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[[Image:Barents.jpg|right]]'''Willem Barentsz''' (born c. [[1550]] on [[Terschelling]] - died at sea [[June 20]][[1597]]) was a Dutch-[[Burgher people|Burgher]]<ref name="discovery">{{cite book |title= [http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=synge&book=discoverybook&story=_contents&PHPSESSID=458b6ee0d A Book of Discovery]|last= Synge|first= J.B.|authorlink= |coauthors= |year= c. 1912|publisher= |location= |isbn= }}</ref> [[navigator]] and [[explorer]], a leader of early expeditions to the far north.
⚫
[[Image:Barents.jpg|thumb|Willem Barents]]


⚫
The [[Barents Sea]], [[Barentsburg]] and [[Barents Region]] were all named after him.
'''Willem Barents''' ({{lang-nl|'''Barentsz'''}}; born [[1550]]? on [[Terschelling]], [[West Frisian Islands]], [[Netherlands]]; died [[June 20]][[1597]] on the [[Barents sea]], near [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]]) was a Dutch [[navigator]] and [[explorer]], a leader of early expeditions to the far north.


==Life==
In [[1594]] he left [[Amsterdam]] with two ships to search for the [[Northeast passage]] north of [[Siberia]] and on to eastern Asia. He reached the west coast of Novaya Zemlya, and followed it northward, being finally forced to turn back when near its northern extremity.
A [[cartographer]] by trade, Barentsz sailed to Spain and the Mediterranean to complete an [[atlas]] of the [[Mediterranean|Mediterranean region]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/aria/aria_encyclopedia/00050467?lang=en|title= Rijksmuseum Amsterdam: Willem Barentsz|accessdate=2007-12-06 |format= |work= }}</ref> which he co-published with [[Petrus Plancius]].<ref name="godutch">{{cite web |url= http://www.godutch.com/windmill/newsItem.asp?id=257|title= Historic expedition led by Willem Barentsz nears 400th anniversary|accessdate=2007-12-08 |format= |work= }}</ref>
His career as an explorer was spent searching for the [[Northeast passage]], which he reasoned must exist as clear, open water north of [[Siberia]] since the [[Land of the Midnight Sun|sun shone 24 hours a day]], which he believed would have melted any potential ice.<ref name="new">{{cite journal |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 1993|month= April|title= [http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13818674.500-god-and-the--arctic-survivors-without-modern-medicineswindcheaters-or-ski-boots-explorers-still-managed-to--survive-the-arcticwinters-of-400-years-ago--who-was-their-unseen-ally-.html God and the Arctic survivor]|journal= [[New Scientist]]|volume= |issue= |pages= |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref>


===First Voyage===
In the following year, he commanded another expedition of seven ships, which made for the strait between the Siberian coast and [[Vaygach|Vaygach Island]], but he was too late to find open water. His third journey also failed and resulted in his death. On this occasion he had two ships, captained by [[Jan Rijp]] and [[Jacob van Heemskerk]]. On the outward journey they sighted [[Bjørnøya|Bear Island]] and the [[Svalbard]] [[archipelago]] (or, to be more precise, the island of [[Spitsbergen]]), where the ships were separated. Barents' vessel, captained by Heemskerk, was trapped in the ice after rounding the north of [[Novaya Zemlya]], and the crew was compelled to winter on Novaya Zemlya, tearing apart their ship's superstructure and spare timber to build a lodge. Since the ship was not released from the ice early in 1597, Barents' party left her in two open boats on [[June 13]], and most of the crew escaped, being picked up by Jan Rijp's ship at [[Kola Peninsula]] near [[Murmansk]]. Barents himself, however, died on [[June 20]].
⚫
[[Image:Uria lomvia 2.jpg|thumb|Bear Island]]
On [[June 5]] [[1594]] Barentsz left the island of [[Texel]]<ref name="godutch" /> aboard the small<ref>Alexander, Philip Frederick. [http://www.archive.org/details/northwestnorthea00alexrich The North-west and North-east passages], 1915.</ref> ship ''Mercury''<ref>Mirsky, Jeannette. ''"To the Arctic!: The Story of Northern Exploration from Earliest Times"'', 1997.</ref>, as part of a group of three ships sent out in separate directions to try and enter the [[Kara Sea]], with the hopes of finding the [[Northeast passage]] above [[Siberia]].


