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| url = http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1081381.html }}</ref> Between 1948 and 1997, 20,093<ref>http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Centenary%20of%20Zionism/The%20Arab-Israeli%20Wars</ref> Israeli soldiers were killed in combat, 75,000 Israelis were wounded, and nearly 100,000<ref>http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=169580</ref> Israelis were considered disabled army [[veterans]]. On the other hand, in 2010 [[Yom Hazikaron]], Israel honored the memory of 22,684 soldiers killed since 1860 in the line of duty for the independence, preservation and protection of the nation, and 3,971 civilian terror victims.<ref name=Haaretz /><ref>{{cite news |title=2010 Memorial Day |url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/096/388.html |publisher={{he icon}}. NRG Maariv |date=19 April 2010 |accessdate=19 April 2010 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.aurora-israel.co.il/articulos/israel/Nacional/28670/ Aurora] (''Spanish'')</ref> The memorial roll, in addition to [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] members deceased, also include fallen members of the [[Shin Bet]] security service, the [[Mossad]] intelligence service, the [[Israel Police]], the [[Israeli Border Police|Border Police]], the [[Israel Prisons Service]], other [[Israeli security forces]], the pre-state [[Zionist political violence|Jewish underground]], and the [[Jewish Brigade]] and the [[Jewish Legion]] (which served alongside British forces in [[World War II]] and [[World War I]] respectively).
| url = http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1081381.html }}</ref> Between 1948 and 1997, 20,093<ref>http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Centenary%20of%20Zionism/The%20Arab-Israeli%20Wars</ref> Israeli soldiers were killed in combat, 75,000 Israelis were wounded, and nearly 100,000<ref>http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=169580</ref> Israelis were considered disabled army [[veterans]]. On the other hand, in 2010 [[Yom Hazikaron]], Israel honored the memory of 22,684 soldiers killed since 1860 in the line of duty for the independence, preservation and protection of the nation, and 3,971 civilian terror victims.<ref name=Haaretz /><ref>{{cite news |title=2010 Memorial Day |url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/096/388.html |publisher={{he icon}}. NRG Maariv |date=19 April 2010 |accessdate=19 April 2010 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.aurora-israel.co.il/articulos/israel/Nacional/28670/ Aurora] (''Spanish'')</ref> The memorial roll, in addition to [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] members deceased, also include fallen members of the [[Shin Bet]] security service, the [[Mossad]] intelligence service, the [[Israel Police]], the [[Israeli Border Police|Border Police]], the [[Israel Prisons Service]], other [[Israeli security forces]], the pre-state [[Zionist political violence|Jewish underground]], and the [[Jewish Brigade]] and the [[Jewish Legion]] (which served alongside British forces in [[World War II]] and [[World War I]] respectively).


== Palestinian political violence ==
== Palestinian violence ==


According to the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)|Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] and the [[Anti-Defamation League]], a total of 1,190 Israelis and foreigners were killed<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+since+2000/Victims+of+Palestinian+Violence+and+Terrorism+sinc.htm Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000]</ref><ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-%20Obstacle%20to%20Peace/Memorial/2000/In%20Memory%20of%20the%20Victims%20of%20Palestinian%20Violence%20a List of Palestinian terror victims]</ref> and 7,000 wounded<ref>http://www.adl.org/israel/advocacy/glossary/intifada2.asp</ref> between September [[2000]] and June [[2010]] by Palestinian terror attacks; while more than 3,000 Israelis<ref name="btselem2"/><ref>http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+before+2000/Which+Came+First-+Terrorism+or+Occupation+-+Major.htm Which Came First - Terrorism or "Occupation"? Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs
According to the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)|Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] and the [[Anti-Defamation League]], a total of 1,190 Israelis and foreigners were killed<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+since+2000/Victims+of+Palestinian+Violence+and+Terrorism+sinc.htm Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000]</ref><ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-%20Obstacle%20to%20Peace/Memorial/2000/In%20Memory%20of%20the%20Victims%20of%20Palestinian%20Violence%20a List of Palestinian terror victims]</ref> and 7,000 wounded<ref>http://www.adl.org/israel/advocacy/glossary/intifada2.asp</ref> between September [[2000]] and June [[2010]] by Palestinian terror attacks; while more than 3,000 Israelis<ref name="btselem2"/><ref>http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+before+2000/Which+Came+First-+Terrorism+or+Occupation+-+Major.htm Which Came First - Terrorism or "Occupation"? Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Revision as of 05:08, 22 August 2010

