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== Uses ==
== Uses ==
''Potamogeton diversifolius'' is known to be used as food to approximately 124 known animals. The plant provides a habitat for many micro and macro invertebrates. After the species dies the decomposition by bacteria and fungi provides food for more invertebrates.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Waterthread Pondweed - AquaPlant: Management of Pond Plants & Algae|url=https://aquaplant.tamu.edu/plant-identification/alphabetical-index/waterthread-pondweed/|access-date=2021-11-16|website=AquaPlant|language=en-US}}</ref> The seeds are eaten by waterfowl. Leaves are either eaten by fish or other invertebrates. ''Potamogeton'' ''diversifolius'' is known to be a host of aquatic fungi.<ref>Mohamed 1-6.pdf (jsrr.net)</ref> In a study on the food of game ducks it was recorded that 11.04% of their food was Potamogeton ''diversifolius'' within 247 locations between the United States and Canada.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Martin|first=Alexander Campbell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cBRAAAAMAAJ&ots=iw2fseZdel&dq=potamogeton%20diversifolius%20waterfowl%20diet&lr&pg=PP19#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Food of Game Ducks in the United States and Canada|last2=Uhler|first2=Francis Morey|date=1939|publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture|language=en}}</ref> Proportion of ''P. diversifolius'' in the diet of game ducks along the Atlantic coast was 11.73%, 13.29% in eastern region, 6.06% in Mississippi region, 3.99% at the Gulf coast, 16.29% in western region, 12.14% in Pacific coast, 12.73% in Western Canada and 12.47% in Eastern Canada.<ref name=":1" />
''Potamogeton diversifolius'' is known to be used as food to approximately 124 known animals. The plant provides a habitat for many micro and macro invertebrates. After the species dies the decomposition by bacteria and fungi provides food for more invertebrates.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Waterthread Pondweed - AquaPlant: Management of Pond Plants & Algae|url=https://aquaplant.tamu.edu/plant-identification/alphabetical-index/waterthread-pondweed/|access-date=2021-11-16|website=AquaPlant|language=en-US}}</ref> The seeds are eaten by waterfowl. Leaves are either eaten by fish or other invertebrates. ''Potamogeton'' ''diversifolius'' is known to be a host of aquatic fungi.<ref>Mohamed 1-6.pdf (jsrr.net)</ref> In a study on the food of game ducks it was recorded that 11.04% of their food was Potamogeton ''diversifolius'' within 247 locations between the United States and Canada.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Martin|first=Alexander Campbell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cBRAAAAMAAJ&ots=iw2fseZdel&dq=potamogeton%20diversifolius%20waterfowl%20diet&lr&pg=PP19#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Food of Game Ducks in the United States and Canada|last2=Uhler|first2=Francis Morey|date=1939|publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture|language=en}}</ref> Proportion of ''P. diversifolius'' in the diet of game ducks along the Atlantic coast was 11.73%, 13.29% in eastern region, 6.06% in Mississippi region, 3.99% at the Gulf coast, 16.29% in western region, 12.14% in Pacific coast, 12.73% in Western Canada and 12.47% in Eastern Canada.<ref name=":1" />

