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For ENIG gold plating, see ''[[Electroless nickel immersion gold]]''.
{{For|ENIG gold plating|Electroless nickel immersion gold}}
{{Primary sources|date=November 2007}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
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|name = Dr. Mary G. Enig
|name = Mary G. Enig
|image = Dr Enig.jpg
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|nationality =
|nationality =
|fields = [[Nutrition]]
|fields = [[Nutrition]]
|workplaces = [http://www.westonaprice.org/ The Weston A Price Foundation]
|workplaces = [[Weston A. Price Foundation]]
|alma_mater = [[University of Maryland, College Park]]
|alma_mater = [[University of Maryland, College Park]]
|known_for =
|known_for =
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|awards = Master of the American College of Nutrition
|awards = Master of the American College of Nutrition
}}
}}
'''Mary Gertrude Enig''', PhD (born 1931) is a [[nutritionist]] who reviews research on and writes articles about the nutritional aspects of [[fat]]s. Enig attended the [[University of Maryland, College Park]] (UMCP), receiving an [[Master of Science|MS]], and later a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in Nutritional Sciences in 1984.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} She was a Licensed Nutritionist in Maryland from May 1988 to October 2008.<ref>{{cite web| title = Verification Page | publisher = Maryland Board of Dietetic Practice | url = https://mdbnc.dhmh.md.gov/dietVerification/Details.aspx?ID=6878 | accessdate = }}</ref>
'''Mary Gertrude Enig''', PhD (born 1931) is a [[nutritionist]] who reviews research on and writes articles about the nutritional aspects of [[fat]]s. She is known for her early opposition to [[trans fats]] before its dangers were widely accepted, her skepticism towards the diet-heart hypothesis, and her current advocacy of whole foods and certain [[saturated fats]] such as those found in [[coconut oil]].


Enig is a Fellow of the [[American College of Nutrition]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Eauclaire |first=Sally |month=July 1996 |title=Soy backlash |publisher=Vegetarian Times |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0820/is_n227/ai_18432895/}}</ref> and was one of three to be named a Master of the organization in 2003.<ref>{{cite web | title = American College of Nutrition - Awards Information| url = http://www.americancollegeofnutrition.org/Default.aspx?tabid=121 | accessdate = 10 August 2008}}</ref> In 1987, Enig was accepted as an associate member of the [[American Society for Nutritional Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|title = Proceedings of the Fifty-First Annual Meeting | publisher = American Institute of Nutrition | date = 29 March—2 April 1987|url = http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/117/8/1488.pdf | format = pdf| accessdate=}}</ref> She is also a member of [[The International Network of Cholesterol Skeptics]] (THINCS).<ref>{{cite web | title = Member List | publisher = The International Network of Cholesterol Skeptics | url = http://www.thincs.org/members.htm | accessdate = }}</ref>
Enig is a Fellow of the [[American College of Nutrition]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Eauclaire |first=Sally. |month=July 1996 |title=Soy backlash |work=Vegetarian Times |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0820/is_n227/ai_18432895/}}</ref> and was one of three to be named a Master of the organization in 2003.<ref>{{cite web | title = American College of Nutrition - Awards Information| url = http://www.americancollegeofnutrition.org/Default.aspx?tabid=121 | accessdate = 10 August 2008}}</ref> She is also a member of [[The International Network of Cholesterol Skeptics]] (THINCS).<ref>{{cite web | title = Member List | publisher = The International Network of Cholesterol Skeptics | url = http://www.thincs.org/members.htm | accessdate = }}</ref>


== Professional history ==
== Academic and professional history ==
Enig attended the [[University of Maryland, College Park]] (UMCP), receiving an [[Master of Science|MS]], and later a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in Nutritional Sciences in 1984.<ref name=Passwater>Passwater, Richard A. (November 1993–January 1994). [http://www.healthy.net/scr/interview.aspx?Id=162 Health Risks from Processed Foods and Trans Fats]. Interview with Dr. Mary Enig. Whole Foods Magazine.</ref> She was a Licensed Nutritionist in Maryland from May 1988 to October 2008.<ref>{{cite web| title = Verification Page | publisher = Maryland Board of Dietetic Practice | url = https://mdbnc.dhmh.md.gov/dietVerification/Details.aspx?ID=6878 | accessdate = }}</ref>
⚫
Enig is the co-founder, Vice President and a member of the Board of Directors of the [[Weston A. Price Foundation]] (WAPF).<ref>{{cite web

⚫
Enig is the co-founder, vice president and a member of the board of directors of the [[Weston A. Price Foundation]] (WAPF).<ref>{{cite web
| title = Weston A Price Foundation Board of Directors
| title = Weston A Price Foundation Board of Directors
| url = <nowiki>http://www.westonaprice.org/board.html</nowiki>{{Dead link|date=October 2010}}
| url = http://www.westonaprice.org/board-of-directors.html
| accessdate = }}{{Self-published inline|date=October 2010}}</ref> Prior to the founding of the WAPF in 1999, Enig worked as a nutritional consultant for individuals, industry and governments worldwide through Enig Associates, Inc.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} She was a faculty research associate at UMCP with the Lipids Research Group in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry from 1984 through 1991.{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}} While in graduate school and later as a research associate, Enig participated in biochemical research on lipids.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}
| accessdate = }}</ref> Prior to the founding of the WAPF in 1999, Enig worked as a nutritional consultant for individuals, industry and governments worldwide through Enig Associates, Inc. participating in forums such as those held by the [[ASEAN]] Vegetable Oil Club (AVOC) and testifying before the U.S. Congress. She was a faculty research associate at UMCP with the Lipids Research Group in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry from 1984 through 1991. While in graduate school and later as a research associate, Enig participated in biochemical research on lipids. She has published over 14 scientific papers on food fats and oils and presented over 35 on nutrition and is a former editor of the ''[[Journal of the American College of Nutrition]]''.<ref name=Passwater/><ref>Bowden, Jonny. (2007). ''The 150 Healthiest Foods on Earth – The Surprising, Unbiased Truth About What You Should Eat and Why''. Gloucester, MA: Fair Winds Press. pp. 108, 167, 177, 301, 311. ISBN 1592332285.</ref><ref name=WT/><ref name=NYT>Burros, Marian. (October 7, 1992). [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F1061FFA3E540C748CDDA90994DA494D81 Now What? U.S. Study Says Margarine May Be Harmful]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved March 10, 2011.</ref>

