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A system administrator, systems administrator, or sysadmin, is a person employed to maintain, and operate a computer system or network. System administrators may be members of an information technology department.

The duties of a system administrator are wide-ranging, and vary widely from one organization to another. Sysadmins are usually charged with installing, supporting, and maintaining servers or other computer systems, and planning for and responding to service outages and other problems. Other duties may include scripting or light programming, project management for systems-related projects, supervising or training computer operators, and being the consultant for computer problems beyond the knowledge of technical support staff. A System Administrator must demonstrate a blend of technical skills and responsibility.

Skills

The subject matter of systems administration includes computer systems and the ways people use them in an organization. This entails a knowledge of operating systems and applications, as well as hardware and software troubleshooting, but also knowledge of the purposes for which people in the organization use the computers.

However, perhaps the most important skill to a system administrator is problem solving -- frequently under various sorts of constraints and stress. The sysadmin is on call when a computer system goes down or malfunctions, and must be able to quickly and correctly diagnose what is wrong and how best to fix it.

System administrators are not software engineers or developers. It is not usually within their duties to design or write new applications software. However, sysadmins must understand the behavior of software in order to deploy it and to troubleshoot problems, and generally know several programming languages used for scripting or automation of routine tasks.

Particularly when dealing with Internet-facing or business-critical systems, a sysadmin must have a strong grasp of computer security. This includes not merely deploying software patches, but also preventing break-ins and other security problems with preventative measures. In some organizations, computer security administration is a separate role responsible for overall security and the upkeep of firewalls and intrusion detection systems, but all sysadmins are generally responsible for the security of the systems in their keep.

Related fields

Many organizations staff other jobs related to systems administration. In a larger company, these may all be separate positions within a computer support or Information Services (IS) department. In a smaller group they may be shared by a few sysadmins, or even a single person.

A database administrator (DBA) maintains a database system, and is responsible for the integrity of the data and the efficiency and performance of the system.
A network administrator maintains network infrastructure such as switches and routers, and diagnoses problems with these or with the behavior of network-attached computers.
A security administrator is a specialist in computer and network security, including the administration of security devices such as firewalls, as well as consulting on general security measures.
A web administrator maintains web server services (such as IIS or Apache) that allow for internal or external access to web sites. Tasks include managing multiple sites, administering security, and configuring necessary components and software. Responsibilities may also include software change management.
Technical support staff respond to individual users' difficulties with computer systems, provide instructions and sometimes training, and diagnose and solve common problems.
A computer operator performs routine maintenance and upkeep, such as changing backup tapes or replacing failed drives in a RAID array. Such tasks usually require physical presence in the room with the computer; and while less skilled than sysadmin tasks require a similar level of trust, since the operator has access to possibly sensitive data.

In some organizations, a person may begin as a member of technical support staff or a computer operator, then gain experience on the job to be promoted to a sysadmin position.

A related role is the forum administrator, a user who manages the operational aspects of an Internet forum, although this role is often performed outside of the professional context.

Training

Unlike many other professions, there is no single path to becoming a system administrator. Many system administrators have a degree in generic fields: computer science, information technology, computer engineering, information system management, or even a trade school program. Other schools have offshoots of their Computer Science program specifically for systems administration.

Some schools have started offering undergraduate degrees in Systems Administration. The first, RIT [1] started in 1992. Others such as Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Marist College, and Drexel University have more recently offered degrees in Information Technology.

As of 2007, only three U.S. universities, Rochester Institute of Technology [2], Tufts, and Michigan Tech have graduate programs in system administration.^{[citation needed]} In Norway, there is a special English-taught MSc program organized by Oslo University College [3] in cooperation with Oslo University, named "Masters programme in Network and System Administration". However, many other schools offer related graduate degrees in fields such as network systems and computer security.

One of the primary difficulties with teaching system administration as a formal university discipline, is that the industry and technology changes much faster than the typical textbook and coursework certification process. By the time a new textbook has spent years working through approvals and committees, the specific technology for which it is written may have changed significantly or is now obsolete. For example, this problem is visible in children's public school textbooks, which often include supplemental CDROM software written for Windows 95/98/NT, but not Windows XP or Vista.

