Russian treasury]] ("kazyonnye zemli") and the [[tsar]]'s family, some secularised [[monastery|monasteries]], lands abandoned by the [[dvoryanstvo|Russian nobility]] retreating from the area before the German arrival in 1915.<ref name="Głowacka">{{pl icon}} {{cite journal | author =Lidia Głowacka | coauthor=Andrzej Czesław Żak | year =2006 | month = | title =Osadnictwo wojskowe na Wołyniu w latach 1921-1939 | journal =Biuletyn Wojskowej Służby Archiwalnej | volume =28 | issue = | pages =140-164 | id = | url =http://www.caw.wp.mil.pl/biuletyn/b28/b28_6.pdf | publisher = [[Polish Army|Wojskowa Służba Archiwalna]] | location=Warsaw | format =pdf }}</ref> |
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In the spring of 1921 the first groups of settlers arrived to newly-constructed settlements in what formerly constituted the property of major Russian [[landowner]]s: ''[[dvoryanstvo]]'' (Russian nobility) and [[tsar]], and in Russian government lands ("kazyonnye zemli"). Although the government promised help to the settlers, in fact most of them received little but the land itself. At times the regiments in which the soldiers served provided them with forage and demobilized horses. Permanent economical difficulties of the newly reestablished state as well as strong opposition to the idea of creation of soldier settlements along the eastern border of Poland, made the action to be halted in 1923. By then, out of 99,153 applicants only 7,345 actually received the parcels. Altogether the land granted to the demobilized soldiers amounted to 1,331.46 km²<ref name="Glos">{{pl icon}} {{cite journal | author=Klara Rogalska | title=Oni byli pierwsi (They were the first)| journal=[[Głos znad Niemna]] | year=2005 | volume=7 (664) | issue=February 18 | pages= – | url=http://www.glos.wschod.org/664/historia.shtml }}</ref>. Although after the [[May Coup d'Etat]] of 1926 the action was restarted, it never gained significant momentum and came to a complete halt between 1929 and 1933. Altogether, the ''osadnik'' families received over 6000 km²{{Fact|date=February 2007}} of land. Most of the military settlers were members of the ''Settlers' Union'' ({{lang-pl|Związek Osadników}}). The organization, founded as early as March 1922, promoted self-organization of ''osadnik'' communities, provided them with cheap credits, scholarships at various universities of agriculture and founded a number of schools. |
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A typical plot of land had the area of under 20 [[hectare]]s, though soldiers with a university diploma could in theory receive up to 45 hectares free of charge, to create the so-called ''exemplary farms''. In reality however there were more applicants than free land and even the recipients of the [[Virtuti Militari]] medal had to pay for their plots.<ref name="Gawryszewski"/> Although the government promised help to the settlers, in fact most of them received little but the land itself. At times the regiments in which the soldiers served provided them with forage and demobilized horses. |
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Permanent economical difficulties of the newly reestablished state as well as strong opposition to the idea of creation of soldier settlements along the eastern border of Poland, made the action to be halted in 1923. The action was equally opposed by local major landowners and peasantry. The earlier feared that their own property might also be nationalised and distributed among the settlers, while the latter group was enraged by the fact that the redistributed land has often been rented to them by the previous owners, the deals made [[null and void]] by the Russian state's disappearance and the nationalisation.<ref name="Gawryszewski"/> The tensions between the settlers and local population were further aggravated by the fact that only 4 percent of the newly-arrived settlers lived on their land, while the majority either rented their land to local farmers at a high price or abandoned their land altogether, a situation unacceptable to many inhabitants of the overpopulated and land hunger-stricken region.<ref name="Pobóg">{{pl icon}} {{cite book | author =[[Władysław Pobóg-Malinowski]] | title =Najnowsza historia polityczna Polski 1864-1945 | year =1990 | volume = II | editor = | pages =623-624 | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher =Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza | location =Warsaw | isbn=8303031627 }}</ref><ref name="Gawryszewski"/> |
