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:''"Flight 11" redirects here. For the Continental Airlines flight that was bombed in 1962 see [[Continental Airlines Flight 11]].''
:''"Flight 11" redirects here. For the Continental Airlines flight that was bombed in 1962 see [[Continental Airlines Flight 11]].''
'''American Airlines Flight 11''' was the first flight believed to have been hijacked in the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]]. It was an [[American Airlines]] flight aboard a [[Boeing 757|Boeing 767-223ER]] [[aircraft]], registration number N334AA,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ntsb.gov/ntsb/GenPDF.asp?id=DCA01MA060&rpt=fi |title=NTSB Brief |publisher=NTSB |accessdate=2007-05-05}}</ref> from [[Logan International Airport]] in [[East Boston, Massachusetts|East Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], to [[Los Angeles International Airport]]. On [[September 11]], [[2001]], the aircraft departed from gate no. 26, as reported in several media.<ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/packages/underattack/globe_stories/0912/Crashes_in_NYC_had_grim_origins_at_Logan+.shtml Peter J. Howe and Matthew Brelis, Crashes in NYC had grim origins at Logan, ''Boston Globe'', September 12, 2001]</ref> A Staff report of the 9/11 Commission, however, said the aircraft had pushed back from gate 32.<ref>[http://www.archives.gov/legislative/research/9-11/staff-report-sept2005.pdf Staff Report, August 26, 2004]</ref> On its route the aircraft was reportedly [[Aircraft hijacking|hijacked]] and is believed to have crashed into the [[One World Trade Center tenants|North Tower]] of the [[World Trade Center]] in [[New York City]] at 8:46 a.m. Out of all the planes hijacked that day, Flight 11 had the most people on board with 92.
'''American Airlines Flight 11''' was the first flight hijacked in the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]]. It was an [[American Airlines]] flight aboard a [[Boeing 757|Boeing 767-223ER]] [[aircraft]], registration number N334AA,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ntsb.gov/ntsb/GenPDF.asp?id=DCA01MA060&rpt=fi |title=NTSB Brief |publisher=NTSB |accessdate=2007-05-05}}</ref> which regularly flew from [[Logan International Airport]] in [[East Boston, Massachusetts|East Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], to [[Los Angeles International Airport]]. On [[September 11]], [[2001]], the aircraft on this route was [[Aircraft hijacking|hijacked]], and was crashed into the [[One World Trade Center tenants|North Tower]] of the [[World Trade Center]] in [[New York City]] at 8:46 a.m. Out of all the planes hijacked that day, Flight 11 had the most people on board with 92.


==Alleged Hijackers==
==Hijackers==
Five individuals were designated by the FBI on September 14, 2001, as hijackers aboard the flight:<ref>[http://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/pressrel01/091401hj.htm FBI Press Release, September 14, 2001]</ref>
Five hijackers were aboard the flight:<ref name="911 ch7">National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (2004). [http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch7.htm "Chapter 7"], 9-11 Commission Report. Government Printing Office.</ref>
* [[Mohamed Atta|Muhammad `Ata as-Sayyid]] (Egyptian) - believed to be the pilot.
* [[Mohamed Atta|Muhammad `Ata as-Sayyid]] (Egyptian) - the leader and pilot, was in seat 8D.
* [[Waleed al-Shehri]] (Saudi Arabian)
* [[Waleed al-Shehri]] (Saudi Arabian) - sat in seat 2B
* [[Wail al-Shehri]] (Saudi Arabian)
* [[Wail al-Shehri]] (Saudi Arabian) - sat next to Waleed, in seat 2A
* [[Abdulaziz al-Omari]] (Saudi Arabian)
* [[Abdulaziz al-Omari]] (Saudi Arabian) - sat in seat 8G, had earlier flown with Atta to Logan Airport from [[Portland, Maine|Portland]], [[Maine]]
* [[Satam al-Suqami]] (Saudi Arabian)
* [[Satam al-Suqami]] (Saudi Arabian) - had paid in cash that day, sat in seat 10B. He also stabbed a passenger who tried to intervene in the hijacking.