==Controversial dietary advice==
Much of Enig's dietary advice is in opposition to the consensus of the medical and scientific communities. She admits that she is "on the fringe" in her nutritional views and advice.<ref>[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-616494190219208343&q=mary%2Benig&total=2&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=0 Interview of Mary Enig on her local cable station - 2006]</ref>


==Dietary views==
===Coconut oil===
===Coconut oil===
Enig has conducted and published original research into the properties of [[coconut oil]] and is a vocal advocate for its dietary consumption, writing multiple articles regarding its health benefits and has been quoted in newspapers regarding her views on coconut oil.<ref>Trimming the Fats. (December 10, 2003). ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref name=star>Webb, Densie. (September 5, 1990). [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BaUsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MxQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2981,2080798&dq=mary-enig&hl=en Processed oils rival butter in raising cholesterol]. ''Wilmington Morning Star''. N.Y. Times News Service.</ref><ref>{{cite web
Enig is a vocal advocate for dietary consumption of [[coconut oil]] and has written multiple articles regarding the health benefits she says it has.<ref>{{cite web | last = Enig | first = Mary
⚫
| title = The Latest Studies on Coconut Oil | publisher = The Weston A. Price Foundation
| url = <nowiki>http://www.westonaprice.org/knowyourfats/coconut-oil-studies.html</nowiki>{{Dead link|date=October 2010}} | accessdate = }}{{Self-published inline|date=October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
⚫
| last = Enig | first = Mary
⚫
| title = More Good News on Coconut Oil | publisher = The Weston A. Price Foundation
| url = <nowiki>http://www.westonaprice.org/knowyourfats/coconut-antimicrobial.html</nowiki>{{Dead link|date=October 2010}} | accessdate = }}{{Self-published inline|date=October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| last = Enig
| first = Mary
| title = Fat and Cholesterol in Human Milk
| publisher = The Weston A. Price Foundation
| url = <nowiki>http://www.westonaprice.org/children/humanmilk.html</nowiki>{{Dead link|date=October 2010}} | accessdate = }}{{Self-published inline|date=October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|last=Enig|first=Mary
|last=Enig|first=Mary
|title=Health and Nutritional Benefits from Coconut Oil: An Important Functional Food for the 21st Century
|title=A New Look at Coconut Oil – Health and Nutritional Benefits from Coconut Oil: An Important Functional Food for the 21st Century
|publisher= The Weston A. Price Foundation
|publisher=
|date = April 25, 1996
⚫
|url=<nowiki>http://www.westonaprice.org/knowyourfats/coconut_oil.html</nowiki>{{Dead link|date=October 2010}}}}{{Self-published inline|date=October 2010}}</ref> She says [[lauric acid]], the main acid in coconut oil, "has antimicrobial properties and is the precursor to [[monolaurin]], the antimicrobial lipid."<ref>{{cite book
|url=http://www.westonaprice.org/know-your-fats/541-new-look-at-coconut-oil.html}} Presented at the AVOC Lauric Oils Symposium, Ho Chi Min City, Vietnam.</ref><ref>Punchihewa, P.G. [http://www.inibap.org/cogent/images/publications/newsletters/Newsletter2_oct1999.pdf Recent Activities of the Asian Pacific Coconut Community]. (October 1999). ''COGENT Newsletter''. IPGRI.</ref><ref>Asian and Pacific Coconut Community. (n.d.).[http://www.apccsec.org/article-coconut.html Articles on the Health Benefits of Coconut Oil].</ref>

