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The '''Anglo-Arabian''', also known as the '''Anglo-Arab''', is a horse breed that originated in France by [[Crossbreed|cross-breeding]] a [[Thoroughbred]] with an [[Arabian horse|Arabian]]. The Anglo-Arabian has origins tracing back to the [[Limousin horse|Limousin Horse]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheung |first=Elisabeth |date=October 16, 2023 |title=How Louis XV’s Mistress Founded one of France’s Most Successful Stud Farms |url=https://francetoday.com/learn/history/how-louis-xvs-mistress-founded-one-of-frances-most-successful-stud-farms/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=France Today}}</ref>. It was officially recognized by Emperor [[Louis Philippe I]] and produced by the [[Haras national du Pin|Haras National du Pin]]. The Anglo-Arabian has long legs, a refined head, larger hindquarters, and are most commonly seen in [[Gray horse|gray]], [[Bay (horse)|bay]], or [[Chestnut (horse color)|chestnut]].<ref name=":2" /> To be recognized as an Anglo-Arabian with the [[Arabian Horse Association]], the horse must have at least 25% Arabian blood.<ref name=":5" /> There are no color or height restrictions to be registered. Due to its lineage and physique, the Anglo-Arabian is utilized for sports-related activities such as [[dressage]], [[show jumping]], [[Endurance riding|endurance]], and [[Cross-country riding|cross-country]].
{{Short description|Breed of horse}}

{{Redirect|French Anglo-Arab|the Sardinian horse|Sardinian Anglo-Arab}}
[[Genetic disorder|Genetic diseases]] are possible as the foal is likely to inherit a combination of both parent genes. [[Genetic testing]] will help limit fetal [[DNA]] exposure and ensure knowledgeable breeding.<ref name=":6" /> The most common genetic diseases associated with the Anglo-Arabian lineage include [[Severe combined immunodeficiency|Severe Combined Immunodeficiency]], [[Cerebellar abiotrophy|Cerebellar Abiotrophy]], [[Lavender foal syndrome|Lavender Foal Syndrome]], and Occipitoatlantoaxial Malformation.<ref name=":4" />{{Infobox horse
{{no footnotes|date=June 2008}}
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{{Infobox horse
|name= Anglo-Arabian
|name= Anglo-Arabian
|image=Etalon Anglo-arabe.JPG
|image=Etalon Anglo-arabe.JPG
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|group2=Arabian Horse Association
|group2=Arabian Horse Association
|std2=http://www.arabianhorses.org
|std2=http://www.arabianhorses.org
}}
}}
<!-- End Infobox horse info. Article Begins Here -->


== Origin ==
The '''Anglo-Arabian''' or '''Anglo-Arab''' is a [[crossbred]], [[part-Arabian]] horse that now also has its own status as a [[horse breed]]. It is the result of a [[Thoroughbred]] (hence, the prefix "Anglo") being crossed with an [[Arabian horse|Arabian]]. The cross can be made between a Thoroughbred stallion and an Arabian mare, or vice versa. It can also be a cross between either an Anglo-Arab and a Thoroughbred or, alternatively, an Anglo-Arab and an Arabian. Another permitted cross is between two Anglo-Arabians. No matter the cross, a horse must have a minimum 12.5% of Arabian blood to be considered an Anglo-Arabian.
[[File:Cheval limousin.jpg|left|thumb|The Limousin horse]]
The [[Limousin horse]] was a breed that originated from the region of [[Limousin]] in France during the [[Middle Ages|Medieval times]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Charles |first=Louis Maurice Cormier |url= |title=Le cheval berrichon et le cheval limousin: avec de nombreuses simili-gravures hors texte, Chateauroux |last2=La Cépède |date= |publisher=A.-F. Patissier |year=1905 |location=Tours |page=490}}</ref> They were created by breeding French native mares with imported English Thoroughbreds and a sprinkle of Arabian blood.<ref>{{Citation |last=Blaineau |first=Alexandre |title=Chapitre IV. Élevage équin et zootechnie:le façonnement de races? |date=2015 |pages=143–168 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.pur.92320 |access-date=2024-03-24 |publisher=Presses universitaires de Rennes |isbn=978-2-7535-4136-8}}</ref> Although this breed is now [[Extinction|extinct]], the Limousins were the predecessor of the Anglo-Arabians and significantly influenced the creation of this breed.


In the 1750s, breeders from [[Normandy]], France, bred [[Syrians|Syrian]] imported Arabians with native thoroughbred mares.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=Kara L. |date=February 28, 2015 |title=Half-Arabian Horse Breeds: Anglo-Arabian |url=https://www.horseillustrated.com/horse-breeds-half-arabian-anglo-arabian |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Horse Illustrated Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> There is limited documentation on their breeding of the Anglo-Arabians, but the breeders are credited with the first traceable origins as the offspring of these mares were later used to produce the officiated Anglo-Arabians.
[[France]] is one of the greatest producers of Anglo-Arabians. The French Anglo-Arab traces back to two stallions: the Arabian stud Massoud and Aslam, a "Turkish" horse, probably of the now-extinct [[Turkoman horse|Turkoman]] or "Turkmene" breed. These [[Syria]]n imports were then crossed with a trio of Thoroughbreds, specifically, the Comus Mare, the Selim Mare, and Daer. Some years later, three of their daughters — Clovis, Danae, and Delphine — formed the foundation of the French Anglo-Arabian breeding program. The program's primary Anglo-Arab breeding farm, ''Pompadour National Anglo-Arab Stud'', is located in [[Arnac-Pompadour]], a commune of central France's [[Corrèze]] department, home to the famous [[Château de Pompadour]]. In addition, the area serves as the ''[[French National Stud]]'''s headquarters. Other state-owned studs of Tarbes, Villeneuve-sur-Lot and Pau were instrumental in promoting the breed. The Tarbais horses in particular, Anglo-Arabs bred in the area around Tarbes, were celebrated in their time. The Anglo-Arab possesses one of France's oldest studbooks, and the [[Selle Français]], the country's leading [[sport horse]], still bears the stamp of significant Anglo-Arab influence. In recent years the breed has suffered from a fall in popularity.


