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{{see also|Philippines|History of the Philippines|Sovereignty of the Philippines}}
#REDIRECT [[Political history of the Philippines]] {{R from merge}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
This article presents a timeline of the sovereignty of the [[Republic of the Philippines]], showing transitions of [[sovereignty]] over the [[Philippine archipelago]]. It also lists [[invasion]] attempts and [[insurgency]] movements from the [[History of the Philippines (Before 1521)|pre-Hispanic]] period to the present.<ref group=nb>The article may be incomplete lacking, in particular, information regarding the [[MNLF]], [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front|MILF]] and [[Abu Sayyaf]] groups which should possibly be included. See e.g., the [[Civil conflict in the Philippines]] article.</ref>

==Timeline==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Timeline of Philippine Sovereignty
!Period !! Sovereign Entity !![[Invasions]] and [[Insurgencies]]
|-
|[[History of the Philippines (900-1521)|Archaic epoch]]
|None
*Philippines as one whole national entity was non-existent. Islands comparable to Greece composed of numerous sovereign and independent chiefdoms, several minor kingdoms and [[Thalassocracy|thalassocracies]] such as the [[Kedatuan of Madja-as]], the [[rajahnate]]s of [[Rajahnate of Cebu|Cebu]] and [[Rajahnate of Butuan|Butuan]], [[Sultanate]]s of [[Sultanate of Maguindanao|Maguindanao]], [[Confederation of sultanates in Lanao|Lanao]] and [[Sultanate of Sulu|Sulu]] who were all already engaged in trading with the [[Chinese people|Chinese]], [[Nihonjin|Japanese]], [[Malaysians]], [[Indonesians]], the [[Arabs]] and the [[Indian people|Indians]].
*Considered by Western nations as ''[[terra nullius|territorium nullius]]'' (an expression deriving from [[Roman Law]] meaning "empty land," or "land belonging to no one").<ref name=bautista2009p13 />
|
* The [[Cordillera Autonomous Region|Cordillera]] region was unified after the long clan wars between the Clans and tribes of [[Ifugao]] and [[Kalinga (province)|Kalinga]] warlords because of land resources. This unification established the culturally homogeneous society which led to the building of the [[Banaue Rice Terraces]].
* Sri Lumay conducted a Rebellion against the Maharajah of the [[Chola Dynasty]] and established the [[Rajahnate of Cebu]].
* In 1500, [[Bruneian Empire]] attacked [[Palawan]], [[Huangdom of Ma-i]] (the island of [[Mindoro]]) and [[Kingdom of Tondo]]. Tondo was defeated in 1500 and Brunei deposed the Senapati Lakan Sukwu, establishing [[Kingdom of Maynila|Kota Seludong]] and installing [[Rajah Sulayman]] as its puppet ruler.
|-
|1521–1565
|Spain
*In 1521, explorer [[Ferdinand Magellan]] landed in the Philippines and claimed the islands for Spain <ref name=noland1990p79 />
|[[Lapu-Lapu]], a local [[datu]] (native chief) of [[Mactan]] island close to [[Cebu]], killed [[Ferdinand Magellan]] in the [[Battle of Mactan]].
*In 1529, Spain claimed dominion over the Philippine archipelago on the basis of Magellan's discovery, a valid mode of acquisition at the time.<ref name=bautista2009p12 />
|-
|1565–1599
|Spain
* [[Miguel López de Legazpi]] forced the [[Treaty of Cebu (1565)|Treaty of Cebu]] on [[Rajah Tupas]], which effectively gave Spain [[suzerainty]] over Cebu.<ref name=scott1992cebutreaty />
*From Cebu, Legaspi expanded Spanish rule across the Philippines, taking possession of Manila for Spain in 1571.<ref name=zaide1994pp89-91 />
|
*[[Dagami Revolt|Dagami Revolt (1567)]], Manila Revolt (1574), Pampangos Revolt (1585), [[Conspiracy of the Maharlikas]] (Luzon), [[Tondo Conspiracy]] (1587–1588), Revolts Against the Tribute (1589), [[Magalat Revolt|Magalat Revolt (1596)]]
{{further|Philippine revolts against Spain}}
|-
|1599–1762
|Spain
*Referendum of 1599 legitimised Spain's sovereignty.<ref name=villarroel2009pp93-133 />
|
*[[Battles of La Naval de Manila]], a series of five naval battles between [[Spain|Spanish]] and [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] forces in 1646.