⚫
She says [[lauric acid]], the main acid in coconut oil, "has antimicrobial properties and is the precursor to [[monolaurin]], the antimicrobial lipid"<ref name=Know>{{cite book
| last = Enig | first = Mary | title = Know Your Fats | publisher = Bethesda Press
| last = Enig | first = Mary | title = Know Your Fats | publisher = Bethesda Press
|date = May 2000| pages = 114 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-96781-260-7}}</ref> She also states that lauric acid "gives human milk its major antimicrobial properties, and it may be a conditionally essential fatty acid <ref>{{cite web
|date = May 2000| pages = 114 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-96781-260-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| last = Enig|first=Mary
| last = Enig | first = Mary
| title = Health and nutritional benefits from coconut oil and its advantages over competing oils | date = September 1995
| title = More Good News on Coconut Oil
| journal = Indian Coconut Journal
| publisher = The Weston A. Price Foundation
| url = http://coconutboard.gov.in/English-Article-MaryEnig.pdf | accessdate = March 11, 2011}}</ref>and that natural coconut oil may be effective in the treatment of viral infections such as [[measles]], [[herpes]], [[vesicular stomatitis]], [[cytomegalovirus]], and [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]].<ref>{{cite web
⚫
| url = <nowiki>http://www.westonaprice.org/knowyourfats/coconut-antimicrobial.html</nowiki>{{Dead link|date=October 2010}}|accessdate=}}{{Self-published inline|date=October 2010}}</ref> since it cannot be made by mammals other than the lactating female and must be obtained from the diet."<ref>{{cite book
| last = Enig | first = Mary | title = Know Your Fats | publisher = Bethesda Press
| last = Enig | first = Mary
⚫
| title = On Natural Coconut Oil for AIDS and Other Viral Infections | date =
|date = May 2000| page = 194 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-96781-260-7}}</ref>
| url = http://www.aspartame.ca/page_oho2b.htm | accessdate = }}</ref><ref>[http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=611111&publicationSubCategoryId=77 Garin: Claims on health benefits of VCO need proof ] The Philippine Star. 12 Sept 2010.</ref> She also states that lauric acid "gives human milk its major antimicrobial properties, and it may be a conditionally essential fatty acid<ref name=More>{{cite web
⚫
Enig also notes that the saturated fat in coconut oil consists of medium chain fatty acids, which are not only not harmful, but help in promoting healthy metabolism.
⚫
| last = Enig | first = Mary
⚫
| title = More Good News on Coconut Oil | publisher = The Weston A. Price Foundation |date = December 18, 2006
⚫
| url = http://www.westonaprice.org/know-your-fats/533-more-good-news-on-coconut-oil.html | accessdate = March 6, 2011}}</ref> since it cannot be made by mammals other than the lactating female and must be obtained from the diet."<ref name=Know/>
⚫
Enig also notes that the saturated fat in coconut oil consists of medium chain fatty acids, which she says are not only not harmful, but help in promoting healthy metabolism.


Enig is critical of lowfat diets for weight loss and states in summary: "Perhaps the best way to lose unwanted weight (excess weight in the form of fat, that is) is to change the type of fat in the diet to the type of fat found in the coconut."<ref>{{cite web
Enig is critical of lowfat diets for weight loss and states in summary: "Perhaps the best way to lose unwanted weight (excess weight in the form of fat, that is) is to change the type of fat in the diet to the type of fat found in the coconut."<ref>{{cite web
|last=Enig|first=Mary
|last = Enig |first = Mary
|title=Lowfat Diets| publisher= The Weston A. Price Foundation
|title = Lowfat Diets| publisher= The Weston A. Price Foundation
|date = December 31, 2001
|url = <nowiki>http://www.westonaprice.org/knowyourfats/lowfatdiets.html</nowiki>{{Dead link|date=October 2010}}}}{{Self-published inline|date=October 2010}}</ref> In collaboration with [[Sally Fallon]], co-founder of the WAPF, Enig wrote a book about coconut-based diets for weight loss called ''Eat Fat, Lose Fat''.<ref>Mary G. Enig and Sally Fallon ''Eat Fat, Lose Fat: Lose Weight and Feel Great with Three Delicious, Science-based [[Coconut]] Diets'', Plume, ISBN 0-45228-566-6{{Page needed|date=October 2010}}</ref>
|url = http://www.westonaprice.org/know-your-fats/547-lowfat-diets.html}}</ref> In collaboration with [[Sally Fallon]], co-founder of the WAPF, Enig wrote a book about coconut-based diets for weight loss called ''Eat Fat, Lose Fat''.<ref>Mary G. Enig and Sally Fallon ''Eat Fat, Lose Fat: Lose Weight and Feel Great with Three Delicious, Science-based Coconut Diets'', Plume, ISBN 0-45228-566-6</ref>


⚫
===Saturated and trans fats===
Enig also says that natural coconut oil may be effective in the treatment of [[AIDS]] and other viral infections.<ref>{{cite web
⚫
Enig disputes the [[lipid hypothesis]], which postulates that consumption of saturated fats contributes to heart disease.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Enig | first = Mary
| last = Enig | first = Mary | coauthors = Sally Fallon
⚫
| title = ON NATURAL COCONUT OIL FOR AIDS AND OTHER VIRAL INFECTIONS | date =
⚫
| title = The Skinny on Fats | publisher = The Weston A. Price Foundation
| url = http://www.aspartame.ca/page_oho2b.htm | accessdate = }}</ref>
| date = January 1, 2000 | url = http://www.westonaprice.org/know-your-fats/526-skinny-on-fats.html | accessdate = }}</ref> A vocal critic, she has both received and given criticism in scientific journals on the issue<ref>Stone, Neil J. (March 31, 1994). [http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199403313301321 Book Review – Coronary Heart Disease: The Dietary Sense and Nonsense – An Evaluation by Scientists]. ''New England Journal of Medicine'' '''330''' (9): 943–944.</ref><ref>Enig MG. (September 1, 1994). [http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199409013310914 More on Coronary heart disease: the dietary sense and nonsense]. ''New England Journal of Medicine'' '''331''' (9): 615. {{PMID|8047097}}.</ref><ref name=science>Ravnskov U, Allen C, Atrens D, Enig MG, Groves B, Kauffman JM, Kroneld R, Rosch PJ, Rosenman R, Werkö L, Nielsen JV, Wilske J, Worm N. (February 22, 2002). [http://www.ravnskov.nu/cholskept.links.responsetoGrundy.htm Studies of dietary fat and heart disease]. ''Science'' '''295''' (5559): 1464-6. {{DOI| 10.1126/science.295.5559.1464c}} {{PMID|11859893}}.</ref> and in newspapers.<ref>Schaeffer, Charles. (July 17, 1991). Lean and Mean - More on Cholesterol. ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref>Enig, Mary. The Complex Question of Cholesterol. (July 1, 1991). ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref>Good Fat, Bad Fat. (August 28, 1992). ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref>Exposing Trans Fatty Acids, The Bad Fats. (December 11, 1992). ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref>Ogilvie, Megan. (October 6, 2006). This plan under fire for stress on coconut, fats. ''The Toronto Star''.</ref>


