Teutons: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Historical ethnic group}} |
{{short description|Historical ethnic group}} |
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{{about|the tribe known in Latin as the ''Teutones''|text=The term "Teutons" also may refer to the [[Germanic peoples]] collectively or the [[Germans]] in particular. For other uses, see [[Teutonic (disambiguation)|Teutonic]]||}} |
{{about|the tribe known in Latin as the ''Teutones''|text=The term "Teutons" also may refer to the [[Germanic peoples]] collectively or the [[Germans]] in particular. For other uses, see [[Teutonic (disambiguation)|Teutonic]]||}} |
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[[File:Roman Empire 125.png|thumb|The Roman Empire under [[Hadrian]] (ruled 117–138), showing the location of the tribe of the '''Teutones''', in their original home in the northern part of the [[Jutland]] peninsula]] |
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[[File:Cimbrians and Teutons invasions.svg|thumb|The migrations of the Teutons and the [[Cimbri]]<br/>{{Battle red}} defeats of the Cimbri and Teutones<br/>{{Battle blue}} victories of the Cimbri and Teutones]] |
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[[File:Die Frauen der Teutonen verteidigen die Wagenburg by Heinrich Leutemann.jpg|thumb|"The Women of the Teutones Defend the [[Laager|Wagon Fort]]" (1882) by [[Heinrich Leutemann]]]] |
[[File:Die Frauen der Teutonen verteidigen die Wagenburg by Heinrich Leutemann.jpg|thumb|"The Women of the Teutones Defend the [[Laager|Wagon Fort]]" (1882) by [[Heinrich Leutemann]]]] |
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The '''Teutons''' ({{lang-la|Teutones}}, {{lang|la|Teutoni}}, {{lang-grc|Τεύτονες}}) were an ancient tribe mentioned by [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] authors. They are |
The '''Teutons''' ({{lang-la|Teutones}}, {{lang|la|Teutoni}}, {{lang-grc|Τεύτονες}}) were an ancient tribe mentioned by [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] authors. They are classified as a [[Celtic peoples|Celtic tribe]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Edward Arthur |author-link1=E. A. Thompson |last2=Dobson |first2=John Frederick |author-link2=John Frederick Dobson |date=2012 |chapter=Teutones |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001/acref-9780199545568-e-6312 |editor1-last=Hornblower |editor1-first=Simon |editor1-link=Simon Hornblower |editor2-last=Spawforth |editor2-first=Antony |editor3-last=Eidinow |editor3-first=Esther |editor3-link=Esther Eidinow |title=[[The Oxford Classical Dictionary]] |edition=4 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780191735257 |access-date=January 25, 2020 |quote=Teutones, a Germanic tribe, known chiefly from their migration with the Cimbri... }}</ref> The Teutons are best known for their participation in the [[Cimbrian War]] with the [[Roman Republic]] in the late 2nd century BC. |
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==Origins== |
==Origins== |
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The Teutons are |
The Teutons are classified as a [[Celtic peoples|Celtic tribe]] <ref>{{cite book |last1=Waldman |first1=Carl |last2=Mason |first2=Catherine |date=2006 |title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zus8AAAAIAAJ |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |pages=797–798 |isbn=1438129181 |quote=The Cimbri are generally believed to have been a tribe of celtics}}</ref><ref name="Hussey">{{cite book |last=Hussey |first=Joan Mervyn |date=1957 |title=The Cambridge Medieval History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zus8AAAAIAAJ |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP Archive]] |pages=191–193 |author-link=Joan M. Hussey |quote=It was the Cimbri, along with their allies the Teutones and Ambrones, who for half a score of years kept the world in suspense. Historians have suggested a [[Celts|Celtic]] origin for the Teutones. It has been suggested that their name is [[Celtic languages|Celtic]], though this is controversial.<ref name="Hussey"/> Certain ancient writers classify the Teutones as [[Celts]].{{sfn|Beck|1911|p=673}} This might be explained by the fact that writers of the time did not clearly distinguish between Celtic and Germanic peoples.{{sfn|Beck|1911|p=673}} |
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The early traveller of the 4th century BC, [[Pytheas]], mentions the Teutones as inhabitants of the northern ocean coasts along with the [[Gutones]]. [[Strabo]] (64 or 63 BC – {{circa}} AD 24) and [[Marcus Velleius Paterculus]] ({{circa}} 19 BC – {{circa}} AD 31), moreover, classify them as [[Germanic peoples]].{{sfn|Beck|1911|p= 673}} According to a map by [[Ptolemy]], they originally lived in [[Jutland]], which is in agreement with [[Pomponius Mela]], who placed them in [[Scandinavia]] (Codanonia),{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} implying that they may have originally inhabited both regions previously. The Danish district of [[Thy (district)#History|Thy]] claims to be their homeland.<ref>Nudansk Ordbog, Politikens Forlag, 1986, {{ISBN|87-567-4462-5}}</ref> |
The early traveller of the 4th century BC, [[Pytheas]], mentions the Teutones as inhabitants of the northern ocean coasts along with the [[Gutones]]. [[Strabo]] (64 or 63 BC – {{circa}} AD 24) and [[Marcus Velleius Paterculus]] ({{circa}} 19 BC – {{circa}} AD 31), moreover, classify them as [[Germanic peoples]].{{sfn|Beck|1911|p= 673}} According to a map by [[Ptolemy]], they originally lived in [[Jutland]], which is in agreement with [[Pomponius Mela]], who placed them in [[Scandinavia]] (Codanonia),{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} implying that they may have originally inhabited both regions previously. The Danish district of [[Thy (district)#History|Thy]] claims to be their homeland.<ref>Nudansk Ordbog, Politikens Forlag, 1986, {{ISBN|87-567-4462-5}}</ref> |