In 1833, Emperor [[Louis Philippe I|Louis Phillipe I]] passed an ordinance that led to the creation of the French Studbook. The primary aim of the Studbook was to help establish the breeds of horses suitable for race horsing. The Studbook officially recognized English, Arab, and Anglo-Arab horses as suitable breeds.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhollade |first=Mathilde |last2=Arnaud |first2=Cecile |date=February 3, 2021 |title=Horse breeds which are recognised and managed in France |url=https://equipedia.ifce.fr/en/equipedia-the-universe-of-the-horse-ifce/breeding-and-keeping-horses/breeds-and-coats/equine-breeds-and-studbooks/horse-breeds-which-are-recognised-and-managed-in-france |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=equipedia.ifce.fr}}</ref> It also served as a valuable resource for those interested in locating the horse's [[Pedigree chart|pedigree]].
In the past, the Anglo-Arab has been used for cavalry remount purposes. However, at present, its most prominent occupation is that of a general riding or [[sport horse]]. The breed does well in [[eventing]], due to its stamina, speed, and jumping ability. In the [[United States]], the Anglo-Arabian is considered a "part-bred" Arabian and, as a result, is registered within a separate section of the [[Arabian Horse Association]].
[[File:HarasDuPin 07.jpg|thumb|255x255px|The Haras National du Pin ]]
In 1836, the French National Stud Service, [[Haras national du Pin|Haras National du Pin]], began officially breeding Anglo-Arabians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L’histoire du Haras national du Pin |url=https://www.haras-national-du-pin.com/fr/haras-national-pin/histoire/histoire-haras-national-pin.html |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=www.haras-national-du-pin.com |language=fr}}</ref> Their service was responsible for maintaining the breedings for private cooperators, and they were highly selective in picking and breeding the most exceptional candidates. They crossed the imported English Thoroughbred mares with Arabians that remained in the country after the French defeated the [[Muslims]] in the [[Battle of Tours]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Davenport |first=H. |date=1908-01-01 |title=The Arabian Horse |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/os-4.1.76 |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=os-4 |issue=1 |pages=76–78 |doi=10.1093/jhered/os-4.1.76 |issn=0022-1503}}</ref> The service also attempted to crossbreed in the opposite direction, where Arabian mares bred with English sires, but found that the foal was less desirable as the size of the mother’s [[uterus]] affects the adult size of the foal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allen |first=W. R. |last2=Wilsher |first2=Sandra |last3=Tiplady |first3=Clare |last4=Butterfield |first4=R. M. |date=2004-01-01 |title=The influence of maternal size on pre- and postnatal growth in the horse: III Postnatal growth |url=https://rep.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/rep/127/1/1270067.xml |journal=Reproduction |language=en-US |volume=127 |issue=1 |pages=67–77 |doi=10.1530/rep.1.00024 |issn=1741-7899}}</ref>[[File:Brand-aa-2.svg|thumb|100px|Anglo-Arabian breed brand|left]]In 1880, the Anglo-Arabian breed criteria formally established that a horse only needed 25% Arabian blood to be considered an Anglo-Arabian.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=ArabianHorses.org - Registrations |url=https://www.arabianhorses.org/registration/registrations/#half |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=www.arabianhorses.org}}</ref> As long as they have the minimum ratio, they can be registered with the Anglo-Arabian Horse Registry of the [[Arabian Horse Association]] (AHA) and are eligible to participate in AHA shows.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=ArabianHorses.org - Handbook |url=https://www.arabianhorses.org/membership/handbook.html |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=www.arabianhorses.org}}</ref> Horses registered with the Arabian Horse Association will be given the [[Livestock branding|breed brand]].