Israel casualties

Casualties suffered by Israel in war or conflict:

Conflicts prior to Israel's independence Military deaths Civilian deaths Total deaths Military and/or Civilian wounded Total casualties
1920 Jerusalem riots 0 5 5 216 221
1921 Jaffa riots 0 47[1] 47 146 193
1929 Palestine riots 0 133 133 339 472
1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 0 415+[2] 415 1,200+ 1,615
1947–1948 Palestine Civil War 895 408[3] 1,303+ 2,000[4] 3,303
Conflict Military deaths Civilian deaths Total deaths Military and/or Civilian wounded Total casualties
1948 Arab-Israeli War 4,100 2,400 6,372[5] 15,000[6] 21,500
1951-1955 fedayeen attacks Unknown Unknown 967[7] 1,300[8] 2,267
1956-1967 fedayeen attacks Unknown Unknown 178[9] 1,574+[10] 1,752+
1968-1987 fedayeen attacks Unknown Unknown 567[9] Unknown Unknown
Suez Crisis 231[11] None 231 899 1,130
Samu Incident 1 0 1 10 11
Six-Day War 776[12] None 776 4,517 5,293
War of Attrition 1,424[13] 127 1,551 2,700 4,248
Battle of Karameh 28 None 28 68 96
Operation Spring of Youth 2 None 2 None 2
Yom Kippur War 2,656 None 2,656 9,000 11,656
Operation Entebbe 1 4 5 15 20
1978 South Lebanon conflict 20 None 20 None 20
1982 Lebanon War 675 50 725 6,500[14],[15][16] 7,225
South Lebanon conflict (1982–2000) including 1993 Lebanon war and 1996 Lebanon war 546 90 636 1,200 1,836
2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict 16 7 23 19 42
First Intifada 1987-1993 60[17] 100[17] 160 500 660
Gulf War 0 2 2 230 232
Palestinian political violence 1993-2000 170[18] 99 269 400 669
Second Intifada 2000-2008 including Operation Defensive Wall, 2004 Israel–Gaza conflict, 2006 Israel–Gaza conflict, and 2007–2008 Israel–Gaza conflict 335[19] 727[19] 1,062 8,800[20][21] 9,862[22]
2006 Lebanon War 121 44 165 2,067 2,237[23]
Operation Cast Lead 10[24] 3 13 518 531
Current Palestinian violence 7[25][26][27][28][29] 5[25] 11 12[30][31][32] 23+
Adaisseh incident 1[33] 0 1 1[34] 2