{{further|Eighty Years' War}}
*[[Igorot Revolt|Igorot Revolt (1601)]], Chinese revolt of 1602, Irraya Revolt (1621), [[Tamblot Uprising|Tamblot Revolt (1621–1622)]], Bankaw Revolt (1621–1622), Isneg Revolt (1625–1627), Cagayan Revolt (1639), Ladia Revolt (1643), Zambales Revolt (1645), Pampanga Revolt (1645), Sumuroy Revolt (1649–50), Pintados Revolt (1649–1650), Zambal Revolt (1660), Maniago Revolt (1660), Malong Revolt (1660–1661), Ilocano Revolt (1661), Chinese revolt of 1662, Panay Revolt (1663), Sambal Revolt (1681–1683), Tingco plot (1686), Rivera Revolt (1718), Magtanĝaga Revolt (1718), Caragay Revolt (1719), [[Dagohoy Rebellion|Dagohoy Rebellion (1744–1829)]], Agrarian Revolt (1745–1746)
{{further|Philippine revolts against Spain}}
|-
|1762–1764
|In dispute between Britain and Spain.
*The [[British occupation of the Philippines|British Occupation]] happened between 1762 and 1764 during the [[Seven Years' War]]. Only the colonial capital of [[Manila]] and the nearby principal port of [[Cavite]] were taken by the British.
|
*Silang Revolt (1762–63), [[Palaris Revolt|Palaris Revolt (1762–1765)]], Camarines Revolt (1762–1764), Cebu Revolt (1762–1764), Dabo and Marayac Revolt (1763), Isabela Revolt (1763)
{{further|Philippine revolts against Spain}}
|-
|1764–1872
|Spain
|
*Lagutao Revolt (1785), Ilocos Norte Revolt (1788), Magtanong and Malibiran Revolt (1787), Nueva Vizcaya Revolt (1805), Ambaristo Revolt (1807), Ilocos Norte Revolt (1811), Sarat Revolt (1815), Bayot Revolt (1822), Novales Mutiny (1823), Parang and Upay Revolt (1822–1835), Pule Revolt (1840–1841), Camerino Revolt (1865–1869), Labios Revolt (1870–1871), [[Cavite Mutiny|Cavite Mutiny (1872)]]
{{further|Philippine revolts against Spain}}
|-
|1872–1892
|Spain
|The [[Ilustrado]]s "enlightened ones" constituted the Filipino educated class du[[ring the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century. Mostly based outside the Philippines, they helped mold the flame of a united [[Filipino nationalism]] and identity in the islands.
*Almost all previous insurgencies were tribal, provincial and regional in nature.
|-
|{{nowrap|August 1892}} – {{nowrap|November 1897}}
|Spain
|The [[Katipunan]]
*The group, formed in 1892, became an insurgent revolutionary movement in August. The exact date is disputed, held to be either on August 13 with the tearing of ''cedulas'' or on August 24 with the "[[Cry of Pugad Lawin]]".<ref name=agoncillo1990p172 /> This begins what is generally called the [[Philippine Revolution]].
*January 1895 – [[Andrés Bonifacio]] assumes Supreme Presidency of the Katipunan.
*August 1896 – The Katipunan Supreme Council was reorganised into a "cabinet" of an insurgent revolutionary government. The Katipunan and its successor insurgent movements regarded themselves as legitimate governments from this point onwards.<ref name=zaide1968pp238,285 /><ref name=ricarte1926p27 />
*August 25 – Andrés Bonifacio is elected ''Supremo''/President of the Katipunan.
|-
|{{nowrap|March 1897}} – {{nowrap|November 1897}}
|Spain
|The Tejeros Republic
*March 22, 1897 – [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] is elected President by Katipunan attendees of the [[Tejeros Convention]]. He was sworn in and assumed the office despite Bonifacio having annulled the convention proceedings.<ref name=agoncillo1990pp177-178 />
|-
|{{nowrap|November 1897}} – {{nowrap|December 1897}}
|Spain
|The [[Republic of Biak-na-Bato]]
*Established as an insurgent constitutional republic on November 2, 1897, with Aguinaldo as [[List of unofficial Presidents of the Philippines|President]]. This insurgent government had a constitution, President, Vice President, etc., and succeeded the Katipunan Insurgency.
|-
|{{nowrap|December 1897}} – {{nowrap|April 1898}}
|Spain
|None
*December 14, 1897 – Signing of the [[Pact of Biak-na-Bato]], suspending the insurgency. Aguinaldo and other insurgent leaders went into voluntary overseas exile.