== Purpose ==
==Breed characteristics==
[[File:The American thoroughbred (1905) (17538555664).jpg|thumb|Thoroughbreds Racing|215x215px]]
⚫
[[File:Anglo-Encore-une-Medaille-masters-pro2009.jpg|left|thumb|Anglo-Arabian competing in [[eventing]].]]
The Arabian breed was initially developed to be [[Horses in warfare|war horses]], known for their great [[Stamina (horse)|stamina]], [[endurance]], and [[intelligence]], which aided their riders on the [[battlefield]].<ref name=":3" /> On the other hand, thoroughbreds were primarily bred for [[Horse racing|racing]] and [[show jumping]] due to their [[Athletics (physical culture)|athleticism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bower |first=Mim A. |last2=McGivney |first2=Beatrice A. |last3=Campana |first3=Michael G. |last4=Gu |first4=Jingjing |last5=Andersson |first5=Lisa S. |last6=Barrett |first6=Elizabeth |last7=Davis |first7=Catherine R. |last8=Mikko |first8=Sofia |last9=Stock |first9=Frauke |last10=Voronkova |first10=Valery |last11=Bradley |first11=Daniel G. |last12=Fahey |first12=Alan G. |last13=Lindgren |first13=Gabriella |last14=MacHugh |first14=David E. |last15=Sulimova |first15=Galina |date=2012-01-24 |title=The genetic origin and history of speed in the Thoroughbred racehorse |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms1644 |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=643 |doi=10.1038/ncomms1644 |issn=2041-1723}}</ref> Combining these two breeds resulted in the Anglo-Arabian, which is an ideal breed for sports-related activities such as show jumping, [[Cross-country riding|cross-country]], [[Endurance riding|endurance]], or [[dressage]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Cochran |first=Caroline |date=November 10, 2023 |title=Anglo-Arabian Horse Breed Guide: Characteristics, Health & Nutrition {{!}} Mad Barn |url=https://madbarn.com/anglo-arabian-horse-breed-profile/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=madbarn.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The best examples of this breed inherit the Arabian's refinement, structure, and endurance as well as the speed and [[Scope (horse)|scope]] of the Thoroughbred.
[[File:Brand-aa-2.svg|thumb|100px|Anglo-Arabian breed brand]]
[[File:Anglo-arabe-cso.jpg|left|thumb|Anglo-Arabian performing in a jumper-based show jumping competition]]
'''Show jumping''': Show jumping is an equestrian sport where the rider and horse navigate a course while attempting to clear all the [[Jumping|jumps]] without touching or dropping any poles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hunter/Jumper 101 :: USHJA |url=https://www.ushja.org/about-us-and-news/hunterjumper-101 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=www.ushja.org}}</ref> There are three types of show jumping: hunter, jumper, and [[equitation]]. In hunter-show jumping, judges rank competitors based on the horse's jumping style, ability to jump, and the rider's ability to lead the horse to the jump successfully.<ref name=":0" /> In jumper-based show jumping, riders are ranked based on their time and faults, with the winner completing the course with the fastest time and the least number of faults.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Klemm |first=Piper |date=2023-08-31 |title=Understanding Scoring in the Jumper Ring |url=https://www.theplaidhorse.com/2023/08/31/understanding-scoring-in-the-jumper-ring/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=The Plaid Horse Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Equitation-based jumping is similar to hunter-based jumping, but judges focus on the rider's ability and position leading up to the jump rather than the horse's performance.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Anglo-Encore-une-Medaille-masters-pro2009.jpg|thumb|Anglo-Arabian competing in cross-country show jumping]]
'''Cross-Country''': Cross-country is a sport that involves horse riding and navigating a series of obstacles on varied [[terrain]], such as water and grass.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=December 1, 2022 |title=2023 US EQUESTRIAN RULES FOR EVENTING |url=https://useventing.com/resources/documents/2023-USEA-Rule-Book-Combined.pdf |journal=UNITED STATES EVENTING ASSOCIATION}}</ref>


The rider and horse must work together to complete the course, where [[penalties]] are given for refusing a jump or running past a fence. The objective is to have the lowest score possible, with the pair being declared the winner.<ref name=":0" />
As a result of different crosses that can produce an Anglo-Arabian, the size and appearance are noticeably variable. However, on average, an Anglo-Arabian is a bit taller than the average Arabian and of somewhat less refined type. The largest horses are usually produced by breeding a Thoroughbred mare to an Arabian stallion. The best examples of this breed inherit the refinement, good bone, and endurance of the Arabian, as well as the speed and scope of the Thoroughbred.
⚫
[[File:Anglo-arabe-dressage.jpg|left|thumb|230x230px|Anglo-Arabian performing a dressage test]]
'''Endurance''': Endurance is a sport that involves long-distance riding and tests the fitness and stamina of both the horse and rider on a timed journey.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 1, 2020 |title=FEI General Regulations |url=https://inside.fei.org/sites/default/files/FEI%20General%20Regulations%20-Effective%201January2024-%20clean_0.pdf |journal=Federation Equestrian Internationale |issue=24}}</ref> The trail may cover varying [[Altitude|altitudes]], terrains, and weather conditions, with the riders and horses covering up to 100 miles. The American Endurance Ride Conference (AERC) regulates endurance rides nationally, while the [[International Federation for Equestrian Sports|Federation Equestre Internationale]] (FEI) oversees the sport internationally.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 2024 |title=Endurance Rules |url=https://inside.fei.org/sites/default/files/FEI%20Endurance%20Rules%20-%201%20January%202024%20-%20Mark%20Up.pdf |journal=Fédération Equestre Internationale |issue=12}}</ref>