Note: Table is not comprehensive

Terrorism and other attacks 1968-1987 Military deaths (including foreigners) Civilian deaths (including foreigners) Total deaths Military and/or Civilian wounded Total casualties
Hijacking of El Al Flight 253 0 1 1 1 2
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine attacks Athens Airport following the Hijacking of El Al Flight 426. 0 1[35] 1 1 2
September 1968 Tel Aviv bombings 0 1 1 71 72[36]
November 1968 Mahaneh Yehuda car bomb attack 0 12 12 52 64[36]
February 1969 Jerusalem bombing 0 2 2 20 22[36]
October 1969 Haifa apartment bombings 0 4 4 20 24[36]
February 1970 El Al bus attack 0 1 1 8 9[35]
February 13, 1970 Swissair attack 0 47[35][37] 47 unknown 47+
1970 Avivim school bus massacre 0 12 12 25 37[36]
Dawson's Field hijackings 0 0 0 1 1[36]
1971 bombing Ben Yehuda attack 0 0 0 0 0
Hijacking of Sabena Flight 572 5[38] 0 5 1 6[38]
1972 Lod Airport massacre 0 26 26 80 non-Israelis 106+[36]
1972 Munich massacre 1 11 12 0 12
Ma'alot massacre 0 27 27 78 105
Kiryat Shmona massacre 0 18 18 Unknown 18+
1974 bombing Ben Yehuda attack 0 0 0 13 13
Savoy hotel attack 3 8 11 Unknown Unknown
1975 Ben Yehuda attack 0 15 15 77 92
April 1976 bombing Ben Yehuda attack 0 0 0 0 0
1976 bombing Ben Yehuda attack 0 0 0 33 33
Hijacking of Air France Flight 139, precipitating Operation Entebbe 1 4 5 14 19
Coastal Road massacre 1 38 39 71 110+
1979 bombing Ben Yehuda attack 0 1 1 13 14
Nahariya attack 1 5 6 Unknown Unknown
1980 Misgav-Am attack 1 4 5 15 25
1981 bombing Ben Yehuda attack 0 0 0 1 1
1982 Tyre suicide bombing 75 27 102 55 157
1983 Tyre suicide bombing 28 32 60 40 100
1984 bus 300 incident 0 1 1 7 8
1984 bombing Ben Yehuda attack 0 0 0 0 0
1985 Egypt Air attack 0 60 60 unknown 60
1987 Northern Border attack 6 0 6[38] 8 14
Terrorist attacks against Israeli diplomatic missions Israeli deaths Foreigner deaths Total deaths Israeli and/or foreigner wounded Total casualties
1969 Israel embassies attack[39] 0 0 0 3 3
1970 Israeli Consulate attack in Asuncion[39] 1 0 1 1 2
1971 Israeli Consul assassination[39] 1 0 1 0 0
1972 Israeli Embassy attack in Brussels[39] 0 0 0 1 1
1972 Israeli Embassy employee attack[39] 1 0 1 0 0
1972 Israeli Embassy attack in Bangkok[39] 0 0 0 0 0
1973 Israeli Embassy Air Force Attache attack in Washington[39] 1 0 1 0 0
1979 Israeli Ambassador assassination attempt in Lisbon[39] 1 0 1 3 4
1981 Israeli Embassy attack in Vienna[39] 0 0 0 1 1
1982 Israeli Embassy Attache assassination in Paris[39] 1 0 1 0 0
1982 Israeli Ambassador assassination in London[39] 0 0 0 1 1
1982 Israeli Embassy Charge d'Affaires kidnapping attempt in Malta[39] 0 0 0 1 1
1982 Israeli Embassy attack in Quito[39] 0 2 2 1 3
1982 Israeli Embassy attack in Sydney[39] 0 0 0 2 2
1984 Israeli Embassy attack in Cairo[39] 0 0 0 1 1
1984 Israeli Embassy Interest Section Chief attack in Colombo[39] 0 0 0 0 0
1984 Israeli Embassy attack in Cyprus[39] 0 0 0 0 0
1985 Israeli Embassy employee attack in Cairo[39] 1 0 1 2 3
1986 Israeli Embassy employee attack in Cairo[39] 1 0 1 3 4
1988 Israeli Embassy attack in Manila[39] 0 0 0 0 0
1988 Israeli Embassy failed attack in Nicosia[39] 0 Several policeman Unknown Unknown Unknown
1992 Israeli Embassy employee assassination in Ankara[39] 1 0 1 0 0
1992 Israeli Embassy attack in Buenos Aires 4 25 29 242 271
1994 Israeli Embassy attack in Bangkok[39] 0 1 1 0 0
1994 Israeli Embassy Attack in London 0 0 0 20 20
1997 Israeli Embassy attack in Amman[39] 0 0 0 2 2
1998 Israeli Embassy failed attack in Brussels[39] 0 0 0 0 0
1999 Israeli Consulate attack in Berlin[39] 0 0 0 0 0
2004 Tashkent Israeli embassy bombing 1 4 5[40] 5+[41] 10+
2008 Nouakchott Israeli embassy bombing 0 0 0 3[42] 3

Israel casualties since 1948

In addition to the seven major wars, 9,745 soldiers and security forces personnel have been killed in "miscellaneous engagements and terrorist attacks",[11] which includes security forces members killed during military operations, by fighting crime, traffic or labor accidents and disabled veterans whose disabilities contributed to their deaths.[43] Between 1948 and 1997, 20,093[44] Israeli soldiers were killed in combat, 75,000 Israelis were wounded, and nearly 100,000[45] Israelis were considered disabled army veterans. On the other hand, in 2010 Yom Hazikaron, Israel honored the memory of 22,684 soldiers killed since 1860 in the line of duty for the independence, preservation and protection of the nation, and 3,971 civilian terror victims.[43][46][47] The memorial roll, in addition to IDF members deceased, also include fallen members of the Shin Bet security service, the Mossad intelligence service, the Israel Police, the Border Police, the Israel Prisons Service, other Israeli security forces, the pre-state Jewish underground, and the Jewish Brigade and the Jewish Legion (which served alongside British forces in World War II and World War I respectively).