On [[July 9]]<ref name="discovery" />, the crew encountered a [[polar bear]] for the first time. After shooting it with a [[musket]] when it tried to climb aboard the ship, the seamen decided to capture it with the hope of bringing it back to Holland. Once leashed and brought aboard the ship however, the bear [[rampage]]d and had to be killed. They named the location of the event "[[Bjørnøya|Bear Island]]".<ref name="maine" /> Some accounts suggest this event happened on [[June 9]] 1596 as part of the ''third'' voyage.<ref name="sea">Goorich, Frank Boott. "Man Upon the Sea", 1858.</ref>
⚫
[[Image:Death of Wiliam Barents.jpg|thumb|left|The Death of William Barents, by Christiaan Julius Lodewyck Portman]]
[[Image:Barents Walrus.png|thumb|left|Barentsz hunting walruses.]]
Upon discovering the [[Orange Islands]], the crew came across a herd of approximately 200 [[walrus]]es and tried to kill them with hatchets and pikes. Finding the task more difficult than they imagined, they left with only a few ivory tusks.<ref name="diary" />


Barentsz reached the west coast of [[Novaya Zemlya]], and followed it northward before being forced tro tun back. The trip was considered a success, despite having had to turn back in the face of large icebergs.<ref name="godutch" />
The tale of the terrible winter spent on Novaya Zemlya was published as the diary of Gerrit de Veer, the ship's carpenter, who was the first person to observe the atmospheric anomaly known as the [[Novaya Zemlya effect]]. The gruesome story has been a part of living history in the Netherlands ever since.


===Second Voyage===
In [[1871]], the house where Barents and his crew wintered was discovered undisturbed, with many relics, which are preserved at [[The Hague]]; and in [[1875]], part of his original journal was found.
The following year, [[Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange|Prince Maurice of Orange]] was filled with "the most exaggerated hopes"<ref name="maine" /> on hearing of Barentsz' previous voyage, and named him Chief Pilot and Conductor of a new expedition, which was accompanied by six ships loaded with merchant wares that the Dutch hoped to trade with China.<ref name="lights">http://www.ub.uit.no/northernlights/eng/wbarentsz.htm</ref>


Setting out on [[June 2]] 1595<ref name="maine" />, the voyage went between the Siberian coast and [[Vaygach|Vaygach Island]]. On [[August 30]], the party came across approximately 20 [[Samoyedic peoples|Samoyed]] "wilde men" with whom they were able to speak, due to a crewmember speaking their language.<ref name="diary" /> [[September 4]] saw a small crew sent to [[States Island]] to search for a type of [[crystal]] that had been noticed earlier. The party was attacked by a polar bear, and two sailors were killed.<ref>Beechey, F.W. "[http://books.google.com/books?id=MKwNAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA240&dq=barentz&as_brr=1#PRA1-PA238,M1 A Voyage Of Discovery Towards The North Pole, In The Majesty's Ships]", 1843.</ref>
⚫
The [[Barents Sea]], [[Barentsburg]] and [[Barents Region]] were all named after him.

Eventually, the expedition turned back upon discovering that unexpected weather had left the [[Kara Sea]] frozen.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Van Der Werf|first= Siebren Y.|authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 1997|month= November |title= [http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic51-2-142.pdf Astronomical Observations During Willem Barents’s Third Voyage to the North]|journal= Arctic|volume= |issue= |pages= |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> This expedition was largely considered to be a failure.<ref>Scoresby, William. "[http://books.google.com/books?id=Jz4rwPKKnqYC&pg=RA1-PA59&dq=barentz&as_brr=1 An Account of the Arctic Regions]", 1820.</ref>

===Third Voyage===
[[Image:Barents 3rd Expedition.png|thumb|left|Plates from De Veer's journal, showing the timeline of the third voyage]][[Image:Barents and Van Heemskerk - Schilderij van Christoffel Bisschop - 1863.jpg|thumb|An 1863 painting showing Barentsz and Van Heemskerk charting their route]]In 1596, disappointed by the failure of previous expeditions, the States-General announced they would no longer [[subsidy|subsidize]] similar voyages - but instead offered a high reward for anybody who ''successfully'' navigated the Northeast Passage.<ref name="maine" />