|-
|{{nowrap|April 1898}} – {{nowrap|May 1898}}
|Spain
|[[Central Executive Committee (Philippines)|Central Executive Committee]]<!-- probably a redlink -- an article on this is needed. a dablink to [[Central Executive Committee]] would be useful, but article maintainers tend to delink such a link or to "fix" the dablink by linking it to [[Executive committee|Central Executive Committee]], which is incorrect here. -->
*April 1898 – General Francisco Makabulos forms the insurgent ''General Executive Committee of Northern Luzon'', intended to be a provisional government "until a general government of the Republic in these islands shall again be established." This insurgent government had a constitution, President, Vice President, etc.<ref name=constantino1975pp202-203 /><ref name=agoncillo1990pp185-186 />
|-
|{{nowrap|May 1898}} – {{nowrap|June 18, 1898}}
|Spain
|Unofficial dictatorial government headed by Aguinaldo
*May 1, 1898 – [[Spanish–American War|Hostilities between the U.S. and Spain]] commenced in the Philippines.<ref name=agoncillo1990pp189-190 />
**19 May – Aguinaldo returns to the Philippines.<ref name=agoncillo1990p192 />
**24 May – Aguinaldo announces in Cavite, "... I return to assume command of all the forces for the attainment of our lofty aspirations, establishing a dictatorial government which will set forth decrees under my sole responsibility, ..."<ref name=titherington1900pp357-358 />
|-
|{{nowrap|June 18, 1898}} – {{nowrap|June 23, 1898}}
|Spain
|Official dictatorial government headed by Aguinaldo
*June 12, 1898 – [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|Independence]] is proclaimed in [[Kawit]] by the Dictatorial Government of the Philippines.<ref name=kalaw1927pp413-417 />
*June 18 – Aguinaldo proclaims dictatorial government.<ref name=guevara1972pp7-12 /><ref>{{Harvnb|Elliott|1917|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0qff9SZ8NUgC&pg=PA493 491–493 (Appendix E: Aguinaldo's Proclamation of June 18, 1898, Establishing the Dictatorial Government)]}}</ref>
|-
|{{nowrap|June 23, 1898}} – {{nowrap|August 14, 1898}}
|Spain
|Revolutionary government headed by Aguinaldo
*June 23, 1899 – Aguinaldo issues proclamation replacing his dictatorial government with a revolutionary one.<ref name=guevara1972pp28-40 /><ref>{{Harvnb|Elliott|1917|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0qff9SZ8NUgC&pg=PA493 493–497 (Appendix F: Aguinaldo's Proclamation of June 23, Establishing the Revolutionary Government)]}}</ref>
|-
|{{nowrap|August 14, 1898}} – {{nowrap|December 10, 1898}}
|In dispute between the U.S. and Spain
* August 14, 1898 – The day after the surrender of Manila to their forces, General [[Wesley Merritt]] established a military government over portions of the country under American control.<ref name=zaide1994p279 />
|Revolutionary government headed by Aguinaldo
|-
|{{nowrap|December 10, 1898}} – {{nowrap|January 22, 1899}}
|United States
*December 10, 1898 – Spain cedes the Philippines to the United States.<ref name="Yale" />
*January 1/2, 1899 – Acting Spanish [[Governor-General of the Philippines|Governor-General]] [[Diego de los Ríos]] returns to Manila from Zamboanga.<ref name=peterson2007pp10-11 />
*January 4 – U.S. General [[Elwell Otis]] issues proclamation announcing the United States as having obtained possession and control of all of the Philippines from the Spanish.<ref name=worcester1914p167 />
|Armed activities temporarily halted by the Filipino revolutionary forces.
