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{{main|The Man Who Would Be Queen}}
{{main|The Man Who Would Be Queen}}


'''''The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender Bending and Transsexualism''''' was published in 2003 by [[Joseph Henry Press]].<ref name="jhp">Bailey, J. Michael (2003). ''The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism''. Joesph Henry Press, ISBN 978-0309084185</ref> In it, Bailey reviews evidence that male [[homosexuality]] is innate, a result of heredity and prenatal environment. He also reviews evidence that there are two forms of [[transsexualism]], one that is an extreme type of homosexuality and one that is an expression of a [[paraphilia]] known as [[autogynephilia]]. Written in a popular science style, the book summarizes research supporting Bailey's opinions.
Bailey's book ''The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender Bending and Transsexualism'' was published in 2003.<ref name="jhp">Bailey, J. Michael (2003). ''The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism''. Joesph Henry Press, ISBN 978-0309084185</ref> In it, Bailey reviews evidence that male [[homosexuality]] is innate, a result of heredity and prenatal environment. He also reviews the theory of [[Ray Blanchard]] that there are two forms of [[transsexualism]], one that is an extreme type of homosexuality and one that is an expression of a [[paraphilia]] known as [[autogynephilia]]. Written in a popular science style, the book summarizes research supporting Bailey's opinions.


The book generated considerable controversy. Helen Boyd explained what might have motivated some to object to the book:<ref>{{cite book | title = My husband Betty: love, sex, and life with a crossdresser | author = Helen Boyd | publisher = Thunder's Mouth Press | year = 2003 | ibsn = 1560255153 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=vCT70HjI_a4C&pg=PA139&dq=bailey%27s+book+autogynephilia+gender&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=ZilKSLXOJYP6sQOz7OXnDQ&sig=IUS7xJ9DDKFs_xkl_ciXb3_OOe8 }}</ref>
The book generated considerable controversy. Helen Boyd explained what might have motivated some to object to the book:<ref>{{cite book | title = My husband Betty: love, sex, and life with a crossdresser | author = Helen Boyd | publisher = Thunder's Mouth Press | year = 2003 | ibsn = 1560255153 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=vCT70HjI_a4C&pg=PA139&dq=bailey%27s+book+autogynephilia+gender&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=ZilKSLXOJYP6sQOz7OXnDQ&sig=IUS7xJ9DDKFs_xkl_ciXb3_OOe8 }}</ref>
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{{quote|In the crossdressing community, the man who admits he is turned on by his dressing is still considered a pervert. The autogynephilic transsexual will not receive the same sympathy for her transsexualism as the non-autogynephilic transsexual. That's exactly what makes Bailey's book so dangerous: it allows transsexual women to be condemned by our society for having "perverse" sexual arousal patterns. |Helen Boyd}}
{{quote|In the crossdressing community, the man who admits he is turned on by his dressing is still considered a pervert. The autogynephilic transsexual will not receive the same sympathy for her transsexualism as the non-autogynephilic transsexual. That's exactly what makes Bailey's book so dangerous: it allows transsexual women to be condemned by our society for having "perverse" sexual arousal patterns. |Helen Boyd}}


