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{{nihongo|'''Himura Kenshin'''|緋村 剣心|Himura Kenshin}}, known as '''Kenshin Himura''' in the [[English language|English-language]] [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dub]], is a [[fictional character]] from the ''[[Rurouni Kenshin]]'' [[Fictional universe|universe]] created by [[Nobuhiro Watsuki]]. He is the main [[protagonist]] for the series and has developed into a [[media franchise]], which consists of a series of [[manga]], [[anime]], [[original video animation]]s (OVAs), [[Film|movies]], [[soundtrack]]s, [[video game]]s, and other [[collectible]]s. When creating Kenshin, Watsuki designed him to be the physical opposite of [[Hiko Seijūrō]], a character that appears in Watsuki's first [[One-shot (comics)|one-shot]] manga, ''[[Crescent Moon in the Warring States]]'', and later in ''Rurouni Kenshin'' as his swordsmanship teacher.
{{nihongo|'''Himura Kenshin'''|緋村 剣心|Himura Kenshin}}, known as '''Kenshin Himura''' in the [[English language|English-language]] [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dub]], is a [[fictional character]] from the ''[[Rurouni Kenshin]]'' [[Fictional universe|universe]] created by [[Nobuhiro Watsuki]]. He is the main [[protagonist]] for the series and has developed into a [[media franchise]], which consists of a series of [[manga]], [[anime]], [[original video animation]]s (OVAs), [[Film|movies]], [[soundtrack]]s, [[video game]]s, and other [[collectible]]s. When creating Kenshin, Watsuki designed him to be the physical opposite of [[Hiko Seijūrō]], a character that appears in Watsuki's first [[One-shot (comics)|one-shot]] manga, ''[[Crescent Moon in the Warring States]]'', and later in ''Rurouni Kenshin'' as his swordsmanship teacher.


Set in a fictional version of [[Japan]], during the pre-[[Meiji period]], Kenshin is a former legendary assassin known as {{nihongo|"''Hitokiri Battōsai''"|人斬り抜刀斎}}.<ref>"''[[Hitokiri]]''" means "manslayer", however, "''Battōsai''" does not have a literal meaning. While "''battō''" is a reference to ''[[battōjutsu]]'', "''sai''" means "purify".</ref> At the end of the [[Bakumatsu]], he becomes a wandering samurai, now wielding a {{nihongo|''sakabatō''|逆刃刀||lit. "reverse-blade sword"}}, a [[katana]] that has the cutting edge on the inwardly curved side of the sword, thus being incapable of killing. Kenshin wanders the countryside of Japan offering protection and aid to those in need, as atonement for the murders he once committed as an assassin. In [[Tokyo]], he meets a young woman named [[Kamiya Kaoru]], who invites him to live in her dojo despite learning about Kenshin's past. Throughout the series, Kenshin begins to establish lifelong relationships with many people, including ex-enemies, while dealing with his fair share of enemies, new and old. Through these encounters and relationships, Kenshin begins to find true atonement for his past enabling him to fully conquer his "''Battōsai''" nature. By the series end, he has found true peace and contentment as the husband of Kaoru and the father of their son, [[Himura Kenji]].
Set in a fictional version of [[Japan]], during the pre-[[Meiji period]], Kenshin is a former legendary assassin known as {{nihongo|"''Hitokiri Battōsai''"|人斬り抜刀斎}}.<ref>"''[[Hitokiri]]''" means "manslayer", however, "''Battōsai''" does not have a literal meaning. While "''battō''" is a reference to ''[[battōjutsu]]'', "''sai''" means "purify".</ref> At the end of the [[Bakumatsu]], he becomes a vagabond, now wielding a {{nihongo|''sakabatō''|逆刃刀||lit. "reverse-blade sword"}}, a [[katana]] that has the cutting edge on the inwardly curved side of the sword, thus being incapable of killing. Kenshin wanders the countryside of Japan offering protection and aid to those in need, as atonement for the murders he once committed as an assassin. In [[Tokyo]], he meets a young woman named [[Kamiya Kaoru]], who invites him to live in her dojo despite learning about Kenshin's past. Throughout the series, Kenshin begins to establish lifelong relationships with many people, including ex-enemies, while dealing with his fair share of enemies, new and old. Through these encounters and relationships, Kenshin begins to find true atonement for his past enabling him to fully conquer his "''Battōsai''" nature. By the series end, he has found true peace and contentment as the husband of Kaoru and the father of their son, [[Himura Kenji]].


