Aqil ibn Abi Talib: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Cousin of the prophet Muhammad and brother of Ali ibn Abi Talib}} |
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{{expand language|topic=|langcode=ar|otherarticle=عقيل بن أبي طالب|date=July 2017}} |
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{{More citations needed|date= February 2017}} |
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{{Infobox person |
{{Infobox person |
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| name = ʿAqīl ibn Abī Ṭālib |
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| honorific_prefix = Abu Yazid |
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| name = Aqeel ibn Abi Talib<br/> عَقِيل ٱبْن أَبِي طَالِب |
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| title = |
| title = |
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| image = |
| image = تخطيط اسم عقيل بن أبي طالب.png |
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| other_names = Abū Yazīd |
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| other_names = Abu Abdullah Aqeel ibn [[Abi Talib]] ibn [[Abdul Muttalib]] ibn [[Hashim]] ibn [[Abd Manaf]] al-Hashimi al-Qurashi |
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| alt = Arabic calligraphy reading "Abū Yazīd ʿAqīl ibn Abī Ṭālib, raḍiya Allāh ʿanhu" ("[...], may God be pleased with him") |
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| alt = |
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| caption = |
| caption = |
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| birth_date = |
| birth_date = {{circa|580}} |
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| birth_place = [[Hejaz |
| birth_place = [[Hejaz]] |
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| death_date = 670 |
| death_date = {{death year and age|670|580}} or {{death year and age|683|580}} |
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| death_place = [[ |
| death_place = [[Medina]] |
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| burial_place = |
| burial_place = |
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| spouse = |
| spouse = Fatima bint Utba |
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| family = [[Banu Hashim]] |
| family = [[Banu Hashim]] |
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| father = [[Abu Talib ibn |
| father = [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] |
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| mother = [[ |
| mother = [[Fatima bint Asad]] |
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| children = [[Muslim ibn Aqil]] |
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| known_for = [[Sahabi|Companion]] and cousin of the prophet [[Muhammad]] |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Ali}} |
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[[File:Grave abdullah bin Jafar(left)and Akil bin abi Talib.jpg|thumb|Grave Abdullah bin Jafar (left) and Aqeel bin Abi Talib (right), [[Jannat al-Baqi']], Medina]] |
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[[File:Location of grave of Fatema and others at J.Baqi,Medina.JPG|thumb|Location of grave of Aqeel (left most square amongst three together) and others at J.Baqi,Medina]] |
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{{Islam}} |
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'''ʿAqīl ibn Abī Ṭālib''' (full name Abū Yazīd ʿAqīl ibn Abī Ṭālib ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim, {{lang-ar|أبو يزيد عقيل بن أبي طالب بن عبد المطّلب بن هاشم}}), {{circa|580}} – 670 or 683, was a cousin of the prophet [[Muhammad]] (c. 570 – 632) and the older brother of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] (c. 600 – 661) and [[Ja'far ibn Abi Talib]] (c. 590 – 629).<ref name=Rubin2009">{{harvnb|Rubin|2009}}.</ref> |
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'''Aqeel ibn Abi Talib''' ({{lang-ar| عَقِيل ٱبْن أَبِي طَالِب}}, {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿAqīl ibn ʾAbī Ṭālib}}) was a [[sahaba|companion]] and first cousin of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] and the ancestor of the [[Darod|darood]] clan. He was known by the ''[[Kunya (Arabic)|kunya]]'' '''Abu Yazid.''' |
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Having fought on the side of the [[Quraysh]]i rulers of [[Mecca]] against Muhammad and the early Muslims, he converted to Islam a few years before the death of the prophet in 632. Under the second caliph [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]] ({{reign|634|644}}), he was appointed a position as an expert in the [[genealogy]] of the Quraysh. During the rivalry between his brother Ali (who reigned as the fourth [[Rashidun Caliphate|caliph]] from 656 until his death in 661) and [[Mu'awiya]] (the first [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad caliph]], r. 661 – 680), he chose the side of the latter. |
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==Early life== |