She raised concerns as early as the 1970s about the dangers of [[trans fats]].<ref>[[Michael Pollan|Pollan, Michael]]. (2008). ''In Defense of Food – An Eater's Manifesto''. Penguin. p. 45. ISBN 1594201455.</ref><ref name=star/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Enig |first1=MG |last2=Munn |first2=RJ |last3=Keeney |first3=M |title=Dietary fat and cancer trends--a critique |journal=Federation proceedings |volume=37 |issue=9 |pages=2215–20 |year=1978 |pmid=566221}}</ref><ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0305/12/se.15.html Interview With Stephen Joseph]. (May 12, 2003). Live from the Headlines. CNN.</ref><ref name=chicago>[http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/337189531.html?dids=337189531:337189531&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=May+16%2C+2003&author=Reuters&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=Hailing+publicity%2C+lawyer+dunks+call+for+Oreo+ban&pqatl=google Hailing publicity, lawyer dunks call for Oreo ban]. (May 16, 2003). ''The Chicago Tribune''. Reuters.</ref><ref>{{cite web
===Cholesterol===
Enig maintains that [[cholesterol]] does not contribute to heart disease and calls it a "phony issue."<ref>{{cite web
| last = Enig | first = Mary | title = Cholesterol and Heart Disease—A Phony Issue | publisher = The Weston A. Price Foundation
| last = Enig | first = Mary | title = Cholesterol and Heart Disease—A Phony Issue | publisher = The Weston A. Price Foundation
⚫
| date = June 30, 2001 | url = http://www.westonaprice.org/know-your-fats/538-cholesterol-and-heart-disease-a-phony-issue.html | accessdate = }}</ref> The negative effects of trans fats are now widely recognized, spurring efforts to remove them from food supplies world wide.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=L'Abbé |first1=M R |last2=Stender |first2=S |last3=Skeaff |first3=C M |last4=Tavella |first4=M |last5=Ebert |first5=DS |last6=Delp |first6=EJ |title=Approaches to removing trans fats from the food supply in industrialized and developing countries |journal=European Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=63 |pages=S50 |year=2009 |pmid=19190645 |pmc=2830089 |doi=10.1038/ejcn.2009.14}}</ref> Her position regarding saturated fats is supported by recent meta-analyses of randomized intervention trials, which indicate that saturated fats are no riskier than monounsaturated fats or carbohydrates when substituted on an isocaloric basis<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jakobsen |first1=MU |last2=O'Reilly |first2=EJ |last3=Heitmann |first3=BL |last4=Pereira |first4=MA |last5=Bälter |first5=K |last6=Fraser |first6=GE |last7=Goldbourt |first7=U |last8=Hallmans |first8=G |last9=Knekt |first9=P |title=Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=1425–32 |year=2009 |pmid=19211817 |pmc=2676998 |doi=10.3945/ajcn.2008.27124}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mozaffarian |first1=D |last2=Micha |first2=R |last3=Wallace |first3=S |last4=Wallace |first4=Sarah |title=Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=PLoS medicine |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e1000252 |year=2010 |pmid=20351774 |pmc=2843598 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000252}}</ref><ref>Siri-Tarino, Patty W., Qi Sun, Frank B. Hu, and Ronald M. Krauss. (2010). [http://www.ajcn.org/content/91/3/535.full Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease]. ''The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition'' '''91''' (3): 535-546. {{doi|10.3945/ajcn.2009.27725}}.</ref> raising questions about the link between [[Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease controversy|saturated fats and cardiovascular disease]] that had been widely thought settled.
| date = | url = <nowiki>http://www.westonaprice.org/knowyourfats/fats_phony.html</nowiki>{{Dead link|date=October 2010}} | accessdate = }}{{Self-published inline|date=October 2010}}</ref>


Health agencies such as the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] and the [[American Medical Association]], however, still advise consumers to avoid coconut oil because of concerns with saturated fats.<ref>Maloof, Rich. [http://health.msn.com/health-topics/cholesterol/articlepage.aspx?cp-documentid=100143200 Coconut Oil]. MSN Health and Fitness.</ref>
===Raw milk===
Enig and the [[Weston A. Price Foundation|WAPF]] advocate [[raw milk]] as part of a healthy diet.<ref>{{cite web
| title = What is Real Milk?| url = http://www.realmilk.com/what.html| accessdate = 25 July 2009}}</ref>