Kenshin's character was well received by fans, with his holding the top spot in all reader popularity polls for the series. Critics of the series praised his personality, though some complained about his development during the anime OVA series, which differs from the manga. A variety of [[Collectible|collectibles]] based around Kenshin have been created, including [[Action figure|figurines]], [[Keychain|key chains]], [[Stuffed animal|plushies]], and replicas of his ''sakabatō'' sword.
Kenshin's character was well received by fans, with his holding the top spot in all reader popularity polls for the series. Critics of the series praised his personality, though some complained about his development during the anime OVA series, which differs from the manga. A variety of [[Collectible|collectibles]] based around Kenshin have been created, including [[Action figure|figurines]], [[Keychain|key chains]], [[Stuffed animal|plushies]], and replicas of his ''sakabatō'' sword.
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[[Category:Fictional Japanese swordsmen]]
[[Category:Fictional Japanese swordsmen]]
[[Category:Fictional orphans]]
[[Category:Fictional orphans]]
[[Category:Fictional samurai]]
[[Category:Japanese anime and manga characters]]
[[Category:Japanese anime and manga characters]]
[[Category:Japanese superheroes]]
[[Category:Japanese superheroes]]

Revision as of 23:41, 21 May 2008

Himura Kenshin
Rurouni Kenshin character
Himura Kenshin by Nobuhiro Watsuki
First appearanceRurouni Kenshin manga chapter 1
Rurouni Kenshin anime episode 1
In-universe information
OccupationFormer hitokiri
RelativesYukishiro Tomoe (late wife, deceased)
Yukishiro Enishi (ex-brother-in-law)
Kamiya Kaoru (wife)
Himura Kenji (son)

Himura Kenshin (緋村 剣心, Himura Kenshin), known as Kenshin Himura in the English-language dub, is a fictional character from the Rurouni Kenshin universe created by Nobuhiro Watsuki. He is the main protagonist for the series and has developed into a media franchise, which consists of a series of manga, anime, original video animations (OVAs), movies, soundtracks, video games, and other collectibles. When creating Kenshin, Watsuki designed him to be the physical opposite of Hiko Seijūrō, a character that appears in Watsuki's first one-shot manga, Crescent Moon in the Warring States, and later in Rurouni Kenshin as his swordsmanship teacher.

Set in a fictional version of Japan, during the pre-Meiji period, Kenshin is a former legendary assassin known as "Hitokiri Battōsai" (人斬り抜刀斎).[4] At the end of the Bakumatsu, he becomes a vagabond, now wielding a sakabatō (逆刃刀, lit. "reverse-blade sword"), a katana that has the cutting edge on the inwardly curved side of the sword, thus being incapable of killing. Kenshin wanders the countryside of Japan offering protection and aid to those in need, as atonement for the murders he once committed as an assassin. In Tokyo, he meets a young woman named Kamiya Kaoru, who invites him to live in her dojo despite learning about Kenshin's past. Throughout the series, Kenshin begins to establish lifelong relationships with many people, including ex-enemies, while dealing with his fair share of enemies, new and old. Through these encounters and relationships, Kenshin begins to find true atonement for his past enabling him to fully conquer his "Battōsai" nature. By the series end, he has found true peace and contentment as the husband of Kaoru and the father of their son, Himura Kenji.