In addition, because of the practical nature of systems administration and the easy availability of open-source server software, many systems administrators enter the field self-taught.

Generally, a prospective administrator will be required to have some experience with the computer system he or she is expected to manage. In some cases, candidates are expected to possess industry certifications such as the Microsoft MCSA, MCSE, Red Hat RHCE, Novell CNA, CNE, Cisco CCNA or CompTIA's A+ or Network+, Sun Certified SCNA, among others.

Sometimes, almost exclusively in smaller sites, the role of system administrator may be given to a skilled user in addition to or in replacement of his or her duties. For instance, it is not unusual for a mathematics or computing teacher to serve as the system administrator of a secondary school.

Duties of a system administrator

A system administrator's responsibilities might include:

Performing routine audits of systems and software.
Performing backups.
Applying operating system updates, patches, and configuration changes.
Installing and configuring new hardware and software.
Adding, removing, or updating user account information, resetting passwords, etc.
Answering technical queries.
Responsibility for security.
Responsibility for documenting the configuration of the system.
Troubleshooting any reported problems.
System performance tuning.
Insuring that the network infrastructure is up and running.

In larger organizations, some tasks listed above may be divided among different system administrators or members of different organizational groups. For example, a dedicated individual(s) may apply all system upgrades, a Quality Assurance (QA) team may perform testing and validation, and one or more technical writers may be responsible for all technical documentation written for a company.

In smaller organizations, the system administrator can also perform any number of duties elsewhere associated with other fields:

Technical support
Database administrator (DBA)
Network administrator/analyst/specialist
Application analyst
Security administrator
Programmer

System administrators, in larger organizations, tend not to be system architects, system engineers, or system designers. However, like many roles in this field, demarcations between systems administration and other technical roles often are not well defined in smaller organizations. Even in larger organizations, senior systems administrators often have skills in these other areas as a result of their working experience.

In smaller organizations, IT/computing specialties are less often discerned in detail, and the term system administrator is used in a rather generic way — they are the people who know how the computer systems work and can respond when something fails.

References

External links

Certification Organizations

BSD Certification
CompTIA's Certification
ITIL for ITIL certification (part of Office of Government Commerce)
Red Hat's Certification Curriculum for RHCE and RHCA
Linux Professional Institute offers distribution-agnostic Linux Systems Administrator certifications for LPIC
Microsoft Certification Page for MCSA
Sun Certification Page for SCSA and SCNA

Periodicals

Conferences

Large Installation System Administration Conference (LISA), sponsored by USENIX and SAGE

Books

Essential Systems Administration (O'Reilly), 3rd Edition, 2001, by Æleen Frisch
Principles of Network and System Administration (J. Wiley & Sons), 2000,2003(2ed), by Mark Burgess
The Practice of System and Network Administration (Addison-Wesley), 2001, by Thomas A. Limoncelli and Christine Hogan
The Practice of System and Network Administration (Addison-Wesley), 2nd Edition (July 5, 2007), by Thomas A. Limoncelli, Christine Hogan and Strata R. Chalup
Time Management for System Administrators (O'Reilly), 2005, by Thomas A. Limoncelli
UNIX System Administration Handbook (Prentice Hall PTR), 3rd Edition, 2000, by Evi Nemeth, Garth Snyder, Scott Seebass, Trent R. Hein

