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{{Short description|Species of fish}}
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The '''redside shiner''' ('''''Richardsonius balteatus''''') is a species of [[cyprinid]] fish found in the western [[United States]] and [[Canada]]. This species was first described by [[John Richardson (naturalist)|Sir John Richardson]], a Scottish naturalist and naval surgeon. The type locality is from the Columbia River, and is believed to have been sampled near [[Fort Vancouver]].<ref name=":1" /> This species has a large native range, spanning from southern Utah to northern British Columbia. There are currently two described subspecies (''R. b. balteatus'' and ''R. b. hydrophlox''), but phylogeographic analysis based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data suggests that there are three main clades,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Houston |first1=Derek |last2=Shiozawa |first2=Dennis |last3=Smith |first3=Brian |last4=Riddle |first4=Brett |title=Investigating the effects of Pleistocene events on genetic divergence within Richardsonius balteatus, a widely distributed western North American minnow |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=2014 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=111|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-111 |doi-access=free |pmid=24885371 |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14..111H }}</ref> therefore the two subspecies taxonomy may not accurately reflect the evolution of the group. However, a formal taxonomic update has not been made. [[File:Redside Shiner.png|thumb]]
The '''redside shiner''' ('''''Richardsonius balteatus''''') is a [[species]] of [[Cyprinidae|cyprinid fish]] found in the [[Western United States]] and [[British Columbia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Redside Shiner (Richardsonius balteatus) - Species Profile |url=https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?SpeciesID=644 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database |language=en}}</ref> This species was first described by [[John Richardson (naturalist)|Sir John Richardson]], a [[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[Natural history|naturalist]] and [[naval surgeon]]. The type locality is from the [[Columbia River]], and it is believed to have been sampled near [[Fort Vancouver]].<ref name=":1" /> This species has a large native range, spanning from southern [[Utah]] to northern [[British Columbia]]. There are currently two subspecies (''R. b. balteatus'' and ''R. b. hydrophlox''), but [[Phylogeography|phylogeographic]] analysis based on [[mitochondrial DNA]] sequence data suggests that there are three main [[clade]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Houston |first1=Derek |last2=Shiozawa |first2=Dennis |last3=Smith |first3=Brian |last4=Riddle |first4=Brett |title=Investigating the effects of Pleistocene events on genetic divergence within Richardsonius balteatus, a widely distributed western North American minnow |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=2014 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=111|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-111 |doi-access=free |pmid=24885371 |pmc=4038058 |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14..111H }}</ref> therefore the two subspecies [[taxonomy]] may not accurately reflect the evolution of the group. However, a formal taxonomic update has not been made. [[File:Redside Shiner.png|thumb]]


== Habitat and distribution ==
== Habitat and distribution ==
The redside shiner typically inhabits cold waters including ponds, lakes, pools and backwaters of large rivers as well as small streams and shallow edges of lakes and ponds.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Lee |title=Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes |last2=Gilbert |last3=Hocutt |last4=Jenkins |last5=McAllister |last6=Stauffer |publisher=North Carolina Biological Survey |year=1980 |location=North Carolina State Museum of Natural History}}</ref> Their natural range is mostly west of the Rocky Mountains of North America with the exception of the Peace River in northern British Columbia and Alberta, extending southward through most of Washington, Oregon and Idaho, western Montana, northern Nevada, and the Bonneville Basin in Utah. The species has been introduced into northwestern Colorado, southwestern Wyoming, the upper Missouri River drainage in Montana and in reservoirs outside its native distribution in southern Utah. Some of these introductions are from illegal bait bucket transfers, likely done by well-meaning anglers to increase forage for sport fish, but not an ecologically sound decision in most cases. Being aggressive colonizers, they rapidly expand in waters that fit their ecological niche requirements.
The redside shiner typically inhabits cold waters including [[Pond|ponds]], [[Lake|lakes]], [[Pool|pools]] and [[Backwater (river)|backwaters]] of large rivers as well as small streams and shallow edges of lakes and ponds.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Lee |title=Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes |last2=Gilbert |last3=Hocutt |last4=Jenkins |last5=McAllister |last6=Stauffer |publisher=North Carolina Biological Survey |year=1980 |location=North Carolina State Museum of Natural History}}</ref> Their natural range is mostly west of the [[Rocky Mountains]] of [[North America]] with the exception of the [[Peace River]] in northern [[British Columbia]] and [[Alberta]], extending southward through most of [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Oregon]] and [[Idaho]], western [[Montana]], northern [[Nevada]], and the [[Bonneville Basin]] in Utah. The species has been introduced into northwestern [[Colorado]], southwestern [[Wyoming]], the upper [[Missouri River]] drainage in Montana and in [[Reservoir|reservoirs]] outside its native distribution in southern Utah. Some of these introductions are from illegal bait bucket transfers, likely done by well-meaning anglers to increase forage for sport fish, but not an ecologically sound decision in most cases. Being [[Invasive species|aggressive colonizers]], they rapidly expand in waters that fit their [[ecological niche]] requirements.