Kenshin's character was well received by fans, with his holding the top spot in all reader popularity polls for the series. Critics of the series praised his personality, though some complained about his development during the anime OVA series, which differs from the manga. A variety of collectibles based around Kenshin have been created, including figurines, key chains, plushies, and replicas of his sakabatō sword.

Creation and conception

File:Rekenshin.jpg
Redesign of Kenshin in the kanzenban series.

Watsuki discovered and used the story of Kawakami Gensai, a hitokiri executed by the Meiji Government. According to Watsuki, when he found that Kawakami maintained a duty to his dead comrades, he decided to create the title character. Since Watsuki's debut work contained a tall, black-haired man in "showy" armor, the creator wanted to make a character "completely opposite" to the debut character and the new character ended up "coming out like a girl." According to Watsuki, he used "no real motif" when creating Kenshin and placed a cross-shaped scar when "not knowing what else to do."[5] At the end of the series, Kenshin appears with short hair. Initially, Watsuki had planned to make his hair shorter before the end, however, he found this to be similar to the character Multi from To Heart.[6] Watsuki based most of Kenshin's abilities on a real swordsman of the Tokugawa period named Matsubayashi Henyasai, who was skilled in acrobatic techniques.[7] During the Kyoto arc, Kenshin is given a new sword with a sheath made of wood. Watsuki decided to redesign the sword to make it look as the first one Kenshin had in the series, though it is more difficult to draw.[8]

During the development of Rurouni, Meiji Swordsman Romantic Story, Watsuki and his editor argued over Kenshin's speech patterns; they settled for a "slangy" pattern. For the final version of the first Romantic Story, Watsuki adjusted the dialogue; in his view, he made Kenshin sound "more as I prefer him now."[9] Watsuki added Kenshin's trademark "oro" as a placeholder to be an expression of the English speech disfluency "huh." Watsuki notes that he was surprised at how much it caught on, and how much he ended up having Kenshin use the sound during the series.[10] Watsuki also planned to make Kenshin older than 30 years old; his editor commented that it was strange that the main character of a manga for teenagers was so old, so he made Kenshin 28 years old.[11]

In the first Rurouni Kenshin kanzenban, published in Japan in July 2006, Watsuki included a draft page featuring a redesign of Kenshin's character. To make his X-shaped scar more notable, Watsuki made it long enough to cross his nose. Kenshin's hair is tied in two tails, which are flowing to make him look younger, but shorter, to be less androgynous. Watsuki also added a habaki to Kenshin's sword to make it easier to draw by simplifying its structure, while also emphasizing strength.[12] Kenshin's hitokiri look was also redesigned slightly, by making his clothes more damaged and giving him Yukishiro Tomoe's neck scarf.[13]

In the anime adaptation of Rurouni Kenshin, Watsuki's designs were combined with the voice talents of Mayo Suzukaze, a female seiyū. In producing the English dub version of the series, Media Blasters considered following suit, with Mona Marshall considered as a finalist for voicing Kenshin. Richard Hayworth eventually was selected for the role, giving Kenshin's character a more masculine voice in the English adaptation. Marshall was selected instead to voice the younger Kenshin during flashback scenes. Clark Cheng, writer of the dub script, noted that localizing Kenshin's unusual speech was a difficult process. His use of "de gozaru" and "oro" were not only character trademarks that indicated Kenshin's state of mind, but important elements to the story. However, neither is directly translatable to English, and in the end the company chose to replace "de gozaru" with "that I did" and "that I am." Kenshin's signature "oro" was replaced with "huah" to simulate it being a "funny sound" that had no real meaning.[14]

Character outline

Background

Kenshin is born into a peasant family under the given name of "Shinta". After losing both his parents to cholera by age seven, he is sold into slavery.[15] The slave-traders' caravan is attacked by bandits who kill all of the peasants except for Shinta, who is saved by a swordsmanship teacher called Seijūrō, who renames the boy "Kenshin", as the name 'Ken' (sword) and 'Shin' (heart) where more fitting for a swordsman.[15]