⚫
Four of the hijackers were selected by [[Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System|CAPPS]] for extra screening of their checked bags for explosives. Mohamed Atta was selected when he checked in at [[Portland International Jetport]], while Satam al-Suqami, Wail al-Shehri, and Waleed al-Shehri were selected in Boston. Since Waleed had checked no bags, CAPPS screening had no effect on him, while the others merely had their bags undergo extra screening. CAPPS selectees did not undergo any extra scrutiny at the passenger security checkpoint.<ref name="staff">{{cite web |url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/staff_statement_3.pdf |title=The Aviation Security System and the 9/11 Attacks - Staff Statement No. 3 |publisher=9/11 Commission}}</ref>
On September 27, 2001, the FBI published the photos of these individuals it ''believed'' to be the hijackers of flight AA11.<ref>[http://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/pressrel01/092701hjpic.htm FBI Press Release]</ref> The FBI pointed out in its Press Release that "attempts to confirm the true identities of these individuals are still under way." The FBI has not yet confirmed the identification of these individuals and failed to produce evidence that they boarded the aircraft.
⚫
Four of the alleged hijackers were selected by [[Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System|CAPPS]] for extra screening of their checked bags for explosives. Mohamed Atta was selected when he checked in at [[Portland International Jetport]], while Satam al-Suqami, Wail al-Shehri, and Waleed al-Shehri were selected in Boston. The 9/11 Commission found that “[n]one of the [security] checkpoint supervisors recalled the hijackers or reported anything suspicious regarding their screening."<ref>[http://www.gpoaccess.gov/911/index.html Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Official Government Edition, Chapter I, p. 2]</ref> Since Waleed had checked no bags, CAPPS screening had no effect on him, while the others merely had their bags undergo extra screening. CAPPS selectees did not undergo any extra scrutiny at the passenger security checkpoint.<ref name="staff">{{cite web |url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/staff_statement_3.pdf |title=The Aviation Security System and the 9/11 Attacks - Staff Statement No. 3 |publisher=9/11 Commission}}</ref>


==The flight==
No person is known to have actually seen these five individuals board flight AA11.
[[Image: 911 commission AA11 path.png|thumb|left|AA 11 flight path from Boston to New York City]]
The flight was regularly scheduled for takeoff at 7:45 a.m.<ref>[http://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/penttbom/aa11/11.htm 9/11 Investigation (PENTTBOM)], FBI, national Press Release, September 2001</ref> However, boarding was running behind schedule, and at 7:45 a.m., lead hijackers [[Mohamed Atta]] and [[Abdulaziz Alomari]] were still boarding the plane. In the rush, Atta's bags were not loaded onto the plane in time.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newsday.com/news/nationworld/nation/ny-uslugg274705186apr17,0,6096142.story?coll=ny-nationalnews-print |title=Unraveling 9-11 was in the bags |publisher=Newsday (New York) |date=[[April 17]] [[2006]] |author=Dorman, Michael}}</ref> The aircraft departed from Gate 26,<ref>{{cite news |title=A September morning, four flights, a collision course with tragedy |date=September 12, 2001 |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> and after a 14 minute delay, the flight took off from Logan International Airport at 7:59 a.m. from runway 4R.<ref name="ntsb">{{cite web |url=http://www.ntsb.gov/info/Flight_%20Path_%20Study_AA11.pdf |title=Flight Path Study - American Airlines Flight 11 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)}}</ref> At 8:13:29 a.m., as the aircraft was passing through 26,000 feet over central [[Massachusetts]], the pilot responded to a request from Boston Air Traffic Control Center to make a 20&deg; turn to the right.<ref name="ntsb"/> At 8:13:47, Boston Center then instructed the pilots to ascend to a cruising altitude of 35,000 feet. The aircraft never responded to this request.<ref name="ntsb"/> At 8:16 a.m., the aircraft leveled off at 29,000 feet.<ref name="ntsb"/>