== Location ==
The plant can be found in shallow bodies of water including streams, ponds and shallow sections of the lakes.<ref>{{Cite web|title={{!}} Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants {{!}} University of Florida, IFAS|url=https://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/plant-directory/potamogeton-diversifolius/|access-date=2021-10-19|website=plants.ifas.ufl.edu}}</ref> This species is one of the most numerous pondweeds throughout the country and can be found in 43 states within the United States. This pondweed is in different types of still waters such as pools, ponds, lakes, and even some streams.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vascular Plants of North Carolina|url=https://auth1.dpr.ncparks.gov/flora/species_account.php?id=4052|access-date=2021-11-16|website=auth1.dpr.ncparks.gov}}</ref> The plant is currently listed as invasive in Cuba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Potamogeton diversifolius Raf.|url=https://www.gbif.org/species/5301163|access-date=2021-11-17|website=www.gbif.org|language=en}}</ref> Water thread pondweed can be found in fresh water. In an experiment involving fish predation scientist discovered that ''Potamogeton'' ''diversifolius'' was only found within fish free enclosures.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Martin|first=T. H.|last2=Crowder|first2=L. B.|last3=Dumas|first3=C. F.|last4=Burkholder|first4=J. M.|date=1992-04-01|title=Indirect effects of fish on macrophytes in Bays Mountain Lake: evidence for a littoral trophic cascade|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00317152|journal=Oecologia|language=en|volume=89|issue=4|pages=476–481|doi=10.1007/BF00317152|issn=1432-1939}}</ref> ''P''. ''diversifolius'' occurs scattered throughout the United Stated except for the New England states.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Martin|first=Alexander Campbell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cBRAAAAMAAJ&ots=iw2fseZdel&dq=potamogeton%20diversifolius%20waterfowl%20diet&lr&pg=PP19#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Food of Game Ducks in the United States and Canada|last2=Uhler|first2=Francis Morey|date=1939|publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture|language=en}}</ref> In recent years the species has been found in newly excavated ditches that contain clay like soil.<ref name=":12" /> The species has been found at elevations as high as 2744 m. high.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Les|first=Donald H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGP9DwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA102&dq=potamogeton+diversifolius&q=potamogeton+diversifolius&hl=en|title=Aquatic Monocotyledons of North America: Ecology, Life History, and Systematics|date=2020-05-10|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-351-67969-5|language=en}}</ref> ''P.'' ''diversifolius'' has been found within both full sunlight and partial shade.<ref name=":3" /> It is more than likely the most common species of Potamogeton in southeastern United States.


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 19:04, 1 December 2021

Waterthread pondweed
Potamogeton diversifolius
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Potamogetonaceae
Genus: Potamogeton
Species:
P. diversifolius
Binomial name
Potamogeton diversifolius

Potamogeton diversifolius is a species of aquatic plant known by the common names waterthread pondweed and diverse-leaved pondweed. It is native to most of the United States, as well as sections of southwestern Canada, and northern Mexico, where it grows in water bodies such as ponds, lakes, ditches, and slow-moving streams. This is a perennial herb producing a very narrow, compressed stem branching to a maximum length around 35 centimeters. It has thin, pointed linear leaves a few centimeters long spirally arranged about the thin stem. The inflorescence is a small spike of flowers emerging from the water surface. Inflorescences also grow on submersed sections of the stem; these are smaller and spherical. It can be difficult to distinguish from similar species of pondweed.

Description

Potamogeton diversifolius is a vascular aquatic plant that is sometimes known as waterthread pondweed or diverse-leaved pondweed. Some synonyms are Potamogeton capillaceus var. atripes, Potamogeton capillaceus and Potamogeton diversifolius var. multidenticulatus.[1] The plant has dimorphic leaves and is thread like. The leaves are both floating and submerged in water. The floating leaves tend to usually have 7-11 distinct veins, are elliptic and oval in outline[1]. They submerged leaves are alternating, smaller and only usually have 3 veins. Submersed leaves have stipules at the base of the leaf petiole that forms a sheath around the stem.[1]The plant is pale green is in total 0.78-2.5 inches long and 0.02-0.06 inches wide. The plant is a perennial with multi-branched stems extending between 40-80 cm long. [2] Stipules of the submersed leaves are fused at the base of the leaf blade and 4-10 mm long[3] The fruits are almost disk-shaped and tend to curve inward towards each other.[4] They also usually have lateral keels and are 0.9 to 2.0 mm in diameter.[5] Flowers range between 1-15 with spikes that are dimorphic. Seeds are formed in clusters. The clusters range from 1-15 and on the stalks of submersed leaves. The floating leaves have lindrical spikes that contain seeds ranging from 5-120 in the axils.[6] The plant blooms red with flowers and fruits throughout June to December. The waterthread pondweed has a stem that is horizontal, threadlike and cylindrical with the root branching off of that. Rooting occurs at the nodes of the plants.[7] The elliptical floating and submersed leaves and the distinctive veins help to distinguish the plant from other types of pondweeds.[1]

Taxonomy

The order of the plant is Alismatales, the family is Potamogetonaceae and the genus is Potamogen. The taxonomy of this plant has been debated for years and yet still is a confusing situation. It has been separated into two different species P. diversifolius in the strict sense and P. capillaceus (M, L. Fernald 1932).[8] Since then the species has also been divided into varieties, var. diversifolius and var. trichophyllus (D. S. Correl l and M. C. Johnston 1970).[8] The variety of trichophyllus has been found to be misapplied. We are now following E. J. Klekowski Jr. and E.O. Beal (1965) in only accepting one taxon.[8] Potamogeton diversifolious was found to be a subsection of the genus known as Hybridi.[9]