After a few years under Seijūrō's guidance, Kenshin's wish to protect the people with his skills results in his abandonment of both his master and his training. His sword skills soon attract the attention of Katsura Kogoro, a leader of the Chōshū clan. Kenshin is sent to Kyoto and assigned the role of an assassin, sharing the common goal of the Ishin Shishi upon the Tokugawa Shogunate.[16] Within the first six months of his career, he kills over 100 people, and eventually became known as the "Hitokiri Battōsai". At one point, he comes face to face with a woman named Yukishiro Tomoe, who initially wanted to avenge the death of her fiancé, whom Kenshin had killed, but falls in love with him instead and starts a romantic relationship. After the crisis suffered by the Chōshū clan in the Ikedaya Jiken, both Kenshin and Tomoe get married and flee to a remote village.[17]

Sometime later, Tomoe meets with the leader of the Yaminobu, a fictional pro-Shogunate covert network of ninjas that had formulated a plan to assassinate Kenshin. She realizes that all along they had actually used her to create Kenshin's weakness.[18] Meanwhile, Kenshin runs off to find his wife, but is ambushed by Yaminobu ninjas and is severely wounded.[19] He manages to defeat them and eventually finds Tomoe with the leader of the Yaminobu. In a desperate attempt to defeat the leader, Kenshin blindly swings his sword, killing both his assailant and Tomoe, who had jumped in at the last minute to save Kenshin from a fatal attack. Tomoe's knife had flown into the air and coincidentally slashed Kenshin's cheek, creating the famous X-shaped scar across his left cheek.[20] Following the death of Tomoe, Katsura replaces Kenshin in his role as assassin, and is reassigned as a guerrilla swordsman protecting the Imperialists.[21] After the end of the Bakumatsu, Kenshin leaves Kyoto.[22]

Personality

Kenshin desires to protect people from danger without killing. Formerly known as "the strongest hitokiri," Kenshin is the main target of many old enemies, thus he avoids letting others get too close to him personally for their own protection. However, he eventually begins relying on his friends, allowing them to fight alongside him.[23] He also has a rivalry with the ex-Shinsengumi member Saitō Hajime since the Bakumatsu. Although they become partners in the series, they both know that one day they will finish their duel. After the end of the Jinchu arc, Kenshin challenges Saitō to end the rivalry, but Saitō refuses to fight since Kenshin is different from the time they were enemies.[24]

Throughout the series, a young woman named Kaoru develops strong romantic feelings for him, and he also comes to love her. Despite his feelings, he is constantly haunted by the wrongs committed in his past, and believes he does not deserve happiness. However, as he notes how Kaoru would feel if he dies, Kenshin decides not to leave her and regains a desire to survive.[25]

If he is not able to protect his loved ones, he begins to shift into his "Hitokiri Battōsai" personality, and takes extreme measures in order save others, caring little for the well-being of his opponents.[26] However, Kenshin avoids changing his personality, swearing that he will never kill, and will try to avoid the deaths of as many people possible.[27]

Kenshin's Japanese-language dialogue contains some unusual words and catch phrases which can cause problems in translations. Most of the time, he refers to himself with the extremely humble pronoun "sessha" (translated in the manga by Viz as "this one") and uses the formal verb "de gozaru" (conveyed by Media Blasters by phrases like "…that it is."). He also addresses most women with an honorific which is generally reserved for feudal lords. In the English anime, "Miss Kaoru" is used instead of "Kaoru-dono." When in his "Battōsai" mode, Kenshin changes from being polite to serious; one of his quotes, "de gozaru", disappears and "sessha" is replaced with the more typical brash male pronoun "ore".[26] Along the series, Kenshin uses the quote "oro", which expresses surprise or dismay, based on the similar exclamation "ara" (generally considered feminine). As proper Japanese vocabulary, "oro" only exists as a word for lochia. In the English dub, "oro" has been translated into "huh". "Oro" is kept intact in the Viz manga.[28]