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+A '''system administrator''', '''systems administrator''', or '''sysadmin''', is a person employed to maintain, and operate a [[computer]] system or [[computer network|network]]. System administrators may be members of an [[information technology]] department.
+The duties of a system administrator are wide-ranging, and vary widely from one organization to another. Sysadmins are usually charged with installing, [[Computer support|supporting]], and maintaining [[server (computing)|server]]s or other computer systems, and planning for and responding to service outages and other problems. Other duties may include [[Scripting language|scripting]] or light [[computer programming|programming]], [[project management]] for systems-related projects, supervising or training computer operators, and being the consultant for computer problems beyond the knowledge of [[technical support]] staff. A System Administrator must demonstrate a blend of technical skills and responsibility.
+== Skills ==
+The ''subject matter'' of systems administration includes computer systems and the ways people use them in an organization. This entails a knowledge of [[operating system]]s and [[computer application|application]]s, as well as hardware and software [[troubleshooting]], but also knowledge of the purposes for which people in the organization use the computers.
+However, perhaps the most important ''skill'' to a system administrator is [[problem solving]] -- frequently under various sorts of constraints and stress. The sysadmin is on call when a computer system goes down or malfunctions, and must be able to quickly and correctly diagnose what is wrong and how best to fix it.
+System administrators are not [[software engineer]]s or [[software development|developer]]s. It is not usually within their duties to design or write new applications software. However, sysadmins must understand the behavior of software in order to deploy it and to troubleshoot problems, and generally know several [[programming language]]s used for scripting or automation of routine tasks.
+Particularly when dealing with [[Internet]]-facing or business-critical systems, a sysadmin must have a strong grasp of [[computer security]]. This includes not merely deploying software patches, but also preventing break-ins and other security problems with preventative measures. In some organizations, computer security administration is a separate role responsible for overall security and the upkeep of [[firewall]]s and [[intrusion detection system]]s, but all sysadmins are generally responsible for the security of the systems in their keep.
+==Related fields==
+Many organizations staff other jobs related to systems administration. In a larger company, these may all be separate positions within a computer support or Information Services (IS) department. In a smaller group they may be shared by a few sysadmins, or even a single person.
+* A [[database administrator]] (DBA) maintains a [[database]] system, and is responsible for the integrity of the data and the efficiency and performance of the system.
+* A [[network administrator]] maintains network infrastructure such as [[network switch|switches]] and [[network router|router]]s, and diagnoses problems with these or with the behavior of network-attached computers.
+* A [[computer security|security administrator]] is a specialist in computer and network security, including the administration of security devices such as firewalls, as well as consulting on general security measures.
+* A [[web administrator]] maintains web server services (such as IIS or Apache) that allow for internal or external access to web sites. Tasks include managing multiple sites, administering security, and configuring necessary components and software. Responsibilities may also include software [[change management]].
+* [[Technical support]] staff respond to individual users' difficulties with computer systems, provide instructions and sometimes training, and diagnose and solve common problems.
+* A [[computer operator]] performs routine maintenance and upkeep, such as changing backup tapes or replacing failed drives in a [[RAID]] array. Such tasks usually require physical presence in the room with the computer; and while less skilled than sysadmin tasks require a similar level of trust, since the operator has access to possibly sensitive data.
+In some organizations, a person may begin as a member of technical support staff or a computer operator, then gain experience on the job to be promoted to a sysadmin position.
+A related role is the [[forum administrator]], a user who manages the operational aspects of an Internet forum, although this role is often performed outside of the professional context.
+== Training ==