'''Dressage''': Dressage is a French-originated sport that showcases a horse's training by performing various movements in front of judges.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bryan |first=Polly |date=June 1, 2021 |title=What is dressage? An essential guide to the sport of dressage |url=https://www.horseandhound.co.uk/features/what-is-dressage-olympics-747995 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Horse & Hound |language=en}}</ref> The sport aims to improve the horse's strength and [[suppleness]], emphasizing the harmony between the rider and the horse. Depending on their level, riders and horses perform their movements in a test. [[Grand Prix Dressage|The Grand Prix]] is the highest level of competition. To progress to a higher level, riders must consistently score above 65% and be capable of performing the movements at their current level.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Sophie |date=2021-12-28 |title=Dressage Scoring: The Basics |url=https://www.fei.org/stories/lifestyle/teach-me/dressage-scoring-basics |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=FEI.org |language=en}}</ref>
Anglo-Arabians average {{hands|15.2|-|16.3 }} high. The most common colors are [[chestnut (color)|chestnut]], [[Bay (color)|bay]], or [[gray (horse)|gray]]. The breed ideal is for a horse to have [[horse conformation|conformation]] that more strongly resembles the Arabian, though they should not look entirely like either a Thoroughbred or an Arabian. They have a long neck, prominent [[withers]], a compact and strong body (sturdier than the Thoroughbred), a deep chest, and solid bone. Anglo-Arabians should have small, fine heads, similar to an Arabian, but they should not be overly "dished" in profile.


==Physique==
[[File:Cheval de race anglo-rabe du midi (1852).jpg|thumb|230x230px|Anglo-Arabian Physique]]
The size and appearance of the Anglo-Arabian breed mix varies depending on their ancestry, just like other breed mixes. On average, they stand between 15.2 and 16.3 hands (62-67 inches, 158-65 cm) tall, which is taller than the average Arabian but just below the height of a thoroughbred.<ref name=":2" /> Their body is sturdily built, similar to the thoroughbred, with refined heads that showcase their Arabian lineage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Loconti |first=Christine |date=December 6, 2022 |title=What to Know About Arabian Horses |url=https://www.webmd.com/pets/what-to-know-about-arabian-horses |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=WebMD |language=en}}</ref> They have a deep chest, [[Hindquarters|round hindquarters]], [[Withers|prominent withers]], and lengthy legs. The most common colors for the Anglo-Arabian are [[Chestnut (horse color)|chestnut]], [[Bay (horse)|bay]], or [[Gray horse|gray]].<ref name=":2" /> The [[Arabian Horse Association]] accepts any color and height for the breed, but the association requires photos of their coloring to be submitted for [[registration]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Williams |first=Jeffrey A. |title=Chapter 123 - Lameness in the Arabian and Half-Arabian Show Horse |date=2011-01-01 |work=Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse (Second Edition) |pages=1195–1205 |editor-last=Ross |editor-first=Mike W. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781416060697001231 |access-date=2024-03-25 |place=Saint Louis |publisher=W.B. Saunders |isbn=978-1-4160-6069-7 |last2=Root |first2=Bradley S. |editor2-last=Dyson |editor2-first=Sue J.}}</ref>