Techniques

File:Kenshinama-1.jpg
The void created by the Amakakeru Ryū no Hirameki and the consecutive strike

Kenshin is a practitioner of the Hiten Mitsurugi-Ryū (飛天御剣流, lit. "Flying Heaven Honorable Sword Style"), also referred to in the series as "Ultrasonic Sword Style", a fictional ancient sword art. Kenshin's mastery of the style allows him to possess superhuman speed and reflexes, study and predict his opponent's movements in battle, and perform many powerful sword techniques.[22] Among several of his Hiten Mitsurugi-Ryū and battōjutsu skills, Kenshin can utilize Shinsoku (神速, lit. "God-speed"), which allows him to quickly overpower and dispatch opponents with his sword before they have time to react. Although most of his techniques were originally intended to have deadly effects, Kenshin fights using his sakabatō, a katana that has the cutting edge on the inwardly curved side of the sword (in contrast to a normal katana, where the outwardly curved side of the sword is sharp, while the inwardly curved side of the sword is blunt), since he desires not to kill anyone.[22]

During the Kyoto arc, Kenshin learns the Kuzu-ryūsen (九頭龍閃, lit. "Nine-headed Dragon Strike"), which simultaneously deals nine strikes to the fundamental targets of swordsmanship, making guarding and dodging virtually impossible,[15] though there are a few characters capable of evading it, namely Seta Sōjirō.[29] The Kuzu-ryūsen, however, is a byproduct used for the initiation in learning Amakakeru Ryū no Hirameki (天翔龍閃, lit. "Heavens Bridging Dragon Spark"; Viz translation - "Dragon Flight of Heaven"), a Hiten Mitsurugi-Ryū battōjutsu that surpasses the speed of the Kuzu-ryūsen.[30] The secret behind the technique lies in an additional step with the left foot which adds instantaneous acceleration and weight to the sword.[31] In addition, if the initial strike is avoided or blocked, the force of the unusually fast slashing motion displaces the air around it, generating a vacuum in its wake and sucking the opponent in; as this happens, the body is spun around for a second strike, with the previous action adding force and momentum to the swing, making the subsequent strike far stronger.[32] Since the Hiten Mitsurugi-Ryū is only suitable to a wide-framed muscular build like that of Seijūrō's, Kenshin's body deteriorates and he is unable to use the Hiten Mitsurugi-Ryū ever again by the end of the manga.[24]

Plot overview

After receiving his sakabatō blade, Kenshin assumes the life of a wanderer. Ten years after the Revolution, he arrives in Tokyo where he meets Kaoru, who offers him to stay in her dojo despite her knowledge that Kenshin is the "Hitokiri Battōsai".[22] Numerous events transpire from that point, and Kenshin establishes lifelong relationships with many people, including ex-enemies. However, he still makes his share of enemies like Shishio Makoto, the brutal once-successor to Kenshin's position as Chōshū's hitokiri, and mastermind behind a movement seeking to overthrow the Meiji Government.[32] To defeat such foes, Kenshin is forced to resume his training and mend his relationship with his teacher, while forging the strongest bonds with his allies and enemies. When Yukishiro Enishi, Tomoe's revenge-obsessed brother, found out about Kenshin's feelings towards Kaoru, he set out to kidnap her, doing so and leaving a professionally made decoy of Kaoru with a sword in her heart, making everyone believe that she had been murdered.[33] Kenshin falls into severe depression and runs off to a village of wanderers to mourn.[34] However, he breaks out of his depression and after his friends discover Kaoru is alive, the group goes to rescue her on Enishi's island.[35] A battle between Kenshin and Enishi follows and when Kenshin wins, he and Kaoru return home.[36] Five years later, Kenshin is married to Kaoru and has a son named Kenji. After an encounter with Yahiko, Kenshin gives his sakabatō to him as a gift for his coming-of-age.[37]