+Unlike many other professions, there is no single path to becoming a system administrator. Many system administrators have a degree in generic fields: [[computer science]], [[information technology]], [[computer engineering]], information system management, or even a trade school program. Other schools have offshoots of their Computer Science program specifically for systems administration.
+Some schools have started offering undergraduate degrees in Systems Administration. The first, [[RIT]][http://nssa.rit.edu/~nssa/nssa/undergrad/index.maml] started in 1992. Others such as [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]], [[Marist College]], and [[Drexel University]] have more recently offered degrees in Information Technology.
+[[As of 2007]], only three U.S. universities, [[Rochester Institute of Technology]][http://nssa.rit.edu/~nssa/nssa/grad/index.maml], [[Tufts]], and [[Michigan Tech]] have [[graduate school|graduate]] programs in system administration.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} In [[Norway]], there is a special English-taught MSc program organized by [[Oslo University College]] [http://nasa.iu.hio.no] in cooperation with [[Oslo University]], named "Masters programme in Network and System Administration". However, many other schools offer related graduate degrees in fields such as network systems and computer security.
+One of the primary difficulties with teaching system administration as a formal university discipline, is that the industry and technology changes much faster than the typical textbook and coursework certification process. By the time a new textbook has spent years working through approvals and committees, the specific technology for which it is written may have changed significantly or is now obsolete. For example, this problem is visible in children's public school textbooks, which often include supplemental CDROM software written for Windows 95/98/NT, but not Windows XP or Vista.
+In addition, because of the practical nature of systems administration and the easy availability of [[open-source]] [[Server (computing)|server]] software, many systems administrators enter the field self-taught.
+Generally, a prospective administrator will be required to have some experience with the computer system he or she is expected to manage. In some cases, candidates are expected to possess industry certifications such as the Microsoft [[MCSA]], [[MCSE]], Red Hat [[RHCE]], Novell [[Certified Novell Administrator|CNA]], [[Certified Novell Engineer|CNE]], Cisco [[CCNA]] or CompTIA's A+ or Network+, Sun Certified SCNA, among others.
+Sometimes, almost exclusively in smaller sites, the role of system administrator may be given to a skilled user in addition to or in replacement of his or her duties.  For instance, it is not unusual for a mathematics or computing teacher to serve as the system administrator of a secondary school.
+==Duties of a system administrator==
+A system administrator's responsibilities might include:
+* Performing routine audits of systems and software.
+* Performing [[backup]]s.
+* Applying [[operating system]] updates, patches, and configuration changes.
+* Installing and configuring new [[Computer hardware|hardware]] and [[Computer software|software]].
+* Adding, removing, or updating [[user account]] information, resetting [[password]]s, etc.
+* Answering technical queries.
+* Responsibility for [[computer security|security]].
+* Responsibility for [[documentation|documenting]] the configuration of the system.
+* [[Troubleshooting]] any reported problems.
+* System [[performance tuning]].
+* Insuring that the network infrastructure is up and running.
+In larger organizations, some tasks listed above may be divided among different system administrators or members of different organizational groups. For example, a dedicated individual(s) may apply all system upgrades, a [[Quality control|Quality Assurance (QA)]] team may perform testing and validation, and one or more [[technical writer]]s may be responsible for all technical documentation written for a company.
+In smaller organizations, the system administrator can also perform any number of duties elsewhere associated with other fields:
+*[[Technical support]]
+*[[Database administrator]] (DBA)
+*[[Network administrator]]/analyst/specialist
+*[[Application analyst]]
+*[[Computer Security|Security administrator]]
+*[[Programmer]]
+System administrators, in larger organizations, tend not to be [[systems architect|system architect]]s, [[system engineer]]s, or [[system designer]]s.  However, like many roles in this field, [[wikt:demarcation|demarcations]] between systems administration and other technical roles often are not well defined in smaller organizations.  Even in larger organizations, senior systems administrators often have skills in these other areas as a result of their working experience.