===Hijacking===
===Hijacking===
The [[9/11 Commission]] estimates that the hijacking began at 8:14 a.m.<ref name="ch1">{{cite web |url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch1.htm |title=9/11 Commission Report (Chapter 1) |date=July 2004}}</ref> [[John Ogonowski]] (captain) and Thomas McGuinness (first officer) were in control until the plane was hijacked. Shortly thereafter, the aircraft started to deviate from its scheduled path. Boston Air Control made multiple attempts at contacting Flight 11 but received no response.<ref name="ch1"/> At 8:21 a.m. the flight stopped transmitting its Mode-C [[Transponder (aviation)|transponder]] signal.<ref name="ntsb"/>
The [[9/11 Commission]] estimates that the hijacking began at 8:14 a.m.<ref name="ch1">{{cite web |url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch1.htm |title=9/11 Commission Report (Chapter 1) |date=July 2004}}</ref> [[John Ogonowski]] (captain) and Thomas McGuinness (first officer) were in control until the plane was hijacked. Shortly thereafter, the aircraft started to deviate from its scheduled path. Boston Air Control made multiple attempts at contacting Flight 11 but received no response.<ref name="ch1"/> At 8:21 a.m. the flight stopped transmitting its Mode-C [[Transponder (aviation)|transponder]] signal.<ref name="ntsb"/>


At 8:23:38 a.m., a person believed to be ''Mohammed Atta'' tried to make an announcement to the passengers, but he may have pressed the wrong button and sent the message to the Boston Center.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cryptome.org/usa-v-zm-030706-02.htm |title=USA v. Zacaria Moussaoui - Trial Testimony by David Raskin |author=United States Attorney's Office |publisher=cryptome.org |date=March 7, 2006 |accessdate=2007-06-11}}</ref> Air traffic controllers heard that person announcing, ''"We have some planes, just stay quiet and you'll be okay. We are returning to the airport"''. At 8:24:56, he announced ''"Nobody move. Everything will be okay. If you try to make any moves, you'll endanger yourself and the airplane. Just stay quiet."''<ref name="ntsb"/> Once again, the alleged hijacker may have believed he was speaking only to the passengers; when in fact, his voice was being picked up and recorded by Air Traffic Controllers. At 8:26 a.m., approximately over [[Voorheesville, New York]] (apparently, the plane could clearly be seen from the [[John Boyd Thacher State Park|Thatcher Park]] escarpment), the plane made a 100-degree turn to the south heading toward New York City.<ref>[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc01.pdf Flight 11 NTSB Report]</ref> At 8:33:59, the alleged hijacker announced ''"Nobody move please, we are going back to the airport, don't try to make any stupid moves."'' At 08:37:08, the pilots of [[United Airlines Flight 175]] verified to flight control's regarding on AA11's location and heading. At 8:37 a.m., the aircraft began descending from 29,000 feet at 3,200 feet/minute, and made a final turn towards [[Manhattan]] at 8:43 a.m.<ref name="ntsb"/>
At 8:23:38 a.m., Atta tried to make an announcement to the passengers, but he pressed the wrong button and sent the message to the Boston Center.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cryptome.org/usa-v-zm-030706-02.htm |title=USA v. Zacaria Moussaoui - Trial Testimony by David Raskin |author=United States Attorney's Office |publisher=cryptome.org |date=March 7, 2006 |accessdate=2007-06-11}}</ref> Air traffic controllers heard Atta announcing, ''"We have some planes, just stay quiet and you'll be okay. We are returning to the airport"''. At 8:24:56, he announced ''"Nobody move. Everything will be okay. If you try to make any moves, you'll endanger yourself and the airplane. Just stay quiet."''<ref name="ntsb"/> Once again, Atta thought he was speaking only to the passengers; when in fact, his voice was being picked up and recorded by Air Traffic Controllers. At 8:26 a.m., approximately over [[Voorheesville, New York]] (apparently, the plane could clearly be seen from the [[John Boyd Thacher State Park|Thatcher Park]] escarpment), the plane made a 100-degree turn to the south heading toward New York City.<ref>[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc01.pdf Flight 11 NTSB Report]</ref> At 8:33:59, Atta announced ''"Nobody move please, we are going back to the airport, don't try to make any stupid moves."'' At 08:37:08, the pilots of [[United Airlines Flight 175]] verified to flight control's regarding on AA11's location and heading. At 8:37 a.m., the aircraft began descending from 29,000 feet at 3,200 feet/minute, and made a final turn towards [[Manhattan]] at 8:43 a.m.<ref name="ntsb"/>