Subspecies ''R. b. balteaus'' is distributed across Washington, Oregon northern Idaho, western Montana and British Columbia as well as the Peace system in northern Alberta. Subspecies ''R. b. hydrophlox'' is distributed in Utah's Bonneville Basin and waters in the Snake River Plane above Shoshone falls as well as a disjunct population in the Malheur region of southeast Oregon.
Subspecies ''R. b. balteaus'' is distributed across [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Oregon]], northern [[Idaho]], western [[Montana]] and British Columbia as well as the Peace system in northern Alberta. Subspecies ''R. b. hydrophlox'' is distributed in Utah's [[Bonneville Basin]] and waters in the [[Snake River Plain (ecoregion)|Snake River Plain]] above [[Shoshone Falls]] as well as a [[Disjunct distribution|disjunct population]] in the [[Malheur County, Oregon|Malheur]] region of southeast Oregon.


It is broadly accepted that geological processes (river capture and lake spillover events such as the [[Bonneville flood]]) and changing climate (survival in and expansion from Pleistocene refugia) have contributed to this species current geographic distribution as described by Hubbs and Miller (1948),<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Hubbs |last2=Miller |title=Threatened fishes of the world |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=50}}</ref> Minckley et al (1981),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Minckley |first1=Wendell |title=Geography of western North American freshwater fishes: Description and relationships to intracontinental tectonism in The Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fishes |last2=Hendrickson |first2=Dean |last3=Bond |first3=Carl |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=1981 |location=New York |pages=519–613}}</ref> McPhail and Lindsey (1981).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=McPhail |first1=John |title=Zoogeography of the Freshwater Fishes of Cascadia (the Columbia System and rivers north to the Stikine) in The Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fishes |last2=Lindsey |first2=C.C. |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=1981 |location=New York |pages=615–637}}</ref>
It is broadly accepted that geological processes ([[Stream capture|river capture]] and lake spillover events such as the [[Bonneville flood]]) and changing [[climate]] (survival in and expansion from [[Pleistocene]] refugia) have contributed to this species current geographic distribution as described by [[Clark Hubbs|Hubbs]] and [[Robert Rush Miller|Miller]] (1948),<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Hubbs |last2=Miller |title=Threatened fishes of the world |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=50}}</ref> [[Wendell L. Minckley|Minckley]] et al (1981),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Minckley |first1=Wendell |title=Geography of western North American freshwater fishes: Description and relationships to intracontinental tectonism in The Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fishes |last2=Hendrickson |first2=Dean |last3=Bond |first3=Carl |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=1981 |location=New York |pages=519–613}}</ref> McPhail and Lindsey (1981).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=McPhail |first1=John |title=Zoogeography of the Freshwater Fishes of Cascadia (the Columbia System and rivers north to the Stikine) in The Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fishes |last2=Lindsey |first2=C.C. |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=1981 |location=New York |pages=615–637}}</ref>


== Morphology ==
== Morphology ==
The redside shiner has a silver coloration on the sides with dark coloration (olive or brown) on the back, and with a thick black stripe and a smaller red/gold stripe along the lateral line (additional red coloration is exhibited on the lower half of the anterior end of the body during spring spawning, especially in males).{{cn|date=May 2024}} It has a deep, laterally compressed body shape; a forked homocercal tail; a complete, decurved lateral line; a terminal mouth, with no barbels; a conical snout, relatively large eyes comparative to body size. Meristics vary among subspecies, ''R. b. balteaus'' and ''R. b. hydrophlox''.{{cn|date=May 2024}}
The redside shiner has a silver coloration on its sides and a dark (olive or brown) coloration on its back. It has a thick black stripe and a smaller red/gold stripe along the [[lateral line]]. Additional red coloration is exhibited on the lower half of the [[anterior]] end of the body during spring [[Spawn (biology)|spawning]], especially in males.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Webmaster |first=David Ratz |title=Redside Shiner - Montana Field Guide |url=https://fieldguide.mt.gov/speciesDetail.aspx?elcode=AFCJB39010 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=fieldguide.mt.gov |language=en}}</ref>