Appearances in other media

File:Ken111-1.jpg
Kenshin as seen in the OVAs

Kenshin first appears in two chapters of Rurouni, Meiji Swordsman Romantic Story in which he arrives in Tokyo and defeats several groups of villains attacking families. In these stories, Kenshin is given a similar personality to the one he has in the series but his name is unmentioned.[9][38] Later, in the movie Samurai X The Motion Picture, Kenshin meets a samurai named Takimi Shigure, who tries to overthrow the Meiji Government and avenge the deaths of his family during the Bakumatsu. Kenshin encounters Shigure and defeats him in order to avoid the start of a war.[39]

In the OVAs, Kenshin is given a more humanized design and a different personality. There are also numerous changes to his life story compared to that of the manga, including the way he received his X-shaped scar in Samurai X: Trust & Betrayal.[40] In Samurai X: Reflection, as time passes, Kenshin becomes tortured anew by the guilt of leading a happy life after such a destructive past. He makes the decision to wander again, and Kaoru strongly supports him, promising to welcome him home with a smile and their child. Kenshin eventually becomes ravaged by an unknown disease. However, he decides to assist in the First Sino-Japanese War as he had promised the Meiji Government. After the war's end, Sanosuke discovers a gravely injured Kenshin on the shore, and arranges for Kenshin's return to Tokyo and Kaoru. The two finally meet, and Kenshin collapses into her arms as he clutches her to him. Kaoru then notices Kenshin's scar has faded away, signifying his death.[41] Nobuhiro Watsuki, after watching the last OVA said that "Kenshin went through so much crap and deserved a happy ending."[10]

Kenshin is a playable character in all of the Rurouni Kenshin video games,[42] including Jump Super Stars[43] and Jump Ultimate Stars.[44] Also, in episode 15 of the anime Buso Renkin, the main character Kazuki Muto says "oro, oro" when he receives his grades.[45] The other main character of Buso Renkin, Tokiko Tsumura, is based on the design of Kenshin as a hitokiri, which Watsuki commented that Tokiko is the female version of the "Hitokiri Battōsai" when he drew her face.[46]

Reception

Kenshin has been highly popular with the Rurouni Kenshin reader base, having ranked first in every Shonen Jump popularity poll of the series, always with more than double the votes of second place.[31][47] Watsuki received letters from fans describing Megumi Ogata's audio theatre voice as a "good fit" for Kenshin. Watsuki said that he imagined Kenshin's voice to be "more neutral."[48] A plethora of merchandise have been released in Kenshin's likeness including keychains,[49] action figures,[50] and plush dolls.[51] Since the manga was published, non-functional[52] and functional[53] sakabatō have been produced for purchase by collectors and fans.

Several publications for manga, anime, video games, and other media have provided praise and criticism on the character. T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews criticized that the fact that Kenshin looks super deformed in comedy scenes is not suited for the context of the character and the series.[54] AnimeOnDVD.com remarks that Kenshin has a "smartass" attitude in a review of volume 8; while they noted that is a common attitude in the anime that makes him look out-of-character.[55] Anime News Network praises Kenshin for being a character that all people enjoy to watch due to his comedy scenes.[56] SciFi.com remarked "Kenshin's schizoid personal conflict between his ruthless-killer side and his country- bumpkin" as a perfect way to develop good stories.[57]

The development of Kenshin in the OVA series has had negative reviews by many publications. Anime News Network also adds that in Samurai X: Reflection he continues to be his old mopey self and never uses the quote "oro,"[56] and IGN cited that some moments of the relationship between Kenshin and Kaoru were depressing.[58] However, some reviewers noted Kenshin's personality in the OVAs to be one of the most complex to ever be animated remarking the fact that he can not forget his bloody past, although having a peaceful life.[59]