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By 1923, out of 99,153 applicants only 7,345 actually received the parcels. Out of hundreds of planned villages in the [[Volhynian Voivodeship]] only three have actually been created, with 51 inhabitants altogether.<ref name="Gawryszewski"/> The pace of the action was equally slow in other parts of the area. Altogether the land granted to the demobilized soldiers amounted to 1,331.46 km²<ref name="Glos">{{pl icon}} {{cite journal | author=Klara Rogalska | title=Oni byli pierwsi (They were the first)| journal=[[Głos znad Niemna]] | year=2005 | volume=7 (664) | issue=February 18 | pages= – | url=http://www.glos.wschod.org/664/historia.shtml }}</ref>. Out of 8732 plots of land allotted to demobilised soldiers only 5557 have actually been settled by January 1, 1923.<ref name="Gawryszewski"/> |
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Although after the [[May Coup d'Etat]] of 1926 the action was restarted, it never gained significant momentum and came to a complete halt between 1929 and 1933. Altogether, the ''osadnik'' families received over 6000 km²{{Fact|date=February 2007}} of land. Most of the military settlers were members of the ''Settlers' Union'' ({{lang-pl|Związek Osadników}}). The organization, founded as early as March 1922, promoted self-organization of ''osadnik'' communities, provided them with cheap credits, scholarships at various universities of agriculture and founded a number of schools. |
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After the [[1939 invasion of Poland]], the term became one of the categories of crimes as ''osadniks'' were en masse deported to Northern [[European Russia]], [[Ural]] and [[Siberia]] according to the [[Sovnarkom]] ''Decree about special settlement and labor engagement of "osadniks" deported from Western areas of USSR and BSSR'' of December 29, 1939. It was broadened to include all formerly Polish citizens who purchased any land after 1918, be them real settlers from other parts of Poland or local peasants who bought land in neighbouring villages<ref name="Lwow">{{pl icon}}{{cite book | author =[[Karolina Lanckorońska]] | coauthors = | title =Wspomnienia wojenne; 22 IX 1939 - 5 IV 1945 | year =2001 | editor = | chapter =I - Lwów | chapterurl =http://www.lwow.com.pl/karolina.html | publisher =ZNAK | location =Kraków | isbn =83-240-0077-1| page =364}}</ref>. Estimated 140,000 ''osadniks'' were deported on February 10, 1940<ref name="Glos"> </ref>, be them real or alleged osadniks. The majority of them (about 115,000) were of Polish nationality, also about 10,000 [[Ukrainians]], 11,000 [[Belarusians]], and about 2,000 others. In [[GULAG]] paperwork, ''osadniks'' were in a separate category of deportees: "[[special settler]]s — 'osadniks' and 'foresters'". After that three more waves of Polish deportations were carried out, classified with different categories. The largest deported Polish population was in [[Arkhangelsk Oblast]]; e.g., the whole Polish labor settlements existed in the [[Kotlas]] area. High mortality of deported was reported; for example, by July 1, 1941 over 10,000 ''osadniks'' were officially reported dead. It is to be noted, that the original settlers formed a much smaller group than those who were labelled as ''osadniks'' by the Soviet authorities. |
After the [[1939 invasion of Poland]], the term became one of the categories of crimes as ''osadniks'' were en masse deported to Northern [[European Russia]], [[Ural]] and [[Siberia]] according to the [[Sovnarkom]] ''Decree about special settlement and labor engagement of "osadniks" deported from Western areas of USSR and BSSR'' of December 29, 1939. It was broadened to include all formerly Polish citizens who purchased any land after 1918, be them real settlers from other parts of Poland or local peasants who bought land in neighbouring villages<ref name="Lwow">{{pl icon}}{{cite book | author =[[Karolina Lanckorońska]] | coauthors = | title =Wspomnienia wojenne; 22 IX 1939 - 5 IV 1945 | year =2001 | editor = | chapter =I - Lwów | chapterurl =http://www.lwow.com.pl/karolina.html | publisher =ZNAK | location =Kraków | isbn =83-240-0077-1| page =364}}</ref>. Estimated 140,000 ''osadniks'' were deported on February 10, 1940<ref name="Glos"> </ref>, be them real or alleged osadniks. The majority of them (about 115,000) were of Polish nationality, also about 10,000 [[Ukrainians]], 11,000 [[Belarusians]], and about 2,000 others. In [[GULAG]] paperwork, ''osadniks'' were in a separate category of deportees: "[[special settler]]s — 'osadniks' and 'foresters'". After that three more waves of Polish deportations were carried out, classified with different categories. The largest deported Polish population was in [[Arkhangelsk Oblast]]; e.g., the whole Polish labor settlements existed in the [[Kotlas]] area. High mortality of deported was reported; for example, by July 1, 1941 over 10,000 ''osadniks'' were officially reported dead. It is to be noted, that the original settlers formed a much smaller group than those who were labelled as ''osadniks'' by the Soviet authorities. |