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He was noted by later authors for his eloquence as well as for transmitting a number of [[hadith]]. Due to his close kinship with both the prophet Muhammad and with Ali ibn Abi Talib, his descendants were sometimes reckoned among the {{transl|ar|[[Ahl al-Bayt]]}} (the extended family of the prophet venerated by [[Shiite]] Muslims). |
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He was born in 581 CE, the second son of [[Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib]] and [[Fatimah bint Asad]]; hence he was a brother of [[Ali]]. He was said to be an expert in genealogy.<ref>Ibn Saad/Haq p. 135.</ref> |
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He married Fatima bint Al-Walid from the Abdshams clan of the [[Quraysh]].<ref>Muhammad ibn Umar al-Waqidi. ''Kitab al-Maghazi''. Translated by Faizer, R. (2011). ''The Life of Muhammad'', p. 450. London & New York: Routledge.</ref> He had seven sons: Muhammad, [[Muslim ibn Aqeel|Muslim]], Ja'far, Musa, Abdul Rahman, Abdullah and Abu Saeed; and a daughter, Ramla.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} |
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==Biography== |
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Aqil ibn Abi Talib is said to have been born 10 years after [[Talib ibn Abi Talib]], the first son of Muhammad's paternal uncle and adoptive guardian [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] and [[Fatima bint Asad]], and 10 and 20 years before his younger brothers Ja'far ibn Abi Talib and Ali ibn Abi Talib, respectively. After the death of his father in c. 619, he and his older brother Talib inherited Abu Talib's great wealth.<ref name=Rubin2009"/> |
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After Muhammad [[Hijra (Islam)|departed]] from [[Mecca]], Aqeel sold the houses of his Muslim relatives among the inhabitants of the city.<ref>Waqidi/Faizer p. 408.</ref> |
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Having initially fought against Muhammad at the [[Battle of Badr]] (624), in which he was taken prisoner and later bought free by his uncle [[al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]], he converted to Islam around 629 or 630, and may have participated at the Muslim side in the Battles of [[Battle of Mu'tah|Mu'tah]] (629) and [[Battle of Hunayn|Hunayn]] (630).<ref name=Rubin2009"/> |
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He fought on the side of the polytheists at the [[Battle of Badr]], where he was taken prisoner.<ref>Muhammad ibn Ishaq. ''Sirat Rasul Allah''. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). ''The Life of Muhammad'', p. 338. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> Muhammad is reported to have told his companions on the Day of Badr: "Indeed I am aware that men from [[Banu Hashim]], and others also, have been brought out under compulsion with no wish to fight us. If any of you encounters one from [[Banu Hashim]] then do not kill him" <ref>ibn Hisham, "Sirat ibn Hisham", vol.2, p. 271. Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi (1990)</ref> [[Umar]] said that he should be handed over to Ali to have his head cut off; but Muhammad approved of [[Abu Bakr]]'s opinion that he should be released on ransom.<ref>Muslim 19:4360.</ref> Since Aqeel had no money, he had to be redeemed by his uncle [[Al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|Abbas]] for 500 ''dinars'' or 40 ounces of gold.<ref>Ibn Ishaq/Guillaume pp. 312-313.</ref><ref>Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk''. Translated by Landau-Tasseron, E. (1998). ''Volume 39: Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and Their Successors'', p. 60. Albany: State University of New York Press.</ref> When Muhammad told him that [[Amr ibn Hishām|Abu Jahl]] had been killed, Aqeel conceded that nobody would now challenge Muhammad's authority: "Either people will be affected by your words, or you will dominate them by force."<ref>Tabari/Landau-Tasseron p. 60.</ref> |
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After the victory of the Muslims and the death of Muhammad in 632, Aqil lived in the military encampments of [[Kufa]] and [[Basra]] for a while, supporting his brother Ali.<ref name=Rubin2009"/> However, later he abandoned Ali and moved to Syria, joining the court of the first Umayyad caliph [[Mu'awiya I]] (r. 661 – 680).<ref name=Rubin2009"/> According to later tradition, Aqil's change of heart was motivated by the fact that Mu'awiya was more willing than Ali (also caliph during the last five years of his life, 656 – 661) to pay his debts.<ref name=Rubin2009"/> Whereas he did give up to the [[Banu Hashim|Hashimite]] claims to the caliphate and politically supported the rival claim by the [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyads]], he always defended his brother Ali against any criticism leveled against him at Mu'awiya's court.<ref name=Rubin2009"/> |
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==Conversion to Islam== |