The Town Council of [[Amsterdam]] purchased and outfitted two small ships, captained by [[Jan Rijp]] and [[Jacob van Heemskerk]], to search for the elusive channel under the command of Barents. They set off on [[May 10]]<ref name="maine" /> or [[May 15]]<ref name="godutch" />, and returned to "[[Bjørnøya|Bear Island]]".<ref name="maine" />

Having gone around the island of [[Spitsbergen]], the ships once again found themselves at Bear Island on [[July 1]], which led to a disagreement between Barentsz and Rijp. The two ships agreed to part ways, with Barentsz continuing northeast, while Rijp headed due north.<ref name="survey" /> Barentsz reached [[Novaya Zemlya]] on [[July 17]]. Anxious to avoid becoming entrapped in the surrounding ice, he intended to head for the [[Vaigatch Strait]], but became stuck within the many icebergs and floes.<ref name="maine" />
[[Image:Barents' ship among the arctic ice.jpg|thumb|Barentsz' ship stuck in ice, from a 1598 woodcutting]]
Stranded, the 16-man crew was forced to spend the winter on the ice, along with their young [[cabin boy]]<ref name="discovery" />. After a failed attempt to melt the [[permafrost]], the crew used lumber from their ship to build a 7.8x5.5 metre [[lodge]]<ref name="new" /> they called ''Het Behouden Huys'' (The Kept House).

Dealing with extreme cold, the crew realised that their socks would burn before their feet could even feel the warmth of a fire - and took to sleeping with warmed stones and cannonballs. In addition, they used the merchant fabrics aboard the ship to make additional blankets and clothing.<ref name="diary">De Veer, Gerrit. "''The Three Voyages of William Barentsz to the Arctic Regions''" (English trans. 1609).</ref>

The ship bore salted beef, butter, cheese, bread, barley, peas, beans, [[w:groats|groats]], flour, oil, vinegar, mustard, salt, beer, wine, brandy, [[hardtack]], smoked bacon, ham and fish. Much of the beer froze due to the weather, bursting the [[cask]]s. By [[November 8]] [[Gerrit de Veer]] had declared a shortage of beer and bread, with wine being rationed four days later.<ref name="diary" />

In January 1597, de Veer became the first person to witness and record the atmospheric anomaly known as the [[Novaya Zemlya effect]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.eh2r.com/mp/data3.html|title= Homage to Gerrit de Veer|accessdate=2007-12-07 |format= |work= }}</ref>.

⚫
[[Image:Death of Wiliam Barents.jpg|thumb|275px|The Death of William Barents, by Christiaan Julius Lodewyck Portman]]
Proving successful at hunting, the group caught 26 [[arctic fox]]es in primitive traps, as well as killing a number of polar bears<ref name="new" />.

When June arrived, and the ice had not loosened its grasp of the ship, the [[scurvy]]-ridden survivors took two small boats out into the sea on [[June 13]]. Barentsz died while studying charts<ref>American Antiquarian Society, "''Transactions and Collections''", 1860.</ref> only seven days after starting out, but it took seven more weeks for the boats to reach [[Kola]] where they were rescued by a Russian merchant vessel, and by that time only 12 crewmen remained. Ultimately, they did not reach Amsterdam until [[November 1]].<ref name="sea" /> Sources differ on whether two men died on the ice floe and three in the boats<ref name="new" />, or three on the ice floe and two in the boats.<ref name="maine">De Peyster, John Watts. [http://www.archive.org/details/dutchatnorthpole00depeuoft The Dutch at the North pole and the Dutch in Maine]. March 3, 1857.</ref>The young cabinboy had died during the winter months in the shelter.<ref name="discovery" />