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Revision as of 15:46, 19 January 2010
Osadniks (Polish: osadnik/osadnicy, "settler/settlers, colonist/colonists") was the Polish loanword used in Soviet Union for veterans of the Polish Army that were given land in the Kresy (current Western Belarus and Western Ukraine) territory ceded to Poland by Polish-Soviet Riga Peace Treaty of 1921 (and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1939).
History
Shortly before the battle of Warsaw on August 7, 1920, the Premier of Poland Wincenty Witos announced, that after the war volunteers and soldiers who served on the front would have priority in purchase of state-owned land, while the soldiers to receive medals for bravery would receive land free of charge. The announcement was one of the means to repair the Polish morale, shaken after the retreat from the east. On December 17 the Sejm passed the Act on Nationalization of North-Eastern Powiats of the Republic[1] and Act on Granting the Soldiers of the Polish Army with Land[2]. Both of these acts allowed the demobilised soldiers to apply for land parcels. The acts of parliament applied for powiats of Grodno and Wołożyn of Białystok Voivodeship, as well as 20 other powiats in the eastern voivodeships of Poland.[3]
In the spring of 1921 the first groups of settlers arrived to newly-constructed settlements in what formerly constituted the property of major landowners: Russian treasury ("kazyonnye zemli") and the tsar's family, some secularised monasteries, lands abandoned by the Russian nobility retreating from the area before the German arrival in 1915.[4]
A typical plot of land had the area of under 20 hectares, though soldiers with a university diploma could in theory receive up to 45 hectares free of charge, to create the so-called exemplary farms. In reality however there were more applicants than free land and even the recipients of the Virtuti Militari medal had to pay for their plots.[3] Although the government promised help to the settlers, in fact most of them received little but the land itself. At times the regiments in which the soldiers served provided them with forage and demobilized horses.
Permanent economical difficulties of the newly reestablished state as well as strong opposition to the idea of creation of soldier settlements along the eastern border of Poland, made the action to be halted in 1923. The action was equally opposed by local major landowners and peasantry. The earlier feared that their own property might also be nationalised and distributed among the settlers, while the latter group was enraged by the fact that the redistributed land has often been rented to them by the previous owners, the deals made null and void by the Russian state's disappearance and the nationalisation.[3] The tensions between the settlers and local population were further aggravated by the fact that only 4 percent of the newly-arrived settlers lived on their land, while the majority either rented their land to local farmers at a high price or abandoned their land altogether, a situation unacceptable to many inhabitants of the overpopulated and land hunger-stricken region.[5][3]
By 1923, out of 99,153 applicants only 7,345 actually received the parcels. Out of hundreds of planned villages in the Volhynian Voivodeship only three have actually been created, with 51 inhabitants altogether.[3] The pace of the action was equally slow in other parts of the area. Altogether the land granted to the demobilized soldiers amounted to 1,331.46 km²[6]. Out of 8732 plots of land allotted to demobilised soldiers only 5557 have actually been settled by January 1, 1923.[3]
Although after the May Coup d'Etat of 1926 the action was restarted, it never gained significant momentum and came to a complete halt between 1929 and 1933. Altogether, the osadnik families received over 6000 km²[citation needed] of land. Most of the military settlers were members of the Settlers' Union (Polish: Związek Osadników). The organization, founded as early as March 1922, promoted self-organization of osadnik communities, provided them with cheap credits, scholarships at various universities of agriculture and founded a number of schools.