Anal fin ray count: 10-24

Anal spine count: 0

Dorsal fin ray count: 8-12

Dorsal spine count: 0

Lateral line scales: 52-67

Pharyngeal teeth: 2,4-4,2 or 2,5-5,2


The fish has a deep, laterally compressed body shape, a forked [[homocercal]] tail, and a complete, decurved [[lateral line]]. Its [[Fish fin|anal fin]] is composed of 10-24 rays, and its [[dorsal fin]] is composed of 8-12 rays. Neither of these fins have any spines. The fish has between 52 and 67 lateral line scales, and typical specimens are between 55 and 80 millimeters in length (2.2-3.1 inches). It has a conical snout, no [[Barbel (anatomy)|barbels]], and a terminal mouth with pharyngeal teeth arranged as 2,4-4,2 or 2,5-5,2. Its eyes are relatively large in comparison to its body size. [[Meristics]] vary among the subspecies ''R. b. balteaus'' and ''R. b. hydrophlox''.<ref>“Red Shiner.” ''Maryland.Gov'', dnr.maryland.gov/Invasives/Documents/RedShinerfactsheet1.pdf. Accessed 3 May 2024.</ref>
Standard length: {{convert|55|–|80|mm|abbr=on}}


== Life cycle ==
== Life cycle ==
The redside shiner is a short lived fish maturing around age 2, living on average 5-6 years but has been recorded living up to 8 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Houston |first1=Derek |last2=Belk |first2=Mark |title=Geographic variation in somatic growth of redside shiner |journal=Transactions of the American Fisheries Society |date=2006 |volume=135 |issue=3 |pages=801–810|doi=10.1577/T05-082.1 |bibcode=2006TrAFS.135..801H }}</ref> They spawn in spring into the early summer and their eggs are coated by a sticky adhesive that allows them to stick to rocks and vegetation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Weisel |last2=Newman |title=Copeia |journal=Copeia |volume=1951 |issue=3}}</ref> Their diet includes aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates as well as the eggs and fry of other species. They are an intraguild predator meaning that they are both predators and prey to larger species such as salmon.
The redside shiner is a short-lived fish, maturing around age 2, living on average 5–6 years but has been recorded living up to 8 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Houston |first1=Derek |last2=Belk |first2=Mark |title=Geographic variation in somatic growth of redside shiner |journal=Transactions of the American Fisheries Society |date=2006 |volume=135 |issue=3 |pages=801–810|doi=10.1577/T05-082.1 |bibcode=2006TrAFS.135..801H }}</ref> They spawn in spring into the early summer, and their eggs are coated by a sticky adhesive that allows them to stick to rocks and vegetation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Weisel |last2=Newman |title=Copeia |journal=Copeia |volume=1951 |issue=3}}</ref> Their diet includes aquatic and terrestrial [[Invertebrate|invertebrates]], as well as the eggs and [[Juvenile fish|fry]] of other species. They are an [[Intraguild predation|intraguild predator]] meaning that they are both predators and prey to larger species such as [[salmon]].


== Conservation status ==
== Conservation status ==
The redside shiner is considered to be a species of Least Concern according to the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN).<ref name=iucn/> However, in areas where the redside shiner has been introduced outside its native range, the species can become invasive.{{cn|date=May 2024}}
The redside shiner is considered to be a species of Least Concern according to the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN).<ref name=iucn/> However, in areas where the redside shiner has been introduced outside its native range, the species can become [[Invasive species|invasive]].{{cn|date=May 2024}}


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 22:09, 3 May 2024

Redside shiner
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cypriniformes
Family: Cyprinidae
Subfamily: Leuciscinae
Clade: Pogonichthyinae
Genus: Richardsonius
Species:
R. balteatus
Binomial name
Richardsonius balteatus
Synonyms
  • Cyprinus balteatus Richardson, 1836
  • Abramis balteatus (Richardson, 1836)
  • Leuciscus balteatus (Richardson, 1836)
  • Rhinichthys balteatus (Richardson, 1836)
  • Richardsonius lateralis Girard, 1856
  • Abramis lateralis (Girard, 1856)
  • Clinostomus hydrophlox Cope, 1872
  • Leuciscus gilli Evermann, 1892
  • Leuciscus siuslawi Evermann & Meek, 1898

The redside shiner (Richardsonius balteatus) is a species of cyprinid fish found in the Western United States and British Columbia.[2] This species was first described by Sir John Richardson, a Scottish naturalist and naval surgeon. The type locality is from the Columbia River, and it is believed to have been sampled near Fort Vancouver.[3] This species has a large native range, spanning from southern Utah to northern British Columbia. There are currently two subspecies (R. b. balteatus and R. b. hydrophlox), but phylogeographic analysis based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data suggests that there are three main clades,[4] therefore the two subspecies taxonomy may not accurately reflect the evolution of the group. However, a formal taxonomic update has not been made.