⚫
Enig believes that big business and other powerful vested interests played a significant role in the negative portrayals of saturated fats in order to sell [[margarine]] and similar spreads, which often contained substantial levels of trans fats.<ref>{{cite web
⚫
===Saturated and trans fats===
⚫
Enig disputes the [[lipid hypothesis]], which postulates that consumption of saturated fats contributes to heart disease<ref>{{cite web
| last = Enig | first = Mary | coauthors = Sally Fallon
| title = The Skinny on Fats | publisher = The Weston A. Price Foundation
⚫
| date = | url = <nowiki>http://www.westonaprice.org/knowyourfats/skinny.html</nowiki>{{Dead link|date=October 2010}} | accessdate = }}{{Self-published inline|date=October 2010}}</ref> and asserts that the true culprit is [[trans fat]]. Her position regarding saturated fats is supported by recent meta-analyses of randomized intervention trials, which indicate that saturated fats are no riskier than monounsaturated fats or carbohydrates when substituted on an isocaloric basis.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jakobsen |first1=MU |last2=O'Reilly |first2=EJ |last3=Heitmann |first3=BL |last4=Pereira |first4=MA |last5=Bälter |first5=K |last6=Fraser |first6=GE |last7=Goldbourt |first7=U |last8=Hallmans |first8=G |last9=Knekt |first9=P |title=Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies |journal=The American journal of clinical nutrition |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=1425–32 |year=2009 |pmid=19211817 |pmc=2676998 |doi=10.3945/ajcn.2008.27124}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mozaffarian |first1=D |last2=Micha |first2=R |last3=Wallace |first3=S |last4=Wallace |first4=Sarah |title=Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=PLoS medicine |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e1000252 |year=2010 |pmid=20351774 |pmc=2843598 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000252}}</ref> {{Or|date=July 2010}} The negative effects of trans fats are now widely recognized, spurring efforts to remove them from food supplies world wide.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=L'abbé |first1=M R |last2=Stender |first2=S |last3=Skeaff |first3=C M |last4=Tavella |first4=M |last5=Ebert |first5=DS |last6=Delp |first6=EJ |title=Approaches to removing trans fats from the food supply in industrialized and developing countries |journal=European Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=63 |pages=S50 |year=2009 |pmid=19190645 |pmc=2830089 |doi=10.1038/ejcn.2009.14}}</ref>

⚫
She states that big business and other powerful vested interests played a significant role in the negative portrayals of saturated fats in order to sell [[margarine]] and similar spreads, which often contained substantial levels of trans fats.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Enig | first = Mary | coauthors = Sally Fallon
| last = Enig | first = Mary | coauthors = Sally Fallon
| title = The Oiling of America | publisher = The Weston A. Price Foundation
| title = The Oiling of America | publisher = The Weston A. Price Foundation
| date = 1999 | url = http://www.westonaprice.org/know-your-fats/525-the-oiling-of-america.html | accessdate = }}</ref> She is skeptical of consumer groups like the [[Center for Science in the Public Interest]], which flip-flopped on the issue of trans fats without admitting its earlier mistake in pushing for products containing them, and its continued campaigns in the name of public health.<ref name =WT>[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/jun/15/20060615-084016-8930r/ Special interest’s secret recipe]. (June 15, 2006). ''[[The Washington Times]]''. Retrieved March 10, 2011.</ref><ref name=video>Allyn, Karen. (2006). ''Forward Motion''. [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-616494190219208343&q=mary%2Benig&total=2&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=0 Interview with Mary Enig]. Washington, DC.</ref>
| date = 1999 | url = <nowiki>http://www.westonaprice.org/knowyourfats/oiling.html</nowiki>{{Dead link|date=October 2010}} | accessdate = }}{{Self-published inline|date=October 2010}}</ref>


Enig sees benefits in the consumption of saturated fats and notes their function in certain signaling and stabilizing processes in the body at the cellular level involving proteins.<ref>{{cite web
She claims that a study conducted during the early 1970s by Canadian scientists on [[rapeseed]] and [[canola oil]], concluded that at least 25% of fat in the diet should be in the form of saturated fat, but does not provide any information by which this assertion may be checked.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Enig | first = Mary
| last = Enig | first = Mary
| title = The Importance of Saturated Fats for Biological Functions | publisher = The Weston A. Price Foundation
| title = The Importance of Saturated Fats for Biological Functions | publisher = The Weston A. Price Foundation
⚫
| date = July 8, 2004| url = http://www.westonaprice.org/know-your-fats/528-importance-of-saturated-fats-for-biological-functions.html | accessdate = }}</ref> She also says that the "maintenance of a healthy digestive system requires input from lipids, which include molecules such as cholesterol, appropriate saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and other lesser known components such as [[glycosphingolipids]]."<ref>{{cite web
| date = 2004 | url = <nowiki>http://www.westonaprice.org/knowyourfats/import_sat_fat.html</nowiki>{{Dead link|date=October 2010}} | accessdate = }}{{Self-published inline|date=October 2010}}</ref>

⚫
Enig says that the "maintenance of a healthy digestive system requires input from lipids, which include molecules such as cholesterol, appropriate saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and other lesser known components such as [[glycosphingolipids]]."<ref>{{cite web
| last = Enig | first = Mary
| last = Enig | first = Mary
| title = Digestion and Absorption of Food Fats | publisher = The Weston A. Price Foundation
| title = Digestion and Absorption of Food Fats | publisher = The Weston A. Price Foundation
| date = | url = <nowiki>http://www.westonaprice.org/knowyourfats/fat_absorption.html</nowiki>{{Dead link|date=October 2010}} | accessdate = }}{{Self-published inline|date=October 2010}}</ref>
| date = September 27, 2004 | url = http://www.westonaprice.org/know-your-fats/527-digestion-and-absorption-of-food-fats.html | accessdate = }}</ref>


== Selected works ==
== Selected works ==
=== Books ===
=== Books ===
⚫
* Mary Enig, ''Know Your Fats: The Complete Primer for Understanding the Nutrition of Fats, Oils and Cholesterol'', (Bethesda Press, May 2000). ISBN 0-96781-260-7, ISBN 978-0967812601.
⚫
* Sally Fallon, with Dr Mary Enig (contributing editor), ''Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats'', (NewTrends Publishing, October 1999). ISBN 0-96708-973-5, ISBN 978-0967089737.
* Mary Enig, ''Trans fatty acids in the food supply: A comprehensive report covering 60 years of research'', (Enig Associates, 1993).
* Mary Enig, ''Trans fatty acids in the food supply: A comprehensive report covering 60 years of research'', (Enig Associates, 1993).
⚫
* Sally Fallon, with Dr Mary Enig (contributing editor), ''Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats'', (NewTrends Publishing, October 1999). ISBN 0-96708-973-5, ISBN 978-0967089737.
⚫
* Mary Enig, ''Know Your Fats: The Complete Primer for Understanding the Nutrition of Fats, Oils and Cholesterol'', (Bethesda Press, May 2000). ISBN 0-96781-260-7, ISBN 978-0967812601.
* Mary Enig and Sally Fallon, ''Eat Fat Lose Fat – The Healthy Alternative to Trans Fats'', (Plume, March 28, 2006). ISBN 0452285666, ISBN 978-0452285668.