A large number of video game characters were based on the character of Kenshin such as Keiichiro Washizuka from The Last Blade[60] and Shizumaru Hisame from the Samurai Shodown series.[61] Kenshin's personality was also planned to be used in the character Kakashi Hatake from Naruto, but the idea was deemed as a failure.[62] In an interview with Mayo Suzukaze, who is the seiyū for the character, she says that she started feeling similar to Kenshin after years of work as his voice, and comments that providing the voice for the character was one of her best experiences.[63]

Notes and references

  1. ^ "Megumi Ogata". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2008-02-04.
  2. ^ "J. Shannon Weaver". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2008-02-04.
  3. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (1999). Kenshin Kaden. Shueisha. p. p. 162. ISBN 4-08-782037-8. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  4. ^ "Hitokiri" means "manslayer", however, "Battōsai" does not have a literal meaning. While "battō" is a reference to battōjutsu, "sai" means "purify".
  5. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2003). "The Secret Life of Characters (1) Himura Kenshin". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 1. Viz Media. p. p. 56. ISBN 1-59116-220-3. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  6. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2006). "The Secret Life of Characters (54) Himura Kenji and the characters from Meiji 15". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 28. Viz Media. p. p. 154. ISBN 1-4215-0675-0. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  7. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2005). "The Secret Life of Characters (36) Henya Kariwa". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 15. Viz Media. p. p. 66. ISBN 1-59116-810-4. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  8. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2005). "The Secret Life of Characters (30), Seiku family". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 10. Viz Media. p. p. 128. ISBN 978-1591167037. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  9. ^ a b Watsuki, Nobuhiro. "Rurouni: Meiji Swordsman Romantic Story (1)". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 1. Viz Media. p. p. 168. ISBN 1-4215-0674-2. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  10. ^ a b Tei, Andrew. "Anime Expo 2002: Friday Report". AnimeOnDVD.com. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
  11. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2006). Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 27. Viz Media. p. p. 2. ISBN 1-59116-220-3. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  12. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2006). Rurouni Kenshin Kanzenban, Volume 1. Shueisha. p. p. 2. ISBN 4-08-874150-1. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  13. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2007). Rurouni Kenshin Kanzenban, Volume 15. Shueisha. p. p. 2. ISBN 978-4-08-874164-2. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  14. ^ "Interview with Clark Cheng". Dub Review. 2003. Retrieved 2008-05-07. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ^ a b c Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2005). "Chapter 94". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 12. Viz Media. ISBN 1-59116-712-4. Cite error: The named reference "train" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  16. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2005). "Chapter 166". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 19. Viz Media. p. pp. 159-160. ISBN 1-4215-0064-7. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  17. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2005). "Chapter 170". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 20. Viz Media. p. pp. 54-55. ISBN 1-59116-927-5. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  18. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2005). "Chapter 175". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 20. Viz Media. p. p. 141. ISBN 1-59116-927-5. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  19. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2005). "Chapter 177". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 20. Viz Media. p. p. 189. ISBN 1-59116-927-5. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  20. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2005). "Chapter 178". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 21. Viz Media. p. pp. 20-23. ISBN 1-4215-0082-5. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  21. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2005). "Chapter 179". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 21. Viz Media. ISBN 1-4215-0082-5.
  22. ^ a b c d Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2003). "Chapter 1". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 1. Viz Media. ISBN 1-59116-220-3.
  23. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2006). "Chapter 187". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 22. Viz Media. p. p. 19. ISBN 1-4215-0196-1. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  24. ^ a b Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2006). "Chapter 252". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 28. Viz Media. ISBN 1-4215-0675-0.