Habitat and distribution

The redside shiner typically inhabits cold waters including ponds, lakes, pools and backwaters of large rivers as well as small streams and shallow edges of lakes and ponds.[5] Their natural range is mostly west of the Rocky Mountains of North America with the exception of the Peace River in northern British Columbia and Alberta, extending southward through most of Washington, Oregon and Idaho, western Montana, northern Nevada, and the Bonneville Basin in Utah. The species has been introduced into northwestern Colorado, southwestern Wyoming, the upper Missouri River drainage in Montana and in reservoirs outside its native distribution in southern Utah. Some of these introductions are from illegal bait bucket transfers, likely done by well-meaning anglers to increase forage for sport fish, but not an ecologically sound decision in most cases. Being aggressive colonizers, they rapidly expand in waters that fit their ecological niche requirements.

Subspecies R. b. balteaus is distributed across Washington, Oregon, northern Idaho, western Montana and British Columbia as well as the Peace system in northern Alberta. Subspecies R. b. hydrophlox is distributed in Utah's Bonneville Basin and waters in the Snake River Plain above Shoshone Falls as well as a disjunct population in the Malheur region of southeast Oregon.

It is broadly accepted that geological processes (river capture and lake spillover events such as the Bonneville flood) and changing climate (survival in and expansion from Pleistocene refugia) have contributed to this species current geographic distribution as described by Hubbs and Miller (1948),[3] Minckley et al (1981),[6] McPhail and Lindsey (1981).[7]

Morphology

The redside shiner has a silver coloration on its sides and a dark (olive or brown) coloration on its back. It has a thick black stripe and a smaller red/gold stripe along the lateral line. Additional red coloration is exhibited on the lower half of the anterior end of the body during spring spawning, especially in males.[8]

The fish has a deep, laterally compressed body shape, a forked homocercal tail, and a complete, decurved lateral line. Its anal fin is composed of 10-24 rays, and its dorsal fin is composed of 8-12 rays. Neither of these fins have any spines. The fish has between 52 and 67 lateral line scales, and typical specimens are between 55 and 80 millimeters in length (2.2-3.1 inches). It has a conical snout, no barbels, and a terminal mouth with pharyngeal teeth arranged as 2,4-4,2 or 2,5-5,2. Its eyes are relatively large in comparison to its body size. Meristics vary among the subspecies R. b. balteaus and R. b. hydrophlox.[9]

Life cycle

The redside shiner is a short-lived fish, maturing around age 2, living on average 5–6 years but has been recorded living up to 8 years.[10] They spawn in spring into the early summer, and their eggs are coated by a sticky adhesive that allows them to stick to rocks and vegetation.[11] Their diet includes aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates, as well as the eggs and fry of other species. They are an intraguild predator meaning that they are both predators and prey to larger species such as salmon.

Conservation status

The redside shiner is considered to be a species of Least Concern according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).[1] However, in areas where the redside shiner has been introduced outside its native range, the species can become invasive.[citation needed]

References

  1. ^ a b NatureServe (2013). "Richardsonius balteatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T202368A18234383. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202368A18234383.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Redside Shiner (Richardsonius balteatus) - Species Profile". USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
  3. ^ a b Hubbs; Miller. "Threatened fishes of the world". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 50.
  4. ^ Houston, Derek; Shiozawa, Dennis; Smith, Brian; Riddle, Brett (2014). "Investigating the effects of Pleistocene events on genetic divergence within Richardsonius balteatus, a widely distributed western North American minnow". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 111. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14..111H. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-111. PMC 4038058. PMID 24885371.
  5. ^ Lee; Gilbert; Hocutt; Jenkins; McAllister; Stauffer (1980). Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes. North Carolina State Museum of Natural History: North Carolina Biological Survey.
  6. ^ Minckley, Wendell; Hendrickson, Dean; Bond, Carl (1981). Geography of western North American freshwater fishes: Description and relationships to intracontinental tectonism in The Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fishes. New York: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 519–613.
  7. ^ McPhail, John; Lindsey, C.C. (1981). Zoogeography of the Freshwater Fishes of Cascadia (the Columbia System and rivers north to the Stikine) in The Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fishes. New York: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 615–637.
  8. ^ Webmaster, David Ratz. "Redside Shiner - Montana Field Guide". fieldguide.mt.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
  9. ^ “Red Shiner.” Maryland.Gov, dnr.maryland.gov/Invasives/Documents/RedShinerfactsheet1.pdf. Accessed 3 May 2024.
  10. ^ Houston, Derek; Belk, Mark (2006). "Geographic variation in somatic growth of redside shiner". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 135 (3): 801–810. Bibcode:2006TrAFS.135..801H. doi:10.1577/T05-082.1.
  11. ^ Weisel; Newman. "Copeia". Copeia. 1951 (3).
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