====Chapter====
* Mary Enig, "Diet, serum cholesterol and coronary heart disease", in Mann GV (ed): ''Coronary Heart Disease: The Dietary Sense and Nonsense – An evaluation by scientists''. (Janus Publishing, London, 1993). pp 36-60. ISBN 1857560728.


===Scientific papers===
===Journal articles===
*{{cite journal |last1=Enig |first1=MG |last2=Munn |first2=RJ |last3=Keeney |first3=M |title=Dietary fat and cancer trends--a critique |journal=Federation proceedings |volume=37 |issue=9 |pages=2215–20 |year=1978 |pmid=566221}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Enig |first1=MG |last2=Munn |first2=RJ |last3=Keeney |first3=M. |title=Dietary fat and cancer trends--a critique |journal=Federation proceedings |volume=37 |issue=9 |pages=2215–20 |year=1978 |pmid=566221}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Enig |first1=M. G. |last2=Pallansch |first2=LA. |last3=Sampugna |first3=J. |last4=Keeney |first4=M. |title=Fatty acid composition of the fat in selected food items with emphasis on trans components1 |journal=Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society |volume=60 |pages=1788 |year=1983 |doi=10.1007/BF02680357}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Enig |first1=MG |last2=Pallansch |first2=LA |last3=Sampugna |first3=J |last4=Keeney |first4=M. |title=Fatty acid composition of the fat in selected food items with emphasis on trans components |journal=Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society |volume=60 |pages=1788 |year=1983 |doi=10.1007/BF02680357}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Enig |first1=MG |last2=Budowski |first2=P |last3=Blondheim |first3=SH |title=Trans-unsaturated fatty acids in margarines and human subcutaneous fat in Israel |journal=Human nutrition. Clinical nutrition |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=223–30 |year=1984 |pmid=6086551}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Enig |first1=MG |last2=Budowski |first2=P |last3=Blondheim |first3=SH |title=Trans-unsaturated fatty acids in margarines and human subcutaneous fat in Israel |journal=Human nutrition. Clinical nutrition |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=223–30 |year=1984 |pmid=6086551}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Enig |first1=MG |last2=Atal |first2=S |last3=Keeney |first3=M |last4=Sampugna |first4=J |title=Isomeric trans fatty acids in the U.S. diet |journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=471–86 |year=1990 |pmid=2258534}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Enig |first1=MG |last2=Atal |first2=S |last3=Keeney |first3=M |last4=Sampugna |first4=J |title=Isomeric trans fatty acids in the U.S. diet |journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=471–86 |year=1990 |pmid=2258534}}
* Lieberman, Shari, Mary G. Enig, Harry G. Preuss. (December 2006). A Review of Monolaurin and Lauric Acid: Natural Virucidal and Bactericidal Agents. ''Alternative and Complementary Therapies'' '''12''' (6): 310-314. {{doi|10.1089/act.2006.12.310}}


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 04:48, 30 March 2011

For ENIG gold plating, see Electroless nickel immersion gold.
Mary G. Enig
Born1931
Alma materUniversity of Maryland, College Park
AwardsMaster of the American College of Nutrition
Scientific career
FieldsNutrition
InstitutionsWeston A. Price Foundation

Mary Gertrude Enig, PhD (born 1931) is a nutritionist who reviews research on and writes articles about the nutritional aspects of fats. She is known for her early opposition to trans fats before its dangers were widely accepted, her skepticism towards the diet-heart hypothesis, and her current advocacy of whole foods and certain saturated fats such as those found in coconut oil.

Enig is a Fellow of the American College of Nutrition[1] and was one of three to be named a Master of the organization in 2003.[2] She is also a member of The International Network of Cholesterol Skeptics (THINCS).[3]

Academic and professional history

Enig attended the University of Maryland, College Park (UMCP), receiving an MS, and later a PhD in Nutritional Sciences in 1984.[4] She was a Licensed Nutritionist in Maryland from May 1988 to October 2008.[5]

Enig is the co-founder, vice president and a member of the board of directors of the Weston A. Price Foundation (WAPF).[6] Prior to the founding of the WAPF in 1999, Enig worked as a nutritional consultant for individuals, industry and governments worldwide through Enig Associates, Inc. participating in forums such as those held by the ASEAN Vegetable Oil Club (AVOC) and testifying before the U.S. Congress. She was a faculty research associate at UMCP with the Lipids Research Group in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry from 1984 through 1991. While in graduate school and later as a research associate, Enig participated in biochemical research on lipids. She has published over 14 scientific papers on food fats and oils and presented over 35 on nutrition and is a former editor of the Journal of the American College of Nutrition.[4][7][8][9]

Dietary views

Coconut oil

Enig has conducted and published original research into the properties of coconut oil and is a vocal advocate for its dietary consumption, writing multiple articles regarding its health benefits and has been quoted in newspapers regarding her views on coconut oil.[10][11][12][13][14]

She says lauric acid, the main acid in coconut oil, "has antimicrobial properties and is the precursor to monolaurin, the antimicrobial lipid"[15][16]and that natural coconut oil may be effective in the treatment of viral infections such as measles, herpes, vesicular stomatitis, cytomegalovirus, and HIV/AIDS.[17][18] She also states that lauric acid "gives human milk its major antimicrobial properties, and it may be a conditionally essential fatty acid[19] since it cannot be made by mammals other than the lactating female and must be obtained from the diet."[15] Enig also notes that the saturated fat in coconut oil consists of medium chain fatty acids, which she says are not only not harmful, but help in promoting healthy metabolism.