Palestinian violence

According to the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Anti-Defamation League, a total of 1,190 Israelis and foreigners were killed[48][49] and 7,000 wounded[50] between September 2000 and June 2010 by Palestinian terror attacks; while more than 3,000 Israelis[19][51] have been killed and 25,000 have been wounded as a result of Palestinian violence and hostile enemy action (without including wars) since the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948 until today. Another 685 Jewish residents of Mandatory Palestine were killed between 1920 and 1947 as a result of Arab riots, British anti-Zionist operations and World War II attacks.[9][52]

Suicide Bombings

Main article: List of Palestinian suicide attacks

From 1993-2003, 303 Palestinian suicide bombers attacked Israel. More than 80% of all suicide bombings occurred after the year 2000. 55% of all suicide attacks were deemed "successful" - that is, resulted in killing themselves and others.[53] Despite suicide bombings constituted less than 0.5% of Palestinian attacks during Second Intifada (2000–2005), approximately 50% of all Israeli fatalities in this period were killed by suicide bombings.[19]

1994

Realized suicide bombing attacks Killed Wounded
4 38[54] 75

1995

Realized suicide bombing attacks Killed Wounded
4 35[54] 150

1996

Realized suicide bombing attacks Killed Wounded
5 67[54] 161

1997

Realized suicide bombing attacks Killed Wounded
5 24[54] 359

1998

Realized suicide bombing attacks Killed Wounded
2 3[54] 28

1999

Realized suicide bombing attacks Killed Wounded
2 0[54] 0

2000

Realized suicide bombing attacks Killed Wounded
4 0[20] 10

2001

Realized suicide bombing attacks Killed Wounded
35 85 [20] 323

2002

Realized suicide bombing attacks Killed Wounded
60 220[20] 119[55]
Aftermath of the Jaffa Road bus bombings. 26 people were killed in the Hamas suicide attack.
Israeli police performing a security exam on Palestinians who were entering Israel in the same car with a suicide bomber and his explosives.

2003

Realized suicide bombing attacks Killed Wounded
26 142[20] 105

2004

Realized suicide bombing attacks Killed Wounded
15 55[20] 172

2005

Realized suicide bombing attacks Killed Wounded
7 23[20] 63

2006

Realized suicide bombing attacks Killed Wounded
4 15[20] 31

521[20] suicide bombing plots were thwarted by the Israeli Defense Forces between the year 2000 and 2006. 540 Israelis were killed by suicide bombings between 2000 and 2006[20].

Non-combat casualties

171 Israeli soldiers have been killed in training exercises and non-combat roles since 1977.[56][57]

Wars ranked by total deaths

  1. 1948 Arab-Israeli War
  2. Yom Kippur War
  3. War of Attrition
  4. Six-Day War
  5. 1982 Lebanon War
  6. Suez Crisis
  7. 2006 Lebanon War

Casualties during the British Mandate Period

In the White Paper of 1939 the British government limited Jewish immigration to Palestine to 75,000 over the following five years.[58] European Jews were anxious for ways to leave Europe, but for the most part there were few options. No countries were willing to take Jewish immigrants. However, some Eastern European states were willing to give transit visas. During World War 2, many countries denied or severely limited Jewish refugees fleeing the Holocaust, and Palestine was one of the few destinations available.[59]

In post-Holocaust Europe, the 1,000,000 Jewish survivors were classified as "non-raptrifiable" by the Austrian and German government. In other words, Jews were not "officially allowed to leave the countries of Central and East Europe" by the allied powers, nor were they permitted to settle in Palestine by the British.

Tens of thousands of Jewish refugees perished en route from European ports to Palestine, and over 30,000 holocaust survivors who successfully immigrated were interned by the British in POW camps.[60] Many immigrant ships were sunk during the British blockade[citation needed].

Note: Graph is not comprehensive

Casualties attributed to Britain's naval blockade of Palestine Deaths Survivors
Patria disaster 260[61] unknown
Struma sinking 768 1[1]
SS Bulgaria 280 70
Thielbek sinking 2,750 50[62]
Cap Arcona 4,150[62] 350
Mefkura 345 5