Uses

Potamogeton diversifolius is known to be used as food to approximately 124 known animals. The plant provides a habitat for many micro and macro invertebrates. After the species dies the decomposition by bacteria and fungi provides food for more invertebrates.[10] The seeds are eaten by waterfowl. Leaves are either eaten by fish or other invertebrates. Potamogeton diversifolius is known to be a host of aquatic fungi.[11] In a study on the food of game ducks it was recorded that 11.04% of their food was Potamogeton diversifolius within 247 locations between the United States and Canada.[12] Proportion of P. diversifolius in the diet of game ducks along the Atlantic coast was 11.73%, 13.29% in eastern region, 6.06% in Mississippi region, 3.99% at the Gulf coast, 16.29% in western region, 12.14% in Pacific coast, 12.73% in Western Canada and 12.47% in Eastern Canada.[12]

Location

The plant can be found in shallow bodies of water including streams, ponds and shallow sections of the lakes.[13] This species is one of the most numerous pondweeds throughout the country and can be found in 43 states within the United States. This pondweed is in different types of still waters such as pools, ponds, lakes, and even some streams.[14] The plant is currently listed as invasive in Cuba.[15] Water thread pondweed can be found in fresh water. In an experiment involving fish predation scientist discovered that Potamogeton diversifolius was only found within fish free enclosures.[16] P. diversifolius occurs scattered throughout the United Stated except for the New England states.[17] In recent years the species has been found in newly excavated ditches that contain clay like soil.[17] The species has been found at elevations as high as 2744 m. high.[18] P. diversifolius has been found within both full sunlight and partial shade.[18] It is more than likely the most common species of Potamogeton in southeastern United States.

References

  1. ^ a b c d "waterthread pondweed Potamogeton diversifolius Weed Profile - Weed Identification". weedid.cals.vt.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
  2. ^ "Potamogeton diversifolius (waterthread pondweed)". www.cabi.org. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
  3. ^ "Potamogeton diversifolius (waterthread pondweed)". www.cabi.org. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
  4. ^ "Waterthread Pondweed - AquaPlant: Management of Pond Plants & Algae". AquaPlant. Retrieved 2021-11-16.
  5. ^ Reznicek, A. A.; Bobbette, R. S. W. (1976). "THE TAXONOMY OF POTAMOGETON SUBSECTION HYBRIDI IN NORTH AMERICA". Rhodora. 78 (816): 650–673. ISSN 0035-4902.
  6. ^ "Water-thread Pondweed (Potamogeton diversifolius) - Wisconsin DNR". dnr.wi.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-15.
  7. ^ "Waterthread Pondweed - AquaPlant: Management of Pond Plants & Algae". AquaPlant. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
  8. ^ a b c Committee, Flora of North America Editorial; Morin, Nancy R. (1993). Flora of North America: North of Mexico Volume 22: Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae(in Part), and Zingiberidae. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-513729-3.
  9. ^ "New England Botanical Club Les Mehrhoff Botanical Research Award". Rhodora. 122 (991). 2021-08-20. doi:10.3119/0035-4902-122.991.238. ISSN 0035-4902.
  10. ^ "Waterthread Pondweed - AquaPlant: Management of Pond Plants & Algae". AquaPlant. Retrieved 2021-11-16.
  11. ^ Mohamed 1-6.pdf (jsrr.net)
  12. ^ a b Martin, Alexander Campbell; Uhler, Francis Morey (1939). Food of Game Ducks in the United States and Canada. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
  13. ^ "| Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants | University of Florida, IFAS". plants.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
  14. ^ "Vascular Plants of North Carolina". auth1.dpr.ncparks.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-16.
  15. ^ "Potamogeton diversifolius Raf". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
  16. ^ Martin, T. H.; Crowder, L. B.; Dumas, C. F.; Burkholder, J. M. (1992-04-01). "Indirect effects of fish on macrophytes in Bays Mountain Lake: evidence for a littoral trophic cascade". Oecologia. 89 (4): 476–481. doi:10.1007/BF00317152. ISSN 1432-1939.
  17. ^ a b Martin, Alexander Campbell; Uhler, Francis Morey (1939). Food of Game Ducks in the United States and Canada. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
  18. ^ a b Les, Donald H. (2020-05-10). Aquatic Monocotyledons of North America: Ecology, Life History, and Systematics. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-351-67969-5.
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