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==Cimbrian War== |
==Cimbrian War== |
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{{Main|Cimbrian War}} |
{{Main|Cimbrian War}} |
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In the late second century BC, many of the Teutones, under their leader, [[Teutobod]], as well as the [[Cimbri]] and the [[Ambrones]], migrated from their original homes in southern Scandinavia and on the Jutland peninsula of [[Denmark]], moving south and west to the [[Danube]] valley, where they encountered the expanding [[Roman Republic]]. The Teutones and Cimbri were recorded{{by whom?|date=May 2018}} as passing west through [[Gaul]] before attacking [[History of Italy during Roman times|Roman Italy]]. |
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After achieving decisive victories over the Romans at [[Battle of Noreia|Noreia]] and [[Battle of Arausio|Arausio]] in 105 BC, the Cimbri and Teutones divided their forces. [[Gaius Marius]] then defeated them separately in 102 BC and 101 BC respectively, ending the [[Cimbrian War]]. The defeat of the Teutones occurred at the [[Battle of Aquae Sextiae]] (near present-day [[Aix-en-Provence]]). |
After achieving decisive victories over the Romans at [[Battle of Noreia|Noreia]] and [[Battle of Arausio|Arausio]] in 105 BC, the Cimbri and Teutones divided their forces. [[Gaius Marius]] then defeated them separately in 102 BC and 101 BC respectively, ending the [[Cimbrian War]]. The defeat of the Teutones occurred at the [[Battle of Aquae Sextiae]] (near present-day [[Aix-en-Provence]]). |
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* {{Cite NSRW|wstitle=Teutones |p=1895 |short=x}} |
* {{Cite NSRW|wstitle=Teutones |p=1895 |short=x}} |
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{{Germanic peoples}} |
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[[Category:Pre-Roman Iron Age]] |
[[Category:Pre-Roman Iron Age]] |
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[[Category:Cimbrian War]] |
[[Category:Cimbrian War]] |
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[[Category:Early Germanic peoples]] |
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[[Category:Ingaevones]] |
[[Category:Ingaevones]] |
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[[Category:North Sea Germanic]] |
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Revision as of 09:03, 30 June 2021
The Teutons (Latin: Teutones, Teutoni, Ancient Greek: Τεύτονες) were an ancient tribe mentioned by Roman authors. They are classified as a Celtic tribe.[1] The Teutons are best known for their participation in the Cimbrian War with the Roman Republic in the late 2nd century BC.
Origins
The Teutons are classified as a Celtic tribe [2]Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).
Cimbrian War
After achieving decisive victories over the Romans at Noreia and Arausio in 105 BC, the Cimbri and Teutones divided their forces. Gaius Marius then defeated them separately in 102 BC and 101 BC respectively, ending the Cimbrian War. The defeat of the Teutones occurred at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae (near present-day Aix-en-Provence).
According to the writings of Valerius Maximus and Florus, the king of the Teutones, Teutobod, was taken in irons after the Teutones were defeated by the Romans. Under the conditions of the surrender, three hundred married women were to be handed over to the victorious Romans as concubines and slaves. When the matrons of the Teutones heard of this stipulation, they begged the consul that they might instead be allowed to minister in the temples of Ceres and Venus. When their request was denied, the Teutonic women slew their own children. The next morning, all the women were found dead in each other's arms, having strangled each other during the night. Their joint martyrdom passed into Roman legends of Teutonic fury.[3]
Some surviving captives reportedly participated as the rebelling gladiators in the Third Servile War of 73-71 BC.[4]
See also
References
- ^ Thompson, Edward Arthur; Dobson, John Frederick (2012). "Teutones". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191735257. Retrieved January 25, 2020.
Teutones, a Germanic tribe, known chiefly from their migration with the Cimbri...
- ^ Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. pp. 797–798. ISBN 1438129181.
The Cimbri are generally believed to have been a tribe of celtics
- ^ Lucius Annaeus Florus, Epitome 1.38.16–17 and Valerius Maximus, Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium 6.1.ext.3
- ^ Strauss, Barry (2009). The Spartacus War. Simon and Schuster. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-1-4165-3205-7.
- Fick, August, Alf Torp and Hjalmar Falk: Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Indogermanischen Sprachen. Part 3, Wortschatz der Germanischen Spracheinheit. 4. Aufl. (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht), 1909.
Attribution:
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Beck, Frederick George Meeson (1911). "Teutoni". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 673.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Teutons.
- . . 1914. p. 1895.