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Aqil was an expert at the [[genealogy]] of the [[Quraysh]] tribe (to which which both the Hashimite and Umayyad families belonged). The second caliph [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]] (r. 634 – 644) appointed him to record the names of the members of the Quraysh in the clan register (the {{transl|ar|dīwān}}), and to arbitrate disputes with regard to genealogy.<ref name=Rubin2009"/> |
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Aqeel emigrated to [[Medina]] in mid-629, a year after [[Battle of Khaybar|Khaybar]].<ref name="auto1">Tabari/Landau Tasseron p. 60.</ref> Aqeel and his children, due to their close relationship with Muhammad, were forbidden to receive anything from the [[zakat|alms tax]].<ref>Muslim 31:5920.</ref> |
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He was married to Fatima bint Utba, with whom he had several children (the most famous of them being [[Muslim ibn Aqil]]). Contrary to their father, a number of his sons decided to fight for the Hashimite cause and were martyred along with their cousin [[al-Husayn ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib]] at the [[Battle of Karbala]] in 680.<ref name=Rubin2009"/> Aqil himself died in [[Medina]], having become blind, either in 670 or (according to another report) in 683.<ref name=Rubin2009"/> |
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He fought in the [[Battle of Mu'tah]].<ref name="auto1"/> It is said that soon after this, he fell ill and "was not mentioned at" the [[Occupation of Mecca|conquest of Mecca]], the ambush at [[Battle of Hunayn|Hunayn]] or the siege of [[siege of Ta'if|Ta'if]].<ref>Tabari/Landau Tasseron pp. 60-61.</ref> However, an alternative tradition indicates that he did in fact fight at Hunayn. When his wife asked him what plunder he had brought back from this battle, he replied: "This needle. You can sew your garments with it," and he gave her his bloodstained sword. Later Muhammad ordered anyone who had taken anything from the plunder to return it. Aqeel told Fatima, "By Allah, I think your needle is gone!" and threw his sword into the plunder.<ref>Waqidi/Faizer p. 450.</ref> |
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==Legacy== |
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Multiple prophetic traditions ([[hadith]]) were transmitted on Aqil's authority, and he also figured in hadith related by others. According to one of those, the prophet Muhammad had expressed his twofold love for Aqil: a love for him because of his kinship with him, and another love because Aqil was Abu Talib's favorite son (Muhammad himself had had a close relationship with Abu Talib, who had adopted him after his own father [[Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] had died a few months before his birth).<ref name=Rubin2009"/> |
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Aqeel donated a carpet to the mosque in Medina. On Fridays, it was spread out up the west wall. When the shadow of the wall covered the whole carpet, Umar knew it was time to come out for the [[Jumu'ah|midday prayer]].<ref>Malik ibn Anas. ''Al-Muwatta'' 1:13.</ref> |
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Aqil was often cited by later writers for his eloquence and his witty rejoinders, addressed both against his wife Fatima bint Utba and against Mu'awiya.<ref name=Rubin2009"/> He appears to have been a rich man, owning multiple properties both in Mecca and in Medina. One of his properties in Medina, the {{transl|ar|Dār ʿAqīl}} ({{lit|the House of Aqil}}), appears to have contained a graveyard where a number of notable early Muslims (especially members of the Hashimite family, such as Muhammad's daughter and Ali ibn Abi Talib's wife [[Fatimah|Fatima]]) are said to have been buried.<ref name=Rubin2009"/> |
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Aqeel was the fourth husband of Fatima, a sister of [[Hind bint Utbah]]. She was a wealthy woman who paid Aqeel to manage her property as Aqeel was a wealthy and successful merchant. She often asked him about her father and uncle,<ref>Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). ''The Women of Madina'', p. 168. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> who had been killed by the Muslim army.<ref>Ibn Ishaq/Guillaume p. 337.</ref> Aqeel once told her that they were in Hell, and their quarrel was so severe that [[Uthman]] assigned [[Muawiyah I|Muawiyah]] and [[Abd Allah ibn Abbas]] to mediate between them.<ref>Ibn Saad/Bewley p. 168.</ref> |
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Aqil's descendants through his son Muhammad, known by the [[nisba (onomastics)|name]] al-ʿAqīlī, were sometimes seen as members of the {{transl|ar|[[Ahl al-Bayt]]}} (the extended family of the prophet Muhammad, whom [[Shiites]] regarded as eligible for holding the title of [[caliph]]), much like the descendants of his brothers Ali (the [[Alids]]) and Ja'far (the Ja'farids), as well as the descendants of the three brothers' uncle al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (the [[Abbasids]]).<ref name=Rubin2009"/> |