Gallery of memorials

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ a b http://parlipapers.chadwyck.co.uk/marketing/index.jsp
  2. ^ http://web.archive.org/web/20051215061527/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/9A489B74-6477-4E67-9C22-0F53A3CC9ADF.htm
  3. ^ http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/brits.html
  4. ^ Special UN report by the United Nations Special Commission (16 April 1948), § II.5
  5. ^ http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/casualty_table.html Israeli Casualties in Battle
  6. ^ http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern+History/Israel+wars/Israels+War+of+Independence+-+1947+-+1949.htm Israel's War of Independence (1947 - 1949)
  7. ^ Martin Gilbert (2005). The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Routledge. p. 58. ISBN 0415359015.
  8. ^ Sachar, History of Israel, p. 450.
  9. ^ a b c "Terrorism deaths in Israel - 1920-1999".
  10. ^ Martin Gilbert (2005). The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Routledge. p. 78. ISBN 0415359015.
  11. ^ a b http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/casualty_table.html
  12. ^ According to the israeli Foreign Affairs office
  13. ^ Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  14. ^ Wounds in Israeli Battle Casualties during the 1982 Evacuation of Wounded from Lebanon, Rosenblatt 1985
  15. ^ http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths/mf11.html#a
  16. ^ http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/lebanonwar.html
  17. ^ a b B'Tselem - Statistics - Fatalities in the first Intifada
  18. ^ http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+before+2000/Fatal+Terrorist+Attacks+in+Israel+Since+the+DOP+-S.htm
  19. ^ a b c d B'Tselem - Statistics - Fatalities
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/pdf/terrorism_2006e.pdf
  21. ^ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3689276,00.html
  22. ^ http://www.mideastweb.org/second_intifada_timeline.htm
  23. ^ http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Terrorism+from+Lebanon-+Hizbullah/Hizbullah+attack+in+northern+Israel+and+Israels+response+12-Jul-2006.htm
  24. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_War#cite_note-latimes2009jan13-5
  25. ^ a b Fatal Terrorist Attacks in Israel Since the Declaration of Principles
  26. ^ "Terrorist was a PA officer". Jerusalem Post. February 11, 2010. Retrieved February 11, 2010.
  27. ^ "IDF tanks leave Gaza after clashes". Jerusalem Post. March 26, 2010. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
  28. ^ http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=178375
  29. ^ "Policeman killed in shooting attack south of Hebron". Ynet. June 14, 2010. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
  30. ^ http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?ID=178354
  31. ^ http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?ID=179045 Police crack east J'lem terror cells
  32. ^ http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=179606
  33. ^ "Lethal clash: Senior IDF commander killed in border skirmish – Israel News, Ynetnews". Ynetnews.com. 1995-06-20. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  34. ^ Wyre Davies. "BBC News – Israel-Lebanon border clash kills five people". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  35. ^ a b c Terrorist attacks 1968-1973
  36. ^ a b c d e f g Terrorist attacks
  37. ^ Martin Gilbert (2005). The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Routledge. p. 79. ISBN 0415359015.
  38. ^ a b c Terror list 1967-1993
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "Major Terror Attacks Against Israeli Embassies and Representatives Abroad". {{cite news}}: line feed character in |title= at position 37 (help)
  40. ^ here Major Terror Attacks against Israeli Embassies and Representatives Abroad
  41. ^ "U.S. and Israeli Embassies Hit In Uzbek Bomb Attacks Attack". The Washington Post. July 30, 2004. Retrieved July 31, 2004.
  42. ^ "Arrest In Israeli Embassy Attack". Vos Iz Neias. April 30, 2008. Retrieved April 30, 2008.
  43. ^ a b "24,293 fallen soldiers and terror victims".
  44. ^ http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Centenary%20of%20Zionism/The%20Arab-Israeli%20Wars
  45. ^ http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=169580
  46. ^ "2010 Memorial Day". Template:He icon. NRG Maariv. 19 April 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2010.
  47. ^ Aurora (Spanish)
  48. ^ Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000
  49. ^ List of Palestinian terror victims
  50. ^ http://www.adl.org/israel/advocacy/glossary/intifada2.asp
  51. ^ http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+before+2000/Which+Came+First-+Terrorism+or+Occupation+-+Major.htm Which Came First - Terrorism or "Occupation"? Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  52. ^ Palestinian violence and terrorism since September
  53. ^ http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Terrorism/suicide1.html
  54. ^ a b c d e f http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Terrorism/TerrorAttacks.html
  55. ^ http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/ENGMDE020032002
  56. ^ http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=182831
  57. ^ http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=182854
  58. ^ Morris, Benny (1999). Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881-1999. John Murray. ISBN 0719562228, p. 164.
  59. ^ http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Aliya_Bet.htm
  60. ^ Britain's Naval and Political Reaction to the Illegal Immigration of Jews to Palestine, 1945-1949, Fritz Liebreich
  61. ^ http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/17374/edition_id/344/format/html/displaystory.html
  62. ^ a b http://www.think-israel.org/white-harvey.friendlyfire1945.html
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