|-
|{{nowrap|January 22, 1899}} – {{nowrap|April 11, 1899}}
| United States
|[[Malolos Republic]]
*January 22, 1899 – Promulgation of the [[Malolos Constitution]]. Replaces Aguinaldo's insurgent revolutionary government with the Malolos Republic, also known as the [[First Philippine Republic]], with Aguinaldo as President.<ref name=guevara1972p88-119 /> Although the republic never received foreign recognition, Filipinos consider Aguinaldo to be the [[List of Presidents of the Philippines|first president]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Tucker|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&pg=PA8 8]}}.</ref>
|-
|{{nowrap|April 11, 1899}} – {{nowrap|June 2, 1899}}
|United States
*February 6, 1899 – [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]] is ratified by the [[Senate of the United States|U.S. Senate]].<ref name=randolph2009p197 />
*March 19 – [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]] is ratified by the [[Regent|Queen-Regent]] of Spain.<ref name=randolph2009p197 />
*April 11 – Following exchange of treaty ratifications between the U.S. and Spain, the Philippines became an [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|Unincorporated Territory of the United States]].<ref name=randolph2009p197 />
|Malolos Republic, also known as the First Philippine Republic
|-
|{{nowrap|June 2, 1899}} – {{nowrap|April 19, 1901}}
|In dispute between United States and the Malolos Republic
*On June 2, 1899, undeclared general hostilities between U.S. and Philippine forces having been ongoing since February 4, the Malolos Republic promulgated a [[Declaration of War]] against the United States,<ref name=kalaw1927pp199-200 /> thereby officially beginning the [[Philippine–American War]].
:*Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the Malolos Republic, was captured by U.S. Forces on March 23, 1901.
:*Aguinaldo signed a formal surrender document on April 19, 1901, acknowledging and accepting the sovereignty of the United States throughout the entire archipelago.<ref name=worcester1914pp175-176 />
*Following the American forces taking control of [[Jolo]] on May 18, 1899 and at Zamboanga in December 1899, Moros resisted the Americans as they had the Spanish in what is termed the [[Moro Rebellion]].
|Insurgencies in the northern and southern Philippines
*Malolos or the First Philippine Republic in the north
*Moro rebels in the south
|-
|{{nowrap|April 19, 1901}} – 1902
|United States
|Gen. Miguel Malvar, successor of Aguinaldo continued the fight until he surrendered in 1902. Clashes with Moro rebels continued in the south.
*Several groups collectively known as ''[[Philippine–American War#Irreconcilables|Irreconcilables]]'' continued fighting the United States military, the [[Philippine Scouts]], or the [[Philippine Constabulary]]. These included remnants of the Katipunan and other resistance groups.
|-
|1902–1907
|United States
|Tagalog Republic
*In 1902, General [[Macario Sakay]], a veteran Katipunan member, established his own Tagalog Republic (Tagalog: Repúbliká ng̃ Katagalugan), and held the presidency with Francisco Carreón as vice president. In April 1904, Sakay issued a manifesto declaring Filipino right to self-determination at a time when support for independence was considered a crime by the American occupation forces in the Philippines.<ref name=constantino1975pp261-266 />
*The republic ended in 1907 when Sakay and his leading followers were arrested and executed by the American authorities as bandits.<ref name=constantino1975pp266-267 />
|-
|1907–1913
|United States
|No organized insurgency
*Scattered resistance to U.S. rule continued. Regional scale resistance continued based on the First Republic’s platform but had no centralized leadership.
|-
|1913–1935
|United States
|No organized mass resistance but small pockets of defiance still persisted coming mostly from various religious sects, sakdalistas and die-hard republikanos.
|-
|1935–1941
|United States
*The [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]], still under U.S. sovereignty, was inaugurated on November 15, 1935. The enabling legislation, the [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]], provided for a ten-year period of transition to full independence.
|Small segments of opposition continued from a new front, mainly from the legal nationalist and labor groups.
|-
|1941 – {{nowrap|March 29, 1942}}
|In dispute between the United States/[[Commonwealth of the Philippines]] and Japan/[[Second Philippine Republic|Republic of the Philippines]]
*Japan [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)|invaded the Philippines]] on December 8, 1941.
*[[Philippine Executive Commission]], provisional government
|
|-
|{{nowrap|March 29, 1942}} – {{nowrap|September 2, 1945}}
|In dispute between the United States/[[Commonwealth of the Philippines]] and Japan/[[Second Philippine Republic|Republic of the Philippines]]
*Japanese forces [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines|occupied the country]] between 1942 and 1945.
*During the occupation period, the Philippines Commonwealth maintained a [[Government in Exile]] in Australia and, later, in Washington, D.C.<ref name=rodell2002p18 />
*There was a [[Second Philippine Republic]], which was declared independent in 1942.