==Excavation and findings==
[[Image:Het Behouden.PNG|thumb|left|A 1917 sketch of ''Het Behouden Huys'', the shelter built by Barentsz' crew]][[Image:Behouden Finds 1.jpg|thumb|Some of the findings collected from the scene centuries later.]]
The wooden lodge where Barentsz' crew sheltered was found undisturbed by Norwegian [[seal hunt]]er [[Elling Carlsen]] in 1871. Making a sketch of the lodge's construction, Carlsen recorded finding two copper cooking pots, a barrel, a tool chest, clock, crowbar, flute, clothing, two empty chests, a cooking tripod and a number of pictures.<ref>De Jonge, J.K.J. ''"Nova Zembla: De voorwerpen door de Nederlandsche Zeevaarders na hunne overwintering aldaar in 1597 achtergelaten en in 1871 door Kapitein Carlsen teruggevonden, beschreven en toegelicht."'', 1872.</ref> Captain Gunderson landed at the site on [[August 17]] 1875, and collected a grappling iron, two maps and a handwritten translation of Pet and Jackman's voyages. The following year, Charles L.W. Gardiner also visited the site on [[July 29]] where he collected 112 more objects, including the message by Barentsz and Heemskerck describing their settlement to future visitors. All of these objects eventually ended up in the [[Rijksmuseum Amsterdam]]<ref>{{cite journal |last= Braat|first= J.|authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 1984|month= December|title= [http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic37-4-473.pdf Dutch Activities in the North and the Arctic during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries]|journal= Arctic|volume= 37|issue= 4|pages= |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref><ref name="survey" />, after some had initially been held in [[The Hague]].<ref>[[s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Barents, Willem|Barents, Willem]] in the [[s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica|1911 Encyclopædia Britannica]]</ref>

The amateur archaelogist Miloradovich 's 1933 finds are held in the [[Arctic and Antarctic Museum]] in [[St. Petersburg]] Dmitriy Kravchenko visited the site in 1977, 1979 and 1980 - and sent [[deep sea diving|divers]] into the sea hoping to find the wreck of the large ship. He returned with a number of objects, which went to the Russian Arkangel's Regional Museum. Another small collection exists at the Polar Museum in [[Tromsø]].<ref name="survey" />
{{Commonscat|Articles found in Het Behouden Huys}}
In 1992, an expedition of three scientists, a journalist and two photographers commissioned by the ''Arctic Centre'' at the [[University of Groningen]], coupled with two scientists, a cook and a doctor sent by the ''Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute'' in [[St. Petersburg]], returned to the site<ref name="survey">{{cite journal |last= Hacquebord|first= Louwrens|authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 1995|month= September|title= [http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic48-3-248.pdf In search of Het Behouden Huys: a survey of the remains of the house of Willem Barentsz on Novaya Zemlya]|journal= Arctic|volume= 38|issue= 3|pages= |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref>, and erected a commemorative marker at the site of the cabin<ref>http://www.nordictravel.com.au/tourdetailweb.asp?id=314</ref>.

The location of Barentsz' wintering on the ice floes has become a tourist destination for [[icebreaker]] cruiseships operating from [[Murmansk]].<ref name="new" /><ref>[http://www.quarkexpeditions.com/arctic/north-pole Quark Expeditions]</ref>

==Legacy==
[[Image:Barentsz Full Map.jpg|thumb|Barentsz' map, not published until 1599]][[Image:Barentsz coins.png|thumb|The 1996 Dutch [[Euro coins|€ 10 coin]] featured Barentsz as its portrait]]Two of Barentsz' crewmembers later published their journals, [[Jan Huyghen van Linschoten]] who had accompanied him on the first two voyages, and [[Gerrit de Veer]] who had acted as the ship's carpenter on the last two voyages.

In 1853, the former ''Murmean Sea'' was renamed [[Barents Sea]] in his honour.<ref>"[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9013349 Barentsz Sea]." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 Dec. 2007</ref>

In the late 19<sup>th</sup>-century, the [[Maritime Institute Willem Barents]] was opened on [[Terschelling]].<ref>[http://www.miwb.nl/index.php?db=4&maincat=miwb&cat=miwb&menu=MIWB Maritime Institute Willem Barentsz]</ref>

In 1878, the Netherlands [[Ship naming and launching|christened]] the ''Willem Barentsz'' arctic exploration ship.<ref>{{cite book |title= De eerste tocht van de Willem Barentsz naar de Noordelijke IJszee 1878|last= Bruijne|first= Antonius de|authorlink= |coauthors= Balje, Bastiaan Gerardus|year= 1985|publisher= |location= |isbn= }}</ref>

In 1931, Nijgh & Van Ditmar published a ''[[wikt:toneelstuk|toneelstuk]]'' written by [[Albert Helman]] about Barentsz' third voyage, although it was never performed.