Enig is critical of lowfat diets for weight loss and states in summary: "Perhaps the best way to lose unwanted weight (excess weight in the form of fat, that is) is to change the type of fat in the diet to the type of fat found in the coconut."[20] In collaboration with Sally Fallon, co-founder of the WAPF, Enig wrote a book about coconut-based diets for weight loss called Eat Fat, Lose Fat.[21]

Saturated and trans fats

Enig disputes the lipid hypothesis, which postulates that consumption of saturated fats contributes to heart disease.[22] A vocal critic, she has both received and given criticism in scientific journals on the issue[23][24][25] and in newspapers.[26][27][28][29][30]

She raised concerns as early as the 1970s about the dangers of trans fats.[31][11][32][33][34][35] The negative effects of trans fats are now widely recognized, spurring efforts to remove them from food supplies world wide.[36] Her position regarding saturated fats is supported by recent meta-analyses of randomized intervention trials, which indicate that saturated fats are no riskier than monounsaturated fats or carbohydrates when substituted on an isocaloric basis[37][38][39] raising questions about the link between saturated fats and cardiovascular disease that had been widely thought settled.

Health agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the American Medical Association, however, still advise consumers to avoid coconut oil because of concerns with saturated fats.[40]

Enig believes that big business and other powerful vested interests played a significant role in the negative portrayals of saturated fats in order to sell margarine and similar spreads, which often contained substantial levels of trans fats.[41] She is skeptical of consumer groups like the Center for Science in the Public Interest, which flip-flopped on the issue of trans fats without admitting its earlier mistake in pushing for products containing them, and its continued campaigns in the name of public health.[8][42]

Enig sees benefits in the consumption of saturated fats and notes their function in certain signaling and stabilizing processes in the body at the cellular level involving proteins.[43] She also says that the "maintenance of a healthy digestive system requires input from lipids, which include molecules such as cholesterol, appropriate saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and other lesser known components such as glycosphingolipids."[44]

Selected works

Books

  • Mary Enig, Trans fatty acids in the food supply: A comprehensive report covering 60 years of research, (Enig Associates, 1993).
  • Sally Fallon, with Dr Mary Enig (contributing editor), Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats, (NewTrends Publishing, October 1999). ISBN 0-96708-973-5, ISBN 978-0967089737.
  • Mary Enig, Know Your Fats: The Complete Primer for Understanding the Nutrition of Fats, Oils and Cholesterol, (Bethesda Press, May 2000). ISBN 0-96781-260-7, ISBN 978-0967812601.
  • Mary Enig and Sally Fallon, Eat Fat Lose Fat – The Healthy Alternative to Trans Fats, (Plume, March 28, 2006). ISBN 0452285666, ISBN 978-0452285668.

Chapter

  • Mary Enig, "Diet, serum cholesterol and coronary heart disease", in Mann GV (ed): Coronary Heart Disease: The Dietary Sense and Nonsense – An evaluation by scientists. (Janus Publishing, London, 1993). pp 36-60. ISBN 1857560728.

Journal articles

  • Enig, MG; Munn, RJ; Keeney, M. (1978). "Dietary fat and cancer trends--a critique". Federation proceedings. 37 (9): 2215–20. PMID 566221.
  • Enig, MG; Pallansch, LA; Sampugna, J; Keeney, M. (1983). "Fatty acid composition of the fat in selected food items with emphasis on trans components". Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society. 60: 1788. doi:10.1007/BF02680357.
  • Enig, MG; Budowski, P; Blondheim, SH (1984). "Trans-unsaturated fatty acids in margarines and human subcutaneous fat in Israel". Human nutrition. Clinical nutrition. 38 (3): 223–30. PMID 6086551.
  • Enig, MG; Atal, S; Keeney, M; Sampugna, J (1990). "Isomeric trans fatty acids in the U.S. diet". Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 9 (5): 471–86. PMID 2258534.
  • Lieberman, Shari, Mary G. Enig, Harry G. Preuss. (December 2006). A Review of Monolaurin and Lauric Acid: Natural Virucidal and Bactericidal Agents. Alternative and Complementary Therapies 12 (6): 310-314. doi:10.1089/act.2006.12.310