== Genetic Diseases ==

Breeding Arabians and thoroughbreds comes with a risk of breed-specific [[Disease|diseases]] that can be inherited. When breeding Anglo-Arabians, it is vital to prioritize the breed's well-being and [[Genetic epidemiology|genetic health]] by noting potential [[health problems]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cosgrove |first=Elissa J. |last2=Sadeghi |first2=Raheleh |last3=Schlamp |first3=Florencia |last4=Holl |first4=Heather M. |last5=Moradi-Shahrbabak |first5=Mohammad |last6=Miraei-Ashtiani |first6=Seyed Reza |last7=Abdalla |first7=Salma |last8=Shykind |first8=Ben |last9=Troedsson |first9=Mats |last10=Stefaniuk-Szmukier |first10=Monika |last11=Prabhu |first11=Anil |last12=Bucca |first12=Stefania |last13=Bugno-Poniewierska |first13=Monika |last14=Wallner |first14=Barbara |last15=Malek |first15=Joel |date=2020-06-16 |title=Genome Diversity and the Origin of the Arabian Horse |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-66232-1 |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-66232-1 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=PMC7298027 |pmid=32546689}}</ref> Genetic testing can help identify [[Carrier (disease)|carriers]] of these diseases, prevent them from entering the breeding stream, and assist breeders in making informed decisions before breeding.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Emery |first=Jon |date=2001-06-25 |title=Is informed choice in genetic testing a different breed of informed decision‐making? A discussion paper |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1369-6513.2001.00124.x |journal=Health Expectations |language=en |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=81–86 |doi=10.1046/j.1369-6513.2001.00124.x |issn=1369-6513 |pmc=PMC5060052 |pmid=11359537}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Bellone |first=Rebecca R. |last2=Avila |first2=Felipe |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Genetic Testing in the Horse |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32534857/ |journal=The Veterinary Clinics of North America |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=211–234 |doi=10.1016/j.cveq.2020.03.003 |issn=1558-4224 |pmid=32534857 |access-date=2024-03-24}}</ref> By being mindful of these health concerns, breeders can ensure the breed's continued success. The following diseases are [[Autosome|autosomal]] [[Dominance (genetics)|recessive traits]] that will lead to the [[death]] or [[euthanasia]] of the affected [[foal]]: [[File:AwkwardGait.jpg|left|thumb|Filly with [[cerebellar abiotrophy]] exhibiting a stiff, awkward gait ]]
'''Severe Combined Immunodeficiency:''' [[Severe combined immunodeficiency]] (SCID) is a [[fatal]] genetic disorder caused by a genetic five-base pair [[Deletion (genetics)|deletion]] (TCTCA) in the [[Protein kinase|DNA-protein kinase]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ela |first=Nahla A. |last2=El-Nesr |first2=Khalid A. |last3=Ahmed |first3=Hanaa A. |last4=Brooks |first4=Samantha A. |date=May 26, 2018 |title=Molecular Detection of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disorder in Arabian Horses in Egypt |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31256889/#:~:text=Severe%20combined%20immunodeficiency%20(SCID)%20is,protein%20kinase%20catalytic%20subunit%20gene. |journal=Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |volume=68 |pages=55–58 |doi=10.1016/j.jevs.2018.05.210 |issn=0737-0806 |pmid=31256889}}</ref> It causes the complete [[absence]] of [[White blood cell|immune cells]], leaving them to [[immunodeficiency|immunodeficiency,]] where they will be cease within 4-6 months.
[[File:Lavender foal syndrome.png|thumb|Foal with Lavender Foal Syndrome ]]
'''Cerebellar Abiotrophy:''' Arabian horses and other horses of Arabian ancestry can inherit a [[Neurological disorder|neurological condition]] called [[cerebellar abiotrophy]] (CA), which causes the progressive death of [[Neuron|neurons]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Amy |date=2020-06-08 |title=Cerebellar Abiotrophy (CA) {{!}} School of Veterinary Medicine |url=https://ceh.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/health-topics/cerebellar-abiotrophy-ca |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=ceh.vetmed.ucdavis.edu |language=en}}</ref> Affected foals will have [[Tremor|head tremors]], lack of balance equilibrium ([[ataxia]]), and other neurological problems.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Ayad |first=Abdelhanine |last2=Almarzook |first2=Saria |last3=Besseboua |first3=Omar |last4=Aissanou |first4=Sofiane |last5=Piórkowska |first5=Katarzyna |last6=Musiał |first6=Adrianna D. |last7=Stefaniuk-Szmukier |first7=Monika |last8=Ropka-Molik |first8=Katarzyna |date=2021-11-26 |title=Investigation of Cerebellar Abiotrophy (CA), Lavender Foal Syndrome (LFS), and Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) Variants in a Cohort of Three MENA Region Horse Breeds |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/12/12/1893 |journal=Genes |language=en |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=1893 |doi=10.3390/genes12121893 |issn=2073-4425 |pmc=PMC8701198 |pmid=34946842}}</ref>

'''Lavender Foal Syndrome:''' [[Lavender foal syndrome|Lavender Foal Syndrome]] (LFS), also known as Coat Color Dilution Lethal (CCDL), is a rare genetic condition that affects foals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Amy |date=2020-06-09 |title=Lavender Foal Syndrome (LFS) {{!}} School of Veterinary Medicine |url=https://ceh.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/health-topics/lavender-foal-syndrome-lfs |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=ceh.vetmed.ucdavis.edu |language=en}}</ref> This syndrome causes the foals to have a unique pink-gray coat and neurological dysfunctions that hinder their ability to stand and nurse properly. The syndrome is caused by a mutation in the [[Myosin|myosin Va]] ([[Unconventional myosin-Va|MYO5A]]) gene.<ref name=":4" /> Clinical signs of LFS include [[Seizure|seizures]], [[nystagmus]], and severe [[Anatomical terms of motion|hyperextension]] of limbs and back ([[Opisthotonus|opisthotonos]]).

'''Occipitoatlantoaxial Malformation:''' Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation (OAAM) is a neurological disorder that affects the first two [[Vertebra|vertebrae]] of the neck and the base of the [[skull]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Amy |date=2020-06-09 |title=Occipitoatlantoaxial Malformation (OAAM) {{!}} School of Veterinary Medicine |url=https://ceh.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/health-topics/occipitoatlantoaxial-malformation-oaam |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=ceh.vetmed.ucdavis.edu |language=en}}</ref> This disorder is caused by a deletion in the homeobox D3 gene ([[HOXD3]]), resulting in [[Compression of genomic sequencing data|spinal compression]], damage to the [[spinal cord]], reduced body coordination, and limited movement of the foal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bordbari |first=M. H. |last2=Penedo |first2=M. C. T. |last3=Aleman |first3=M. |last4=Valberg |first4=S. J. |last5=Mickelson |first5=J. |last6=Finno |first6=C. J. |date=January 23, 2017 |title=Deletion of 2.7kb near HOXD3 in an Arabian horse with occipitoatlantoaxial malformation |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28111759/ |journal=Animal Genetics |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=287–294 |doi=10.1111/age.12531 |issn=1365-2052 |pmc=5441686 |pmid=28111759}}</ref>
==See also==
==See also==
*[[Zweibrücker]]
*[[Zweibrücker]]
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*[[Gidran]]
*[[Gidran]]
*[[List of horse breeds]]
*[[List of horse breeds]]

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==References==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070427233329/http://www.correze.org/communes/arn_pomp.htm Arnac - Pompadour]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041114195238/http://www.pompadour.net/HTML_GB/citecheval.htm Pays de Pompador – Horse Town]
{{commons+cat|Anglo-Arabian}}
{{commons+cat|Anglo-Arabian}}