*An [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[Philippines Campaign (1944–45)|campaign to defeat Japanese forces]] commenced on October 20, 1944, and hostilities continued until the war's end with the [[Surrender of Japan|Japanese surrender]] in August 1945.
|[[Hukbalahap]]
*On March 29, 1942, peasant leaders determined to oppose the Japanese invasion met in a forest clearing at the junction of the provinces of [[Tarlac]], [[Pampanga]], and [[Nueva Ecija]] to organize a resistance movement against the Japanese invaders. The movement was designated ''Hukbó ng Bayan Laban sa Hapón'' (People's Army Against Japan) or ''Hukbalahap''.<ref name=agoncillo1990pp447-448 />
|-
|{{nowrap|September 2, 1945}} – {{nowrap|July 4, 1946}}
|United States
*On September 2, 1945, representatives of the [[Empire of Japan]] signed the [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender]]. The instrument contained language explicitly accepting the [[Potsdam Declaration]], which contained language limiting Japanese sovereignty to the four main Japanese islands and other minor islands as might be determined.
|Hukbalahap and the short lived/progressive political party, Democratic Alliance (DA).
|-
|{{nowrap|July 4, 1946}} – 1954
|[[Republic of the Philippines]]
*On July 4, 1946, the United States recognized the independence of the Republic of the Philippines as a separate self-governing nation.<ref name=treaty1946 />
|Hukbalahap.
|-
|{{nowrap|October 16, 1947}} – 1947
|[[Mangsee Islands]] and [[Turtle Islands, Tawi-Tawi|Turtle Islands]]
*On October 16, 1947, the [[United Kingdom]] transferred the administration of the Mangsee Islands and the seven Philippine Turtle Islands to the Philippines. Before that the islands were under Philippine sovereignty but United Kingdom administration.<ref>[http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/fullnames/pdf/1951/TS0058%20(1951)%20CMD-8320%201948%2020%20APR,%20MANILA%3B%20NOTES%20BETWEEN%20GOV%20OF%20UK%20&%20PHILIPPINES%20REGARDING%20TRANSFER%20OF%20ADMINISTRATION%20OF%20TURTLE%20&%20MANGSEE%20ISLANDS.pdf Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines regarding the transfer of the administration of the Turtle and Mangsee Islands to the Philippine Republic; Cmd 8320]</ref>
|Hukbalahap<ref name=agoncillo1990pp451-460 /> which later changed its name to "Hukbong Magpapalaya ng Bayan" (People's Liberation Army) or simply "Huks".
*On May 17, 1954, [[Luis Taruc]], leader of the Hukbalahap/Huk movement, surrendered unconditionally and announced that he "unreservedly recognized the authority of president Magsaysay and the sovereignty of the republic of the Philippines."<ref name=agoncillo1990p458 />
|-
|1954 – Present
|Republic of the Philippines
|None, or See [[#Notes|Notes]]
|}

==See also==
*[[History of the Philippines]]
*[[List of unofficial Presidents of the Philippines]]
*[[Communist insurgency in the Philippines (disambiguation)|Communist insurgency in the Philippines]]

==Notes==
<References group=nb />

==References==
{{reflist|2|refs=
<ref name=agoncillo1990p172>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=172}}.</ref>
<ref name=agoncillo1990pp177-178>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|pp=177–178}}.</ref>
<ref name=agoncillo1990pp185-186>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|pp=185–186}}.</ref>
<ref name=agoncillo1990pp189-190>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|pp=189–190}}.</ref>
<ref name=agoncillo1990p192>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=192}}.</ref>
<ref name=agoncillo1990pp447-448>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|pp=447–449}}.</ref>
<ref name=agoncillo1990pp451-460>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|pp=451–460}}.</ref>
<ref name=agoncillo1990p458>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=458}}.</ref>
<ref name=bautista2009p12>{{Harvnb|Bautista|2009|p=12}}.</ref>
<ref name=bautista2009p13>{{Harvnb|Bautista|2009|p=13}}.</ref>
<ref name=constantino1975pp202-203>{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=202–203}}.</ref>
<ref name=constantino1975pp261-266>{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=261–266}}.</ref>
<ref name=constantino1975pp266-267>{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=266–267}}.</ref>
<ref name=guevara1972pp7-12>{{Harvnb|Guevara|1972|pp=[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer;cc=philamer;rgn=full%20text;idno=aab1246.0001.001;didno=aab1246.0001.001;view=image;seq=00000025 7–12]}}.</ref>