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Aqeel was the man who found [[Umm ul-Banin]] to marry Ali.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} |
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In old age, he became blind. He died in the caliphate of Muawiyah I,<ref>Tabari/Landau Tasseron p. 61.</ref> at the age of 96.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} |
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==Legacy== |
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Descendants of Aqeel are numerous and spread out across [[Hejaz]], [[Yemen]], parts of [[Oman]], [[Djibouti]], [[Somalia]] and [[Somaliland]]. Some of them are [[Hawiye]], [[Dir (clan)|Dir]] and [[Darod]], who are considered to be the fathers of their respective clans. These clans are found primarily in [[Djibouti]], [[Somalia]] and [[Somaliland]], but are also seen in their neighboring countries such as [[Yemen]] and [[Oman]]. The shrine of [[Imam Saad bin Aqil' Shrine|Imam Saad bin Aqil']] who is also a descendant, is located in [[Tal Afar]], [[Iraq]]. |
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==See also== |
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* [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] |
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* [[Ja'far ibn Abi Talib]] |
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* [[Talib ibn Abi Talib]] |
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* [[Hasan ibn Ali]] |
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* [[Husayn ibn Ali]] |
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* [[Sahaba]] |
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* [[Muslim ibn Aqil]] |
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* [[Bibi Pak Daman|Ruqayyah bint Ali]] (The daughter in law of Aqeel ibn Abi Talib) |
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* [[Battle of Mu'tah]] |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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===Works cited=== |
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*{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Rubin|first1=Uri|date=2009|title=ʿAqīl b. Abī Ṭālib|editor1-last=Fleet|editor1-first=Kate|editor2-last=Krämer|editor2-first=Gudrun|editor3-last=Matringe|editor3-first=Denis|editor4-last=Nawas|editor4-first=John|editor5-last=Rowson|editor5-first=Everett|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam|Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three]]|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23073}} |
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*http://www.yazehra.com/fatimabint.htm |
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*http://www.bajabr.jeeran.com{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Aqil ibn Abi Talib}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:580s births]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:670 deaths]] |
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[[Category:683 deaths]] |
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[[Category:Companions of the Prophet]] |
[[Category:Companions of the Prophet]] |
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[[Category:Banu Hashim]] |
[[Category:Banu Hashim]] |
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[[Category:Burials at Jannat al-Baqī]] |
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Revision as of 23:44, 11 September 2021
ʿAqīl ibn Abī Ṭālib | |
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![Arabic calligraphy reading "Abū Yazīd ʿAqīl ibn Abī Ṭālib, raḍiya Allāh ʿanhu" ("[...], may God be pleased with him")](/wiki/File:%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8.png) | |
| Born | c. 580 |
| Died | 670 (aged 89–90) or 683 (aged 102–103) |
| Other names | Abū Yazīd |
| Known for | Companion and cousin of the prophet Muhammad |
| Spouse | Fatima bint Utba |
| Children | Muslim ibn Aqil |
| Parents |
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| Family | Banu Hashim |
ʿAqīl ibn Abī Ṭālib (full name Abū Yazīd ʿAqīl ibn Abī Ṭālib ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim, Arabic: أبو يزيد عقيل بن أبي طالب بن عبد المطّلب بن هاشم), c. 580 – 670 or 683, was a cousin of the prophet Muhammad (c. 570 – 632) and the older brother of Ali ibn Abi Talib (c. 600 – 661) and Ja'far ibn Abi Talib (c. 590 – 629).[1]
Having fought on the side of the Qurayshi rulers of Mecca against Muhammad and the early Muslims, he converted to Islam a few years before the death of the prophet in 632. Under the second caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab (r. 634–644), he was appointed a position as an expert in the genealogy of the Quraysh. During the rivalry between his brother Ali (who reigned as the fourth caliph from 656 until his death in 661) and Mu'awiya (the first Umayyad caliph, r. 661 – 680), he chose the side of the latter.