  25. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2005). "Chapter 145". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 17. Viz Media. p. p. 136. ISBN 1-59116-876-7. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  26. ^ a b Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2003). "Chapter 12". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 2. Viz Media. ISBN 1-59116-249-1.
  27. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2005). "Chapter 118". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 14. Viz Media. p. pp. 128-129. ISBN 1-59116-767-1. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  28. ^ "Oro demonstration". monkey-pirate.com. Retrieved 2008-03-07.
  29. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2005). "Chapter 129". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 15. Viz Media. ISBN 1-59116-810-4.
  30. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2005). "Chapter 96". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 12. Viz Media. ISBN 1-59116-712-4.
  31. ^ a b Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2005). "Chapter 143". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 17. Viz Media. ISBN 1-59116-876-7.
  32. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2006). "Chapter 211". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 24. Viz Media. ISBN 1-4215-0338-7.
  33. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2006). "Chapter 208". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 24. Viz Media. p. pp. 32-33. ISBN 1-4215-0338-7. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  34. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2006). "Chapter 236". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 26. Viz Media. p. pp. 167-168. ISBN 1-4215-0673-4. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  35. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2006). "Chapter 250". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 28. Viz Media. ISBN 1-4215-0675-0.
  36. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2006). "Chapter 255". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 28. Viz Media. ISBN 1-4215-0675-0.
  37. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2004). "Rurouni: Meiji Swordsman Romantic Story (2)". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 3. Viz Media. ISBN 1-59116-356-0.
  38. ^ "Samurai X: The Motion Picture". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2008-02-06.
  39. ^ "Samurai X: Trust and Betrayal (OAV)". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2008-02-04.
  40. ^ "Samurai X: Reflection (OAV)". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2008-02-04.
  41. ^ "Rurouni Kenshin: Enjou! Kyoto Rinne official website". Banpresto. Retrieved 2008-02-06.
  42. ^ "Jump Super Stars official website". Nintendo. Retrieved 2008-02-06.
  43. ^ "Jump Ultimate Stars official website". Nintendo. Retrieved 2008-02-06.
  44. ^ Takao Kato (Director). "Interim Existence". Buso Renkin. Episode 15. TV Tokyo. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)
  45. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2006). "Character case No. 4". Buso Renkin, Volume 1. Viz Media. p. p. 108. ISBN 1-4215-0615-7. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  46. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2005). "Chapter 113". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 14. Viz Media. p. p. 28. ISBN 1-59116-767-1. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  47. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro. "Free Talk". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 2. Viz Media. p. p. 77. ISBN 1-59116-249-1. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  48. ^ "Rurouni Kenshin, Karou, Sanosuke Group Key Chain". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2008-01-28.
  49. ^ "Rurouni Kenshin Story Image Figure! - Himura Kenshin". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2008-01-28.
  50. ^ "Rurouni Kenshin: Kenshin Battousai Ver. 8" Plush". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2008-01-28.
  51. ^ "Reverse Blade Rurouni Sword". Japanimation. Retrieved 2008-02-13.
  52. ^ "Deluxe Reverse Blade Sword - Rurouni Kenshin Sakabato". True Swords. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
  53. ^ Ross, Carlos. "Rurouni Kenshin manga review". T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  54. ^ Laveyurl, Megan. "Rurouni Kenshin Vol. #08 of 28". AnimeOnDVD.com. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
  55. ^ a b Crandol, Mike (2002-01-22). "Ruroni Kenshin second OAV series Seisouhen, part 1". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  56. ^ Robinson, Tasha. "Rurouni Kenshin TV The first steps down a very popular road". SciFi.com. Retrieved 2008-05-01.
  57. ^ Diaz Jr, Efrain (2004-04-09). "Samurai X". IGN. Retrieved 2008-02-06.
  58. ^ Nelson, Robert. "Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection review". T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews. Retrieved 2008-02-06.
  59. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2005). "Free Talk". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 17. Viz Media. ISBN 1-59116-876-7.
  60. ^ Watsuki, Nobuhiro (2004). "Free Talk". Rurouni Kenshin, Volume 8. Viz Media. ISBN 1-59116-563-6.
  61. ^ Kishimoto, Masashi (2003). "Failed Chapter 2". Naruto, Volume 1. Viz Media. ISBN 1-56931-900-6.
  62. ^ Suzukaze, Mayo (2002). Rurouni Kenshin Seisouhen 2 (DVD). Sony.
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