In 1946, the [[Whaling|Whaling ship]] ''Pan Gothia'' was re-christened the ''Willem Barentsz''. In 1953, the second ''Willem Barentsz'' whaling ship was produced.<ref>{{cite book |title=De Nederlandsche Maatschappij voor de Walvischvaart |last= Boot|first= W.J.J. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 1987|publisher= |location= Amsterdam|isbn= 9067071293}}</ref>

A [[protein]] in the molecular structure of the [[Drosophila melanogaster|fruit fly]] was named ''Barentsz'', in honour of the explorer.<ref>{{cite book |title= Barentsz is essential for the posterior localization of oskar mRNA and colocalizes with it to the posterior pole|last= van Eeden,|first= F.J.M.|authorlink= |coauthors= Palacios, I.M. & Petronczki, M. & Weston, M.J.D. & St. Johnston, D.|year= 2001|publisher= |location= |isbn= }}</ref>


==External links==
==References==
{{reflist}}
*[http://www.xs4all.nl/~jzeebe1/novaya_2.html Barents and "Saved House" relics]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Barentsz, Willem de}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Barentsz, Willem}}
<!--- Use the DEFAULTSORT magic word to sort this article in all categories --->
[[Category:1550s births]]
[[Category:1550s births]]
[[Category:1597 deaths]]
[[Category:1597 deaths]]

Revision as of 01:19, 10 December 2007

Willem Barentsz (born c. 1550 on Terschelling - died at sea June 201597) was a Dutch-Burgher[1] navigator and explorer, a leader of early expeditions to the far north.

The Barents Sea, Barentsburg and Barents Region were all named after him.

Life

A cartographer by trade, Barentsz sailed to Spain and the Mediterranean to complete an atlas of the Mediterranean region,[2] which he co-published with Petrus Plancius.[3]

His career as an explorer was spent searching for the Northeast passage, which he reasoned must exist as clear, open water north of Siberia since the sun shone 24 hours a day, which he believed would have melted any potential ice.[4]

First Voyage

Bear Island

On June 5 1594 Barentsz left the island of Texel[3] aboard the small[5] ship Mercury[6], as part of a group of three ships sent out in separate directions to try and enter the Kara Sea, with the hopes of finding the Northeast passage above Siberia.

On July 9[1], the crew encountered a polar bear for the first time. After shooting it with a musket when it tried to climb aboard the ship, the seamen decided to capture it with the hope of bringing it back to Holland. Once leashed and brought aboard the ship however, the bear rampaged and had to be killed. They named the location of the event "Bear Island".[7] Some accounts suggest this event happened on June 9 1596 as part of the third voyage.[8]

Barentsz hunting walruses.

Upon discovering the Orange Islands, the crew came across a herd of approximately 200 walruses and tried to kill them with hatchets and pikes. Finding the task more difficult than they imagined, they left with only a few ivory tusks.[9]

Barentsz reached the west coast of Novaya Zemlya, and followed it northward before being forced tro tun back. The trip was considered a success, despite having had to turn back in the face of large icebergs.[3]

Second Voyage

The following year, Prince Maurice of Orange was filled with "the most exaggerated hopes"[7] on hearing of Barentsz' previous voyage, and named him Chief Pilot and Conductor of a new expedition, which was accompanied by six ships loaded with merchant wares that the Dutch hoped to trade with China.[10]

Setting out on June 2 1595[7], the voyage went between the Siberian coast and Vaygach Island. On August 30, the party came across approximately 20 Samoyed "wilde men" with whom they were able to speak, due to a crewmember speaking their language.[9] September 4 saw a small crew sent to States Island to search for a type of crystal that had been noticed earlier. The party was attacked by a polar bear, and two sailors were killed.[11]

Eventually, the expedition turned back upon discovering that unexpected weather had left the Kara Sea frozen.[12] This expedition was largely considered to be a failure.[13]

Third Voyage

Plates from De Veer's journal, showing the timeline of the third voyage
An 1863 painting showing Barentsz and Van Heemskerk charting their route