He was noted by later authors for his eloquence as well as for transmitting a number of hadith. Due to his close kinship with both the prophet Muhammad and with Ali ibn Abi Talib, his descendants were sometimes reckoned among the Ahl al-Bayt (the extended family of the prophet venerated by Shiite Muslims).
Biography
Aqil ibn Abi Talib is said to have been born 10 years after Talib ibn Abi Talib, the first son of Muhammad's paternal uncle and adoptive guardian Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Fatima bint Asad, and 10 and 20 years before his younger brothers Ja'far ibn Abi Talib and Ali ibn Abi Talib, respectively. After the death of his father in c. 619, he and his older brother Talib inherited Abu Talib's great wealth.[1]
Having initially fought against Muhammad at the Battle of Badr (624), in which he was taken prisoner and later bought free by his uncle al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, he converted to Islam around 629 or 630, and may have participated at the Muslim side in the Battles of Mu'tah (629) and Hunayn (630).[1]
After the victory of the Muslims and the death of Muhammad in 632, Aqil lived in the military encampments of Kufa and Basra for a while, supporting his brother Ali.[1] However, later he abandoned Ali and moved to Syria, joining the court of the first Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I (r. 661 – 680).[1] According to later tradition, Aqil's change of heart was motivated by the fact that Mu'awiya was more willing than Ali (also caliph during the last five years of his life, 656 – 661) to pay his debts.[1] Whereas he did give up to the Hashimite claims to the caliphate and politically supported the rival claim by the Umayyads, he always defended his brother Ali against any criticism leveled against him at Mu'awiya's court.[1]
Aqil was an expert at the genealogy of the Quraysh tribe (to which which both the Hashimite and Umayyad families belonged). The second caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab (r. 634 – 644) appointed him to record the names of the members of the Quraysh in the clan register (the dīwān), and to arbitrate disputes with regard to genealogy.[1]
He was married to Fatima bint Utba, with whom he had several children (the most famous of them being Muslim ibn Aqil). Contrary to their father, a number of his sons decided to fight for the Hashimite cause and were martyred along with their cousin al-Husayn ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib at the Battle of Karbala in 680.[1] Aqil himself died in Medina, having become blind, either in 670 or (according to another report) in 683.[1]
Legacy
Multiple prophetic traditions (hadith) were transmitted on Aqil's authority, and he also figured in hadith related by others. According to one of those, the prophet Muhammad had expressed his twofold love for Aqil: a love for him because of his kinship with him, and another love because Aqil was Abu Talib's favorite son (Muhammad himself had had a close relationship with Abu Talib, who had adopted him after his own father Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib had died a few months before his birth).[1]
Aqil was often cited by later writers for his eloquence and his witty rejoinders, addressed both against his wife Fatima bint Utba and against Mu'awiya.[1] He appears to have been a rich man, owning multiple properties both in Mecca and in Medina. One of his properties in Medina, the Dār ʿAqīl (lit. 'the House of Aqil'), appears to have contained a graveyard where a number of notable early Muslims (especially members of the Hashimite family, such as Muhammad's daughter and Ali ibn Abi Talib's wife Fatima) are said to have been buried.[1]
Aqil's descendants through his son Muhammad, known by the name al-ʿAqīlī, were sometimes seen as members of the Ahl al-Bayt (the extended family of the prophet Muhammad, whom Shiites regarded as eligible for holding the title of caliph), much like the descendants of his brothers Ali (the Alids) and Ja'far (the Ja'farids), as well as the descendants of the three brothers' uncle al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (the Abbasids).[1]
References
Works cited
- Rubin, Uri (2009). "ʿAqīl b. Abī Ṭālib". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23073.