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== References ==
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{{Authority control}}


Revision as of 03:54, 25 March 2024

The Anglo-Arabian, also known as the Anglo-Arab, is a horse breed that originated in France by cross-breeding a Thoroughbred with an Arabian. The Anglo-Arabian has origins tracing back to the Limousin Horse[1]. It was officially recognized by Emperor Louis Philippe I and produced by the Haras National du Pin. The Anglo-Arabian has long legs, a refined head, larger hindquarters, and are most commonly seen in gray, bay, or chestnut.[2] To be recognized as an Anglo-Arabian with the Arabian Horse Association, the horse must have at least 25% Arabian blood.[3] There are no color or height restrictions to be registered. Due to its lineage and physique, the Anglo-Arabian is utilized for sports-related activities such as dressage, show jumping, endurance, and cross-country.

Genetic diseases are possible as the foal is likely to inherit a combination of both parent genes. Genetic testing will help limit fetal DNA exposure and ensure knowledgeable breeding.[4] The most common genetic diseases associated with the Anglo-Arabian lineage include Severe Combined Immunodeficiency, Cerebellar Abiotrophy, Lavender Foal Syndrome, and Occipitoatlantoaxial Malformation.[5]

Anglo-Arabian
A gray Anglo-Arabian
Other namesAnglo-Arab
Country of originWorldwide, most popular in the United Kingdom, France, and the United States
Traits
Distinguishing featuresWell-formed, powerful, good gaits, sport horse characteristics. Combines traits of both Arabian and Thoroughbred breeds
Breed standards

Origin

The Limousin horse

The Limousin horse was a breed that originated from the region of Limousin in France during the Medieval times.[6] They were created by breeding French native mares with imported English Thoroughbreds and a sprinkle of Arabian blood.[7] Although this breed is now extinct, the Limousins were the predecessor of the Anglo-Arabians and significantly influenced the creation of this breed.

In the 1750s, breeders from Normandy, France, bred Syrian imported Arabians with native thoroughbred mares.[8] There is limited documentation on their breeding of the Anglo-Arabians, but the breeders are credited with the first traceable origins as the offspring of these mares were later used to produce the officiated Anglo-Arabians.

In 1833, Emperor Louis Phillipe I passed an ordinance that led to the creation of the French Studbook. The primary aim of the Studbook was to help establish the breeds of horses suitable for race horsing. The Studbook officially recognized English, Arab, and Anglo-Arab horses as suitable breeds.[9] It also served as a valuable resource for those interested in locating the horse's pedigree.

The Haras National du Pin

In 1836, the French National Stud Service, Haras National du Pin, began officially breeding Anglo-Arabians.[10] Their service was responsible for maintaining the breedings for private cooperators, and they were highly selective in picking and breeding the most exceptional candidates. They crossed the imported English Thoroughbred mares with Arabians that remained in the country after the French defeated the Muslims in the Battle of Tours.[11] The service also attempted to crossbreed in the opposite direction, where Arabian mares bred with English sires, but found that the foal was less desirable as the size of the mother’s uterus affects the adult size of the foal.[12]

Anglo-Arabian breed brand

In 1880, the Anglo-Arabian breed criteria formally established that a horse only needed 25% Arabian blood to be considered an Anglo-Arabian.[13] As long as they have the minimum ratio, they can be registered with the Anglo-Arabian Horse Registry of the Arabian Horse Association (AHA) and are eligible to participate in AHA shows.[3] Horses registered with the Arabian Horse Association will be given the breed brand.

Purpose

Thoroughbreds Racing

The Arabian breed was initially developed to be war horses, known for their great stamina, endurance, and intelligence, which aided their riders on the battlefield.[11] On the other hand, thoroughbreds were primarily bred for racing and show jumping due to their athleticism.[14] Combining these two breeds resulted in the Anglo-Arabian, which is an ideal breed for sports-related activities such as show jumping, cross-country, endurance, or dressage.[2] The best examples of this breed inherit the Arabian's refinement, structure, and endurance as well as the speed and scope of the Thoroughbred.

Anglo-Arabian performing in a jumper-based show jumping competition

Show jumping: Show jumping is an equestrian sport where the rider and horse navigate a course while attempting to clear all the jumps without touching or dropping any poles.[15] There are three types of show jumping: hunter, jumper, and equitation. In hunter-show jumping, judges rank competitors based on the horse's jumping style, ability to jump, and the rider's ability to lead the horse to the jump successfully.[15] In jumper-based show jumping, riders are ranked based on their time and faults, with the winner completing the course with the fastest time and the least number of faults.[16] Equitation-based jumping is similar to hunter-based jumping, but judges focus on the rider's ability and position leading up to the jump rather than the horse's performance.[15]

Anglo-Arabian competing in cross-country show jumping

Cross-Country: Cross-country is a sport that involves horse riding and navigating a series of obstacles on varied terrain, such as water and grass.[17]

The rider and horse must work together to complete the course, where penalties are given for refusing a jump or running past a fence. The objective is to have the lowest score possible, with the pair being declared the winner.[15]