In 1596, disappointed by the failure of previous expeditions, the States-General announced they would no longer subsidize similar voyages - but instead offered a high reward for anybody who successfully navigated the Northeast Passage.[7]

The Town Council of Amsterdam purchased and outfitted two small ships, captained by Jan Rijp and Jacob van Heemskerk, to search for the elusive channel under the command of Barents. They set off on May 10[7] or May 15[3], and returned to "Bear Island".[7]

Having gone around the island of Spitsbergen, the ships once again found themselves at Bear Island on July 1, which led to a disagreement between Barentsz and Rijp. The two ships agreed to part ways, with Barentsz continuing northeast, while Rijp headed due north.[14] Barentsz reached Novaya Zemlya on July 17. Anxious to avoid becoming entrapped in the surrounding ice, he intended to head for the Vaigatch Strait, but became stuck within the many icebergs and floes.[7]

Barentsz' ship stuck in ice, from a 1598 woodcutting

Stranded, the 16-man crew was forced to spend the winter on the ice, along with their young cabin boy[1]. After a failed attempt to melt the permafrost, the crew used lumber from their ship to build a 7.8x5.5 metre lodge[4] they called Het Behouden Huys (The Kept House).

Dealing with extreme cold, the crew realised that their socks would burn before their feet could even feel the warmth of a fire - and took to sleeping with warmed stones and cannonballs. In addition, they used the merchant fabrics aboard the ship to make additional blankets and clothing.[9]

The ship bore salted beef, butter, cheese, bread, barley, peas, beans, groats, flour, oil, vinegar, mustard, salt, beer, wine, brandy, hardtack, smoked bacon, ham and fish. Much of the beer froze due to the weather, bursting the casks. By November 8 Gerrit de Veer had declared a shortage of beer and bread, with wine being rationed four days later.[9]

In January 1597, de Veer became the first person to witness and record the atmospheric anomaly known as the Novaya Zemlya effect[15].

The Death of William Barents, by Christiaan Julius Lodewyck Portman

Proving successful at hunting, the group caught 26 arctic foxes in primitive traps, as well as killing a number of polar bears[4].

When June arrived, and the ice had not loosened its grasp of the ship, the scurvy-ridden survivors took two small boats out into the sea on June 13. Barentsz died while studying charts[16] only seven days after starting out, but it took seven more weeks for the boats to reach Kola where they were rescued by a Russian merchant vessel, and by that time only 12 crewmen remained. Ultimately, they did not reach Amsterdam until November 1.[8] Sources differ on whether two men died on the ice floe and three in the boats[4], or three on the ice floe and two in the boats.[7]The young cabinboy had died during the winter months in the shelter.[1]

Excavation and findings

A 1917 sketch of Het Behouden Huys, the shelter built by Barentsz' crew
Some of the findings collected from the scene centuries later.

The wooden lodge where Barentsz' crew sheltered was found undisturbed by Norwegian seal hunter Elling Carlsen in 1871. Making a sketch of the lodge's construction, Carlsen recorded finding two copper cooking pots, a barrel, a tool chest, clock, crowbar, flute, clothing, two empty chests, a cooking tripod and a number of pictures.[17] Captain Gunderson landed at the site on August 17 1875, and collected a grappling iron, two maps and a handwritten translation of Pet and Jackman's voyages. The following year, Charles L.W. Gardiner also visited the site on July 29 where he collected 112 more objects, including the message by Barentsz and Heemskerck describing their settlement to future visitors. All of these objects eventually ended up in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam[18][14], after some had initially been held in The Hague.[19]

The amateur archaelogist Miloradovich 's 1933 finds are held in the Arctic and Antarctic Museum in St. Petersburg Dmitriy Kravchenko visited the site in 1977, 1979 and 1980 - and sent divers into the sea hoping to find the wreck of the large ship. He returned with a number of objects, which went to the Russian Arkangel's Regional Museum. Another small collection exists at the Polar Museum in Tromsø.[14]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Articles found in Het Behouden Huys.

In 1992, an expedition of three scientists, a journalist and two photographers commissioned by the Arctic Centre at the University of Groningen, coupled with two scientists, a cook and a doctor sent by the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute in St. Petersburg, returned to the site[14], and erected a commemorative marker at the site of the cabin[20].