After the 1939 invasion of Poland, the term became one of the categories of crimes as osadniks were en masse deported to Northern European Russia, Ural and Siberia according to the Sovnarkom Decree about special settlement and labor engagement of "osadniks" deported from Western areas of USSR and BSSR of December 29, 1939. It was broadened to include all formerly Polish citizens who purchased any land after 1918, be them real settlers from other parts of Poland or local peasants who bought land in neighbouring villages[7]. Estimated 140,000 osadniks were deported on February 10, 1940[6], be them real or alleged osadniks. The majority of them (about 115,000) were of Polish nationality, also about 10,000 Ukrainians, 11,000 Belarusians, and about 2,000 others. In GULAG paperwork, osadniks were in a separate category of deportees: "special settlers — 'osadniks' and 'foresters'". After that three more waves of Polish deportations were carried out, classified with different categories. The largest deported Polish population was in Arkhangelsk Oblast; e.g., the whole Polish labor settlements existed in the Kotlas area. High mortality of deported was reported; for example, by July 1, 1941 over 10,000 osadniks were officially reported dead. It is to be noted, that the original settlers formed a much smaller group than those who were labelled as osadniks by the Soviet authorities.
See also
References
- Inline:
- ^ "ustawa z dnia 17 grudnia 1920 r. o przejęciu na własność Państwa ziemi w niektórych powiatach Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej". Dziennik Ustaw. 4 (17). 1921.
- ^ "ustawa z dnia 17 grudnia 1920 r. o nadaniu ziemi żołnierzom Wojska Polskiego". Dziennik Ustaw. 4 (18). 1921.
- ^ a b c d e f Template:Pl icon Andrzej Gawryszewski (2005). "XI: Przemieszczenia ludności". In Ludmiła Leszczyńska (ed.). Ludność Polski w XX wieku. Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences. pp. 381–383. ISBN 83−87954−66−7.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ Template:Pl icon Lidia Głowacka (2006). "Osadnictwo wojskowe na Wołyniu w latach 1921-1939" (pdf). Biuletyn Wojskowej Służby Archiwalnej. 28. Warsaw: Wojskowa Służba Archiwalna: 140–164.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthor=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Template:Pl icon Władysław Pobóg-Malinowski (1990). Najnowsza historia polityczna Polski 1864-1945. Vol. II. Warsaw: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. pp. 623–624. ISBN 8303031627.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|chapterurl=(help) - ^ a b Template:Pl icon Klara Rogalska (2005). "Oni byli pierwsi (They were the first)". Głos znad Niemna. 7 (664) (February 18): –.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ Template:Pl iconKarolina Lanckorońska (2001). "I - Lwów". Wspomnienia wojenne; 22 IX 1939 - 5 IV 1945. Kraków: ZNAK. p. 364. ISBN 83-240-0077-1.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)
- General:
- Павел Полян (2001). Не по своей воле... (Pavel Polian, Against Their Will... A History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR). ОГИ Мемориал, Moscow, 2001. ISBN 5-94282-007-4.
- Janina Stobniak-Smogorzewska (2003). Kresowe osadnictwo wojskowe 1920-1945 (Military colonization of Kresy 1920-1945). Warsaw, RYTM, 2003. ISBN 83-7399-006-2.