Anglo-Arabian performing a dressage test

Endurance: Endurance is a sport that involves long-distance riding and tests the fitness and stamina of both the horse and rider on a timed journey.[18] The trail may cover varying altitudes, terrains, and weather conditions, with the riders and horses covering up to 100 miles. The American Endurance Ride Conference (AERC) regulates endurance rides nationally, while the Federation Equestre Internationale (FEI) oversees the sport internationally.[19]

Dressage: Dressage is a French-originated sport that showcases a horse's training by performing various movements in front of judges.[20] The sport aims to improve the horse's strength and suppleness, emphasizing the harmony between the rider and the horse. Depending on their level, riders and horses perform their movements in a test. The Grand Prix is the highest level of competition. To progress to a higher level, riders must consistently score above 65% and be capable of performing the movements at their current level.[21]

Physique

Anglo-Arabian Physique

The size and appearance of the Anglo-Arabian breed mix varies depending on their ancestry, just like other breed mixes. On average, they stand between 15.2 and 16.3 hands (62-67 inches, 158-65 cm) tall, which is taller than the average Arabian but just below the height of a thoroughbred.[2] Their body is sturdily built, similar to the thoroughbred, with refined heads that showcase their Arabian lineage.[22] They have a deep chest, round hindquarters, prominent withers, and lengthy legs. The most common colors for the Anglo-Arabian are chestnut, bay, or gray.[2] The Arabian Horse Association accepts any color and height for the breed, but the association requires photos of their coloring to be submitted for registration.[23]

Genetic Diseases

Breeding Arabians and thoroughbreds comes with a risk of breed-specific diseases that can be inherited. When breeding Anglo-Arabians, it is vital to prioritize the breed's well-being and genetic health by noting potential health problems.[24] Genetic testing can help identify carriers of these diseases, prevent them from entering the breeding stream, and assist breeders in making informed decisions before breeding.[25][4] By being mindful of these health concerns, breeders can ensure the breed's continued success. The following diseases are autosomal recessive traits that will lead to the death or euthanasia of the affected foal:

Filly with cerebellar abiotrophy exhibiting a stiff, awkward gait

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency: Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a fatal genetic disorder caused by a genetic five-base pair deletion (TCTCA) in the DNA-protein kinase.[26] It causes the complete absence of immune cells, leaving them to immunodeficiency, where they will be cease within 4-6 months.

Foal with Lavender Foal Syndrome

Cerebellar Abiotrophy: Arabian horses and other horses of Arabian ancestry can inherit a neurological condition called cerebellar abiotrophy (CA), which causes the progressive death of neurons.[27] Affected foals will have head tremors, lack of balance equilibrium (ataxia), and other neurological problems.[5]

Lavender Foal Syndrome: Lavender Foal Syndrome (LFS), also known as Coat Color Dilution Lethal (CCDL), is a rare genetic condition that affects foals.[28] This syndrome causes the foals to have a unique pink-gray coat and neurological dysfunctions that hinder their ability to stand and nurse properly. The syndrome is caused by a mutation in the myosin Va (MYO5A) gene.[5] Clinical signs of LFS include seizures, nystagmus, and severe hyperextension of limbs and back (opisthotonos).

Occipitoatlantoaxial Malformation: Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation (OAAM) is a neurological disorder that affects the first two vertebrae of the neck and the base of the skull.[29] This disorder is caused by a deletion in the homeobox D3 gene (HOXD3), resulting in spinal compression, damage to the spinal cord, reduced body coordination, and limited movement of the foal.[30]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Anglo-Arabian (category)