References

  1. ^ Eauclaire, Sally. "Soy backlash". Vegetarian Times. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ^ "American College of Nutrition - Awards Information". Retrieved 10 August 2008.
  3. ^ "Member List". The International Network of Cholesterol Skeptics.
  4. ^ a b Passwater, Richard A. (November 1993–January 1994). Health Risks from Processed Foods and Trans Fats. Interview with Dr. Mary Enig. Whole Foods Magazine.
  5. ^ "Verification Page". Maryland Board of Dietetic Practice.
  6. ^ "Weston A Price Foundation Board of Directors".
  7. ^ Bowden, Jonny. (2007). The 150 Healthiest Foods on Earth – The Surprising, Unbiased Truth About What You Should Eat and Why. Gloucester, MA: Fair Winds Press. pp. 108, 167, 177, 301, 311. ISBN 1592332285.
  8. ^ a b Special interest’s secret recipe. (June 15, 2006). The Washington Times. Retrieved March 10, 2011.
  9. ^ Burros, Marian. (October 7, 1992). Now What? U.S. Study Says Margarine May Be Harmful. The New York Times. Retrieved March 10, 2011.
  10. ^ Trimming the Fats. (December 10, 2003). The Washington Post.
  11. ^ a b Webb, Densie. (September 5, 1990). Processed oils rival butter in raising cholesterol. Wilmington Morning Star. N.Y. Times News Service.
  12. ^ Enig, Mary (25 April 1996). "A New Look at Coconut Oil – Health and Nutritional Benefits from Coconut Oil: An Important Functional Food for the 21st Century". Presented at the AVOC Lauric Oils Symposium, Ho Chi Min City, Vietnam.
  13. ^ Punchihewa, P.G. Recent Activities of the Asian Pacific Coconut Community. (October 1999). COGENT Newsletter. IPGRI.
  14. ^ Asian and Pacific Coconut Community. (n.d.).Articles on the Health Benefits of Coconut Oil.
  15. ^ a b Enig, Mary (May 2000). Know Your Fats. Bethesda Press. p. 114. ISBN 0-96781-260-7.
  16. ^ Enig, Mary (September 1995). "Health and nutritional benefits from coconut oil and its advantages over competing oils" (PDF). Indian Coconut Journal. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  17. ^ Enig, Mary. "On Natural Coconut Oil for AIDS and Other Viral Infections".
  18. ^ Garin: Claims on health benefits of VCO need proof The Philippine Star. 12 Sept 2010.
  19. ^ Enig, Mary (18 December 2006). "More Good News on Coconut Oil". The Weston A. Price Foundation. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  20. ^ Enig, Mary (31 December 2001). "Lowfat Diets". The Weston A. Price Foundation.
  21. ^ Mary G. Enig and Sally Fallon Eat Fat, Lose Fat: Lose Weight and Feel Great with Three Delicious, Science-based Coconut Diets, Plume, ISBN 0-45228-566-6
  22. ^ Enig, Mary (1 January 2000). "The Skinny on Fats". The Weston A. Price Foundation. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ Stone, Neil J. (March 31, 1994). Book Review – Coronary Heart Disease: The Dietary Sense and Nonsense – An Evaluation by Scientists. New England Journal of Medicine 330 (9): 943–944.
  24. ^ Enig MG. (September 1, 1994). More on Coronary heart disease: the dietary sense and nonsense. New England Journal of Medicine 331 (9): 615. PMID 8047097.
  25. ^ Ravnskov U, Allen C, Atrens D, Enig MG, Groves B, Kauffman JM, Kroneld R, Rosch PJ, Rosenman R, Werkö L, Nielsen JV, Wilske J, Worm N. (February 22, 2002). Studies of dietary fat and heart disease. Science 295 (5559): 1464-6. doi:10.1126/science.295.5559.1464c PMID 11859893.
  26. ^ Schaeffer, Charles. (July 17, 1991). Lean and Mean - More on Cholesterol. The Washington Post.
  27. ^ Enig, Mary. The Complex Question of Cholesterol. (July 1, 1991). The Washington Post.
  28. ^ Good Fat, Bad Fat. (August 28, 1992). The Washington Post.
  29. ^ Exposing Trans Fatty Acids, The Bad Fats. (December 11, 1992). The Washington Post.
  30. ^ Ogilvie, Megan. (October 6, 2006). This plan under fire for stress on coconut, fats. The Toronto Star.
  31. ^ Pollan, Michael. (2008). In Defense of Food – An Eater's Manifesto. Penguin. p. 45. ISBN 1594201455.
  32. ^ Enig, MG; Munn, RJ; Keeney, M (1978). "Dietary fat and cancer trends--a critique". Federation proceedings. 37 (9): 2215–20. PMID 566221.
  33. ^ Interview With Stephen Joseph. (May 12, 2003). Live from the Headlines. CNN.
  34. ^ Hailing publicity, lawyer dunks call for Oreo ban. (May 16, 2003). The Chicago Tribune. Reuters.
  35. ^ Enig, Mary (30 June 2001). "Cholesterol and Heart Disease—A Phony Issue". The Weston A. Price Foundation.
  36. ^ L'Abbé, M R; Stender, S; Skeaff, C M; Tavella, M; Ebert, DS; Delp, EJ (2009). "Approaches to removing trans fats from the food supply in industrialized and developing countries". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 63: S50. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.14. PMC 2830089. PMID 19190645.
  37. ^ Jakobsen, MU; O'Reilly, EJ; Heitmann, BL; Pereira, MA; Bälter, K; Fraser, GE; Goldbourt, U; Hallmans, G; Knekt, P (2009). "Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 89 (5): 1425–32. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27124. PMC 2676998. PMID 19211817.
  38. ^ Mozaffarian, D; Micha, R; Wallace, S; Wallace, Sarah (2010). "Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". PLoS medicine. 7 (3): e1000252. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000252. PMC 2843598. PMID 20351774.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  39. ^ Siri-Tarino, Patty W., Qi Sun, Frank B. Hu, and Ronald M. Krauss. (2010). Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91 (3): 535-546. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27725.
  40. ^ Maloof, Rich. Coconut Oil. MSN Health and Fitness.
  41. ^ Enig, Mary (1999). "The Oiling of America". The Weston A. Price Foundation. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ Allyn, Karen. (2006). Forward Motion. Interview with Mary Enig. Washington, DC.
  43. ^ Enig, Mary (8 July 2004). "The Importance of Saturated Fats for Biological Functions". The Weston A. Price Foundation.
  44. ^ Enig, Mary (27 September 2004). "Digestion and Absorption of Food Fats". The Weston A. Price Foundation.

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