The location of Barentsz' wintering on the ice floes has become a tourist destination for icebreaker cruiseships operating from Murmansk.[4][21]

Legacy

Barentsz' map, not published until 1599
File:Barentsz coins.png
The 1996 Dutch € 10 coin featured Barentsz as its portrait

Two of Barentsz' crewmembers later published their journals, Jan Huyghen van Linschoten who had accompanied him on the first two voyages, and Gerrit de Veer who had acted as the ship's carpenter on the last two voyages.

In 1853, the former Murmean Sea was renamed Barents Sea in his honour.[22]

In the late 19th-century, the Maritime Institute Willem Barents was opened on Terschelling.[23]

In 1878, the Netherlands christened the Willem Barentsz arctic exploration ship.[24]

In 1931, Nijgh & Van Ditmar published a toneelstuk written by Albert Helman about Barentsz' third voyage, although it was never performed.

In 1946, the Whaling ship Pan Gothia was re-christened the Willem Barentsz. In 1953, the second Willem Barentsz whaling ship was produced.[25]

A protein in the molecular structure of the fruit fly was named Barentsz, in honour of the explorer.[26]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Synge, J.B. (c. 1912). A Book of Discovery. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); External link in |title= (help)
  2. ^ "Rijksmuseum Amsterdam: Willem Barentsz". Retrieved 2007-12-06.
  3. ^ a b c d "Historic expedition led by Willem Barentsz nears 400th anniversary". Retrieved 2007-12-08.
  4. ^ a b c d e "God and the Arctic survivor". New Scientist. 1993. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); External link in |title= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ^ Alexander, Philip Frederick. The North-west and North-east passages, 1915.
  6. ^ Mirsky, Jeannette. "To the Arctic!: The Story of Northern Exploration from Earliest Times", 1997.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h De Peyster, John Watts. The Dutch at the North pole and the Dutch in Maine. March 3, 1857.
  8. ^ a b Goorich, Frank Boott. "Man Upon the Sea", 1858.
  9. ^ a b c d De Veer, Gerrit. "The Three Voyages of William Barentsz to the Arctic Regions" (English trans. 1609).
  10. ^ http://www.ub.uit.no/northernlights/eng/wbarentsz.htm
  11. ^ Beechey, F.W. "A Voyage Of Discovery Towards The North Pole, In The Majesty's Ships", 1843.
  12. ^ Van Der Werf, Siebren Y. (1997). "Astronomical Observations During Willem Barents's Third Voyage to the North". Arctic. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); External link in |title= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ^ Scoresby, William. "An Account of the Arctic Regions", 1820.
  14. ^ a b c d Hacquebord, Louwrens (1995). "In search of Het Behouden Huys: a survey of the remains of the house of Willem Barentsz on Novaya Zemlya". Arctic. 38 (3). {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); External link in |title= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ^ "Homage to Gerrit de Veer". Retrieved 2007-12-07.
  16. ^ American Antiquarian Society, "Transactions and Collections", 1860.
  17. ^ De Jonge, J.K.J. "Nova Zembla: De voorwerpen door de Nederlandsche Zeevaarders na hunne overwintering aldaar in 1597 achtergelaten en in 1871 door Kapitein Carlsen teruggevonden, beschreven en toegelicht.", 1872.
  18. ^ Braat, J. (1984). "Dutch Activities in the North and the Arctic during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". Arctic. 37 (4). {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); External link in |title= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  19. ^ Barents, Willem in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
  20. ^ http://www.nordictravel.com.au/tourdetailweb.asp?id=314
  21. ^ Quark Expeditions
  22. ^ "Barentsz Sea." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 Dec. 2007
  23. ^ Maritime Institute Willem Barentsz
  24. ^ Bruijne, Antonius de (1985). De eerste tocht van de Willem Barentsz naar de Noordelijke IJszee 1878. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ Boot, W.J.J. (1987). De Nederlandsche Maatschappij voor de Walvischvaart. Amsterdam. ISBN 9067071293. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  26. ^ van Eeden,, F.J.M. (2001). Barentsz is essential for the posterior localization of oskar mRNA and colocalizes with it to the posterior pole. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
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