===Phone calls===
===Phone calls===

Revision as of 02:53, 19 January 2008

American Airlines Flight 11
Fireball after Flight 11 impacts the North Tower of the World Trade Center.
Occurrence
Date11 September 2001
SummaryHijacking
SiteWorld Trade Center
Aircraft typeBoeing 767-223ER
OperatorAmerican Airlines
RegistrationN334AA[1]
Flight originLogan International Airport
DestinationLos Angeles International Airport
Passengers81 (incl. 5 hijackers)
Crew11
Fatalities1,458 (including 92 in Aircraft and 1366 in Tower 1)
Survivors0
"Flight 11" redirects here. For the Continental Airlines flight that was bombed in 1962 see Continental Airlines Flight 11.

American Airlines Flight 11 was the first flight hijacked in the September 11, 2001 attacks. It was an American Airlines flight aboard a Boeing 767-223ER aircraft, registration number N334AA,[2] which regularly flew from Logan International Airport in East Boston, Massachusetts, to Los Angeles International Airport. On September 11, 2001, the aircraft on this route was hijacked, and was crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City at 8:46 a.m. Out of all the planes hijacked that day, Flight 11 had the most people on board with 92.

Hijackers

Five hijackers were aboard the flight:[3]

Four of the hijackers were selected by CAPPS for extra screening of their checked bags for explosives. Mohamed Atta was selected when he checked in at Portland International Jetport, while Satam al-Suqami, Wail al-Shehri, and Waleed al-Shehri were selected in Boston. Since Waleed had checked no bags, CAPPS screening had no effect on him, while the others merely had their bags undergo extra screening. CAPPS selectees did not undergo any extra scrutiny at the passenger security checkpoint.[4]

The flight

AA 11 flight path from Boston to New York City

The flight was regularly scheduled for takeoff at 7:45 a.m.[5] However, boarding was running behind schedule, and at 7:45 a.m., lead hijackers Mohamed Atta and Abdulaziz Alomari were still boarding the plane. In the rush, Atta's bags were not loaded onto the plane in time.[6] The aircraft departed from Gate 26,[7] and after a 14 minute delay, the flight took off from Logan International Airport at 7:59 a.m. from runway 4R.[8] At 8:13:29 a.m., as the aircraft was passing through 26,000 feet over central Massachusetts, the pilot responded to a request from Boston Air Traffic Control Center to make a 20° turn to the right.[8] At 8:13:47, Boston Center then instructed the pilots to ascend to a cruising altitude of 35,000 feet. The aircraft never responded to this request.[8] At 8:16 a.m., the aircraft leveled off at 29,000 feet.[8]

Hijacking

The 9/11 Commission estimates that the hijacking began at 8:14 a.m.[9] John Ogonowski (captain) and Thomas McGuinness (first officer) were in control until the plane was hijacked. Shortly thereafter, the aircraft started to deviate from its scheduled path. Boston Air Control made multiple attempts at contacting Flight 11 but received no response.[9] At 8:21 a.m. the flight stopped transmitting its Mode-C transponder signal.[8]

At 8:23:38 a.m., Atta tried to make an announcement to the passengers, but he pressed the wrong button and sent the message to the Boston Center.[10] Air traffic controllers heard Atta announcing, "We have some planes, just stay quiet and you'll be okay. We are returning to the airport". At 8:24:56, he announced "Nobody move. Everything will be okay. If you try to make any moves, you'll endanger yourself and the airplane. Just stay quiet."[8] Once again, Atta thought he was speaking only to the passengers; when in fact, his voice was being picked up and recorded by Air Traffic Controllers. At 8:26 a.m., approximately over Voorheesville, New York (apparently, the plane could clearly be seen from the Thatcher Park escarpment), the plane made a 100-degree turn to the south heading toward New York City.[11] At 8:33:59, Atta announced "Nobody move please, we are going back to the airport, don't try to make any stupid moves." At 08:37:08, the pilots of United Airlines Flight 175 verified to flight control's regarding on AA11's location and heading. At 8:37 a.m., the aircraft began descending from 29,000 feet at 3,200 feet/minute, and made a final turn towards Manhattan at 8:43 a.m.[8]