References

  1. ^ Cheung, Elisabeth (October 16, 2023). "How Louis XV's Mistress Founded one of France's Most Successful Stud Farms". France Today. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  2. ^ a b c d Cochran, Caroline (November 10, 2023). "Anglo-Arabian Horse Breed Guide: Characteristics, Health & Nutrition | Mad Barn". madbarn.com. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  3. ^ a b "ArabianHorses.org - Handbook". www.arabianhorses.org. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
  4. ^ a b Bellone, Rebecca R.; Avila, Felipe (June 10, 2020). "Genetic Testing in the Horse". The Veterinary Clinics of North America. 36 (2): 211–234. doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2020.03.003. ISSN 1558-4224. PMID 32534857. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  5. ^ a b c Ayad, Abdelhanine; Almarzook, Saria; Besseboua, Omar; Aissanou, Sofiane; Piórkowska, Katarzyna; Musiał, Adrianna D.; Stefaniuk-Szmukier, Monika; Ropka-Molik, Katarzyna (2021-11-26). "Investigation of Cerebellar Abiotrophy (CA), Lavender Foal Syndrome (LFS), and Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) Variants in a Cohort of Three MENA Region Horse Breeds". Genes. 12 (12): 1893. doi:10.3390/genes12121893. ISSN 2073-4425. PMC 8701198. PMID 34946842.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ Charles, Louis Maurice Cormier; La Cépède (1905). Le cheval berrichon et le cheval limousin: avec de nombreuses simili-gravures hors texte, Chateauroux. Tours: A.-F. Patissier. p. 490.
  7. ^ Blaineau, Alexandre (2015), Chapitre IV. Élevage équin et zootechnie:le façonnement de races?, Presses universitaires de Rennes, pp. 143–168, ISBN 978-2-7535-4136-8, retrieved 2024-03-24
  8. ^ Stewart, Kara L. (February 28, 2015). "Half-Arabian Horse Breeds: Anglo-Arabian". Horse Illustrated Magazine. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  9. ^ Dhollade, Mathilde; Arnaud, Cecile (February 3, 2021). "Horse breeds which are recognised and managed in France". equipedia.ifce.fr. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  10. ^ "L'histoire du Haras national du Pin". www.haras-national-du-pin.com (in French). Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  11. ^ a b Davenport, H. (1908-01-01). "The Arabian Horse". Journal of Heredity. os-4 (1): 76–78. doi:10.1093/jhered/os-4.1.76. ISSN 0022-1503.
  12. ^ Allen, W. R.; Wilsher, Sandra; Tiplady, Clare; Butterfield, R. M. (2004-01-01). "The influence of maternal size on pre- and postnatal growth in the horse: III Postnatal growth". Reproduction. 127 (1): 67–77. doi:10.1530/rep.1.00024. ISSN 1741-7899.
  13. ^ "ArabianHorses.org - Registrations". www.arabianhorses.org. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  14. ^ Bower, Mim A.; McGivney, Beatrice A.; Campana, Michael G.; Gu, Jingjing; Andersson, Lisa S.; Barrett, Elizabeth; Davis, Catherine R.; Mikko, Sofia; Stock, Frauke; Voronkova, Valery; Bradley, Daniel G.; Fahey, Alan G.; Lindgren, Gabriella; MacHugh, David E.; Sulimova, Galina (2012-01-24). "The genetic origin and history of speed in the Thoroughbred racehorse". Nature Communications. 3 (1): 643. doi:10.1038/ncomms1644. ISSN 2041-1723.
  15. ^ a b c d "Hunter/Jumper 101 :: USHJA". www.ushja.org. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  16. ^ Klemm, Piper (2023-08-31). "Understanding Scoring in the Jumper Ring". The Plaid Horse Magazine. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  17. ^ "2023 US EQUESTRIAN RULES FOR EVENTING" (PDF). UNITED STATES EVENTING ASSOCIATION. December 1, 2022.
  18. ^ "FEI General Regulations" (PDF). Federation Equestrian Internationale (24). January 1, 2020.
  19. ^ "Endurance Rules" (PDF). Fédération Equestre Internationale (12). January 2024.
  20. ^ Bryan, Polly (June 1, 2021). "What is dressage? An essential guide to the sport of dressage". Horse & Hound. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  21. ^ Baker, Sophie (2021-12-28). "Dressage Scoring: The Basics". FEI.org. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
  22. ^ Loconti, Christine (December 6, 2022). "What to Know About Arabian Horses". WebMD. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
  23. ^ Williams, Jeffrey A.; Root, Bradley S. (2011-01-01), Ross, Mike W.; Dyson, Sue J. (eds.), "Chapter 123 - Lameness in the Arabian and Half-Arabian Show Horse", Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse (Second Edition), Saint Louis: W.B. Saunders, pp. 1195–1205, ISBN 978-1-4160-6069-7, retrieved 2024-03-25
  24. ^ Cosgrove, Elissa J.; Sadeghi, Raheleh; Schlamp, Florencia; Holl, Heather M.; Moradi-Shahrbabak, Mohammad; Miraei-Ashtiani, Seyed Reza; Abdalla, Salma; Shykind, Ben; Troedsson, Mats; Stefaniuk-Szmukier, Monika; Prabhu, Anil; Bucca, Stefania; Bugno-Poniewierska, Monika; Wallner, Barbara; Malek, Joel (2020-06-16). "Genome Diversity and the Origin of the Arabian Horse". Scientific Reports. 10 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66232-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7298027. PMID 32546689.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  25. ^ Emery, Jon (2001-06-25). "Is informed choice in genetic testing a different breed of informed decision‐making? A discussion paper". Health Expectations. 4 (2): 81–86. doi:10.1046/j.1369-6513.2001.00124.x. ISSN 1369-6513. PMC 5060052. PMID 11359537.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  26. ^ Ela, Nahla A.; El-Nesr, Khalid A.; Ahmed, Hanaa A.; Brooks, Samantha A. (May 26, 2018). "Molecular Detection of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disorder in Arabian Horses in Egypt". Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 68: 55–58. doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2018.05.210. ISSN 0737-0806. PMID 31256889.
  27. ^ Young, Amy (2020-06-08). "Cerebellar Abiotrophy (CA) | School of Veterinary Medicine". ceh.vetmed.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  28. ^ Young, Amy (2020-06-09). "Lavender Foal Syndrome (LFS) | School of Veterinary Medicine". ceh.vetmed.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  29. ^ Young, Amy (2020-06-09). "Occipitoatlantoaxial Malformation (OAAM) | School of Veterinary Medicine". ceh.vetmed.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  30. ^ Bordbari, M. H.; Penedo, M. C. T.; Aleman, M.; Valberg, S. J.; Mickelson, J.; Finno, C. J. (January 23, 2017). "Deletion of 2.7kb near HOXD3 in an Arabian horse with occipitoatlantoaxial malformation". Animal Genetics. 48 (3): 287–294. doi:10.1111/age.12531. ISSN 1365-2052. PMC 5441686. PMID 28111759.
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