<ref name=guevara1972pp28-40>{{Harvnb|Guevara|1972|pp=[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=aab1246.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=46 28–40]}}.</ref>
<ref name=guevara1972p88-119>{{Harvnb|Guevara|1972|pp=[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=aab1246.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=106 88–119]}}.</ref>
<ref name=kalaw1927pp413-417>{{Harvnb|Kalaw|1927|pp=[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=433 413–417]}}.</ref>
<ref name=kalaw1927pp199-200>{{Harvnb|Kalaw|1927|pp=[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer;cc=philamer;idno=afj2233.0001.001;frm=frameset;view=image;seq=219;page=root;size=s 199–200]}}.</ref>
<ref name=noland1990p79>{{Harvnb|Noland|1990|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iQrHltRFQZEC&pg=PA79 79]}}.</ref>
<ref name=peterson2007pp10-11>{{Harvnb|Peterson|2007|pp=10–11}}.</ref>
<ref name=randolph2009p197>{{Harvnb|Randolph|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=g07Vz_oKDMcC&pg=PA197 197]}}.</ref>
<ref name=ricarte1926p27>{{Harvnb|Ricarte|1926|p=27}}.</ref>
<ref name=rodell2002p18>{{Harvnb|Rodell|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TyH01t-6HbcC&pg=PA18 18]}}.</ref>
<ref name=scott1992cebutreaty>{{Harvnb|Scott|1992|pp=50–53, notes 24 and 25 on pp. 62–63}}.</ref>
<ref name=titherington1900pp357-358>{{Harvnb|Titherington|1900|pp=357–358}}.</ref>
<ref name=worcester1914p167>{{Harvnb|Worcester|1914|p=[http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=56151&pageno=167 167]}}.</ref>
<ref name=worcester1914pp175-176>{{Harvnb|Worcester|1914|pp=[http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=56151&pageno=175 175–176]}}.</ref>
<ref name=villarroel2009pp93-133>{{Harvnb|Villarroel|2009|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8r8eIuAJpTAC&pg=PA93 93–133]}}.</ref>
<ref name=treaty1946>{{Citation
|url=http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/1/6/00000254.pdf
|format=pdf
|title=TREATY OF GENERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES. SIGNED AT MANILA, ON 4 JULY 1946
|publisher=United Nations
|accessdate=December 10, 2007
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723021900/http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/1/6/00000254.pdf
|archivedate=July 23, 2011
}}.</ref>
<ref name="Yale">{{Citation |year=2009 |url = http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp|title = Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898 |publisher = [[Yale]]| accessdate = October 1, 2010}}.</ref>
<ref name=zaide1968pp238,285>{{Harvnb|Zaide|1968|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8nlCAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22The+Hispano-Philippine+Revolution%22&q=de-facto&redir_esc=y#search_anchor 238, 285]|year=1968|publisher=Modern Book Co.|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8nlCAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22The+Hispano–Philippine+Revolution%22&q=de–facto&redir_esc=y#search_anchor 238, 285]}}.</ref>
<ref name=zaide1994p279>{{Harvnb|Zaide|1994|p=279}}.</ref>
<ref name=zaide1994pp89-91>{{Harvnb|Zaide|1994|pp=89–91}}.</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/3551936/DOMINATION_AND_RESISTANCE_IN_THE_PHILIPPINES_FROM_THE_PRE_HISPANIC_TO_THE_SPANISH_AND_AMERICAN_PERIOD?email_work_card=view-paper|title=DOMINATION AND RESISTANCE IN THE PHILIPPINES: FROM THEPRE-HISPANIC TO THE SPANISH AND AMERICAN PERIOD|last=Ocay|first=Jeffry V.|journal=Lumina|publisher=Holy Name University|volume=21|issue=1|year=2010}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Citation
|last=Agoncillo
|first=Teodoro A.
|authorlink=Teodoro Agoncillo
|title=History of the Filipino People
|publisher=University of the Philippines
|year=1990
|edition=Eighth
|isbn=971-8711-06-6
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffilipin00teod
}}.
*{{Citation
|ref=CITEREFBautista2009
|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/aplpj/articles/APLPJ_10.1_bautista.pdf
|title=The Historical Context and Legal Basis of the Philippine Treaty Limits
|author=[http://www.ancors.uow.edu.au/phd_students/lowell_bautista.html Bautista, Lowell B.]
|journal=Aegean Review of the Law of the Sea and Maritime Law
|issn=1864-9610
|doi=10.1007/s12180-009-0003-5
|date=September 3, 2009
|volume=1
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline Of Philippine Sovereignty}}
[[Category:Political history of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Sovereignty]]

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