Phone calls

Flight attendants Madeline Amy Sweeney and Betty Ong supplied information on what happened. According to them, three people – two attendants (Karen Martin and Barbara Arestegui) and a passenger – were stabbed or had their throats slashed by the hijackers. The passenger, Daniel Lewin, a notable Internet entrepreneur, had also previously served as an officer in the elite Sayeret Matkal unit of the Israeli military. It is unknown if the hijackers targeted him specifically because he was Israeli or if by coincidence. A 2002 FAA memo referenced Lewin as possibly being killed by Satam al-Suqami after he attempted to stop the hijacking. Apparently, Lewin, seated in 9B, was attacked by al-Suqami, who was sitting immediately behind him in seat 10B. Betty Ong provided details to American Airlines' operations center. In a four minute call, she provided information regarding lack of communication with the cockpit, lack of access to the cockpit, and passenger injuries.[12] She provided the seat locations of the hijackers, which helped to determine their identities.[13]

Crash

Template:Sep11

File:Hlava WTC1 impact.jpg
A frame from Pavel Hlava's video, which shows Flight 11 crashing into the North Tower of the World Trade Center.

At 8:46:40 a.m.,[8] Flight 11 was deliberately crashed into the northern facade of the North Tower (Tower 1) of the World Trade Center. The aircraft, which was travelling at approximately 466 miles per hour (750 km/h), impacted between the 93rd and 99th floors with approximately 10,000 gallons of flammable jet fuel.[14]

The speed of the plane is estimated at 466 mph (750 km/h) at impact.[14] This was the first crash in the attacks of the day. All on board (11 crew, 76 passengers, and 5 hijackers) were killed. The crash was also witnessed by nearby pedestrians and drivers.

The first news and radio organizations reported an explosion or incident at the World Trade Center, CNN broke into a commercial at 8:49 a.m. CNN headlines first read 'World Trade Center Disaster.' Carol Lin, who was the first anchor to break the news of the attacks, said:

Yeah. This just in. You are looking at obviously a very disturbing live shot there. That is the World Trade Center, and we have unconfirmed reports this morning that a plane has crashed into one of the towers of the World Trade Center. CNN Center right now is just beginning to work on this story, obviously calling our sources and trying to figure out exactly what happened, but clearly something relatively devastating happening this morning there on the south end of the island of Manhattan. That is once again, a picture of one of the towers of the World Trade Center.

[14]

Later, Sean Murtagh, CNN vice-president of finance, in an on-air phone call, said from his office in the CNN New York bureau that a large passenger commercial jet hit the World Trade Center. Eventually, all other TV networks interrupted regular broadcasting with news of the crash. Initial news reports speculated the crash as a terrible accident until Flight 175 crashed into the South Tower 17 minutes later.

Jules Naudet, a French cameraman, and Pavel Hlava, a Czech immigrant, both filmed the crash of the plane into the building.[15] A web cam set up by Wolfgang Staehle at an art exhibit in Brooklyn to take images of Lower Manhattan every four seconds, also captured images of American Airlines Flight 11 crashing into the North Tower.[16]

Casualties

The damage caused by the impact destroyed any means of escape from above the impact zone. All stairwells and elevator shafts that would have taken victims down to safety were destroyed, unlike the South Tower which (because it was hit at an angle and not towards the center) still had one functional stairwell after impact. 1366 people were at or above the floors of impact in the North Tower. According to the Commission Report, hundreds were killed instantly by the impact [17], the rest were trapped and died later, either from jumping from the burning building, the fire and smoke or the eventual collapse.

Cantor Fitzgerald L.P., an investment bank on the 101st-105th floors of One World Trade Center, lost 658 employees, considerably more than any other employer. Many rescue workers (400 for the two towers together, most of them of the FDNY), died when the tower collapsed.