+In smaller organizations, IT/computing specialties are less often discerned in detail, and the term ''system administrator'' is used in a rather generic way &mdash; they are the people who know how the computer systems work and can respond when something fails.
+==See also==
+* [[superuser]]
+* [[alt.sysadmin.recovery]] newsgroup
+* [[System Administrator Appreciation Day]]
+* [[BOFH]], [[PFY]]
+* [[Apple certification]]
+* [[Forum administrator]]
+* [[LISA (conference)]]
+==References==
+{{reflist}}
+== External links ==
+===Certification Organizations===
+* [http://www.bsdcertification.org/ BSD Certification]
+* [http://www.CompTIA.org/ CompTIA's] Certification
+* [http://www.itil.co.uk/ ITIL] for [[ITIL]] certification (part of [[Office of Government Commerce]])
+* [https://www.redhat.com/training/certification/ Red Hat's Certification Curriculum] for [[Red Hat Certified Engineer|RHCE]] and [[Red Hat Certified Architect|RHCA]]
+* [http://www.lpi.org/ Linux Professional Institute] offers [[Linux distribution|distribution]]-agnostic Linux Systems Administrator certifications for [[LPIC]]
+* [http://www.microsoft.com/traincert/ Microsoft Certification Page] for [[MCSA]]
+* [http://www.sun.com/training/certification/ Sun Certification Page] for [[SCSA]] and [[SCNA]]
+===Periodicals===
+* [http://www.sun.com/bigadmin/newsletter/ BigAdmin Newsletter]
+* [http://www.samag.com/ SysAdmin Magazine - Linux & Unix only]
+* [http://www.usenix.org/publications/login/ ;login:]
+===Conferences===
+* [https://db.usenix.org/events/byname/lisa.html Large Installation System Administration Conference (LISA)], sponsored by USENIX and SAGE
+===Books===
+* Essential Systems Administration (O'Reilly), 3rd Edition, 2001, by [[Æleen Frisch]]
+* Principles of Network and System Administration (J. Wiley & Sons), 2000,2003(2ed), by [[Mark Burgess (computer scientist)|Mark Burgess]]
+* The Practice of System and Network Administration (Addison-Wesley), 2001, by [[Tom Limoncelli|Thomas A. Limoncelli]] and [[Christine Hogan]]
+* The Practice of System and Network Administration (Addison-Wesley), 2nd Edition (July 5, 2007), by [[Tom Limoncelli|Thomas A. Limoncelli]], [[Christine Hogan]] and [[Strata R. Chalup]]
+* Time Management for System Administrators (O'Reilly), 2005, by [[Tom Limoncelli|Thomas A. Limoncelli]]
+* UNIX System Administration Handbook (Prentice Hall PTR), 3rd Edition, 2000, by [[Evi Nemeth]], [[Garth Snyder]], [[Scott Seebass]], [[Trent R. Hein]]
+===Online Resources===
+* [http://www.thenetworkengineer.com/ The Network Engineer - Learn practical system administration.]
+* [http://bigadmin.com BigAdmin - System Administrator Resources and Community]
+* [http://linuxzoo.net LinuxZoo - Learn system administration online using free-access virtual machines]
+* [http://scratchpad.wikia.com/wiki/Sysadmin Sysadmin wiki] - Wiki for system administrators
+* [http://nexus.realtimepublishers.com/index.htm Realtime Publishers] - Free eBooks for system administrators
+* [http://research.iu.hio.no Research on system administration]
+* [http://www.sysadminblogs.com/planet/ Planet Sysadmin] - Blog aggregator of sysadmin-related feeds
+* [http://planetsysadmin.com/ PlanetSysadmin.com] - Another blog aggregator of sysadmin-related feeds
+* [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Topic:System_Administration Wikiversity System Administration topic]
+* [http://thesystemadministrator.com/ The System Administrator] - Free Tip and Tricks for IT System and Network Administrators
+* [http://everythingsysadmin.com/ Everything Sysadmin] - Blog written by authors of several sysadmin books
+===Technology Unions and related links===
+* [http://www.techsunite.org/ TechsUnite]
+* [http://www.cwa-union.org/ Communication Workers of America]
+* [http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/2004/01/26_horwichj_unionstechies/  The blue collar workers of the 21st century], Minnesota Public Radio, January 27, 2004
+===Articles===
+* [http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9032818 Hot IT jobs: Systems administrator], [[ComputerWorld]], August 26, 2007
+[[Category:System administration|*]]
+[[Category:People in information technology]]
+[[Category:Computer systems]]
+[[da:Systemadministrator]]
+[[de:Systemadministrator]]
+[[es:Administrador de sistemas]]
+[[eu:Sistema administratzaile]]
+[[fr:Administrateur systèmes]]
+[[it:Sistemista]]
+[[he:מנהל מערכת (מחשבים)]]
+[[nl:Systeembeheerder]]
+[[ja:システムアドミニストレータ]]
+[[ko:시스템 관리자]]
+[[pl:Administrator (informatyka)]]
+[[pt:Administrador de redes]]
+[[ru:Системный администратор]]
+[[sq:Administrator i sistemeve]]
+[[sl:Administrator operacijskega sistema]]
+[[fi:Ylläpitäjä]]
+[[th:ผู้ดูแลระบบ]]
+[[zh:系统管理员]]