Notable passengers included:

In addition, Seth MacFarlane, creator of the animated TV series Family Guy, was scheduled on Flight 11. However, due to a mix up, he missed the plane. His travel agent told him the flight departed at 8:15 instead of 7:45, and he arrived just after the plane had boarded. [18]

The passenger manifest for American Airlines Flight 11 indicates Mohammad Atta was not on the flight, who was reported to have been in seat 9D. The passenger identified in seat 9D on the manifest was Daniel M. Lewin according to a FOIA copy of the manifest made available by the Boston Globe two days after September 11th.[citation needed]

Although the impact itself caused extensive structural damage, it was the long-lasting fire, starting with burning jet fuel, that is blamed for the structural failure of the North Tower. Many have speculated that this is why the hijackers chose to use this fully fueled transcontinental flight. The centralized-support design (in the center core and exterior walls, instead of throughout) of the towers was designed to withstand multiple jet impacts according to on site WTC construction manager, Frank A. Demartini. In a later recording, Osama bin Laden seems to take credit for the attack and states that he did not expect the towers would collapse.

Further information: Collapse of the World Trade Center

NORAD response

The Federal Aviation Administration's Boston Air Traffic Control Center was responsible for monitoring American Airlines Flight 11, as it departed from Logan. After repeated attempts to contact the aircraft, along with transmissions from the plane "we have some planes.", the air traffic controller knew this was a hijacking. He alerted his supervisor, who then began notifying the chain of command of the hijacking, and that the flight was heading into the New York Center's airspace. At 8:32 a.m., the FAA Command Center in Herndon, Virginia notified FAA headquarters.[9]

At 8:37:52 a.m., the Boston Control Center bypassed standard protocols and directly contacted NORAD's Northeast Air Defense Sector (NEADS) in Rome, New York.[9] NEADS called on two F-15 fighter jets at Otis Air Force Base in Falmouth, Massachusetts to scramble, intending to intercept Flight 11. The F-15 fighters took off from Otis at 8:46 a.m.[9] By this time, American Airlines Flight 11 had already crashed into the World Trade Center.

Because Flight 11's transponder was off, United States Air Force pilots did not know which direction to travel to meet the plane. NEADS spent the next several minutes watching their radar screens in anticipation of Flight 11 returning a radar contact. The nine minutes of advanced notification about the hijacking of Flight 11 was the most that NORAD received out of the four hijacked aircraft on 9/11.[19]

Current flight

The flight number for future flights on the same route at the same takeoff time was changed to American Airlines Flight 25, now a Boeing 757 instead of a Boeing 767. An American flag now flies on the jet bridge from which Flight 11 departed at Logan Airport.[20]

References

  1. ^ "FAA Registry (N334AA)". Federal Aviation Administration.
  2. ^ "NTSB Brief". NTSB. Retrieved 2007-05-05.
  3. ^ National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (2004). "Chapter 7", 9-11 Commission Report. Government Printing Office.
  4. ^ "The Aviation Security System and the 9/11 Attacks - Staff Statement No. 3" (PDF). 9/11 Commission.
  5. ^ 9/11 Investigation (PENTTBOM), FBI, national Press Release, September 2001
  6. ^ Dorman, Michael (April 17 2006). "Unraveling 9-11 was in the bags". Newsday (New York). {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ "A September morning, four flights, a collision course with tragedy". Associated Press. September 12, 2001.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h "Flight Path Study - American Airlines Flight 11" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB).
  9. ^ a b c d e "9/11 Commission Report (Chapter 1)". July 2004.
  10. ^ United States Attorney's Office (March 7, 2006). "USA v. Zacaria Moussaoui - Trial Testimony by David Raskin". cryptome.org. Retrieved 2007-06-11.
  11. ^ Flight 11 NTSB Report
  12. ^ "Transcript of opening remarks before 9/11 Commission hearing recording from Commission web page". Sept112001.org. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  13. ^ "List of facts from transcriptspage". Sept112001.org. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  14. ^ a b c "NIST NCSTAR1-5: Reconstruction of the Fires in the World Trade Center Towers" (PDF). National Institute of Standards and Technology. October 2005. Cite error: The named reference "NIST" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  15. ^ [1]
  16. ^ Staehle, Wolfgang. "Rare Scenes from 9/11". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2007-06-12.
  17. ^ "HEROISM AND HORROR". National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. 2004-09-20. Retrieved 2007-08-18.
  18. ^ Seth MacFarlane biography
  19. ^ Kean, Thomas H., Lee H. Hamilton. "The Story in the Sky". Without Precident. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. p. 263. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ "Logan Airport bears memory of its fateful role with silence". Boston Globe. 2002-09-12. Retrieved 2007-04-18.
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