Bailey's critics filed a complaint with Northwestern University alleging that he had sex with a research subject;<ref>Wilson, R. (2003, Dec. 19). Northwestern U. psychologist accused of having sex with research subject. ''The Chronicle of Higher Education,'' p. 17.</ref> however, Northwestern did not pursue the accusations.<ref>Barlow, G. (2003, Dec. 17). NU professor faces sexual allegations. ''Chicago Free Press.''</ref> Bailey's critics filed a complaint against Bailey with the Illinois Department of Professional Regulation, alleging that he practiced psychology without a license; however, the department did not pursue those allegations.<ref name = Carey2007>Carey, Benedict. ([[2007]]-[[08-21]].)
A transgender woman that he described in the book filed a complaint with [[Northwestern University]] alleging that he had sex with her when she was an unwitting subject of his research;<ref>Wilson, R. (2003, Dec. 19). [http://chronicle.com/weekly/v50/i17/17a01702.htm Northwestern U. psychologist accused of having sex with research subject]. ''The Chronicle of Higher Education,'' p. 17.</ref> however, Northwestern did not pursue the accusations.<ref>Barlow, G. (2003, Dec. 17). NU professor faces sexual allegations. ''Chicago Free Press.''</ref> Transsexual professors [[Lynn Conway]] and [[Deirdre McCloskey]] filed a complaint against Bailey with Illinois state regulators, alleging that he practiced psychology without a license; however, the department did not pursue those allegations.<ref name = Carey2007>Carey, Benedict. ([[2007]]-[[08-21]].)
[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/health/psychology/21gender.html?pagewanted=all "Criticism of a Gender Theory, and a Scientist Under Siege."] ''New York Times'' via nytimes.com. Retrieved on [[2007]]-[[09-19]].</ref> Bailey's critics filed a complaint with Northwestern alleging that Bailey committed scientific misconduct in the writing of his book.<ref>Wilson, R. (2003, July 25). Transsexual 'subjects' complain about professors' research methods. ''The Chronicle of Higher Education,'' p. 10.</ref> Northwestern did investigate this allegation. Although the findings of that investigation were not released,<ref>Wilson, R. (2004, Dec. 10). Northwestern U. will not reveal results of investigation into sex researcher. ''The Chronicle of Higher Education,'' p. 10.</ref> Northwestern’s Vice President for Research, C. Bradley Moore, said, "The allegations of scientific misconduct made against Professor J. Michael Bailey do not fall under the federal definition of scientific misconduct."<ref name = Dreger2008/> and that the university "has established a protocol to help ensure that
[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/health/psychology/21gender.html?pagewanted=all "Criticism of a Gender Theory, and a Scientist Under Siege."] ''New York Times'' via nytimes.com. Retrieved on [[2007]]-[[09-19]].</ref> At least two women who said they were subjects in his book filed a complaint with Northwestern alleging that Bailey committed scientific misconduct in the writing of his book.<ref>Wilson, R. (2003, July 25). Transsexual 'subjects' complain about professors' research methods. ''The Chronicle of Higher Education,'' p. 10.</ref><ref>Associated Press (July 26, 2003 ), "[http://www.thetimesonline.com/articles/2003/07/26/news/region_and_state/c8b1f7592d2a627386256d6f0008fe7c.txt Transsexuals accuse professor of research misconduct]"</ref> Northwestern did investigate this allegation. Although the findings of that investigation were not released,<ref>Wilson, R. (2004, Dec. 10). "[http://chronicle.com/weekly/v51/i16/16a01001.htm Northwestern U. Will Not Reveal Results of Investigation Into Sex Researcher]." ''The Chronicle of Higher Education,'' p. 10.</ref> Northwestern’s Vice President for Research, C. Bradley Moore, said, "The allegations of scientific misconduct made against Professor J. Michael Bailey do not fall under the federal definition of scientific misconduct."<ref name = Dreger2008/> and that the university "has established a protocol to help ensure that
Professor Bailey’s research activities involving human subjects are conducted in accordance with the expectations of the University, the regulations and guidelines established by the federal government and with generally accepted research standards."<ref name = Dreger2008>Dreger, A. D. (2008). The controversy surrounding ''The man who would be queen:'' A case history of the politics of science, identity, and sex in the Internet age. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37,'' 366-421. Also available at
Professor Bailey’s research activities involving human subjects are conducted in accordance with the expectations of the University, the regulations and guidelines established by the federal government and with generally accepted research standards."<ref name = Dreger2008>Dreger, A. D. (2008). The controversy surrounding ''The man who would be queen:'' A case history of the politics of science, identity, and sex in the Internet age. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37,'' 366-421. Also available at
[http://www.bioethics.northwestern.edu/faculty/work/dreger/controversy_tmwwbq.pdf].</ref> Bailey says that he did nothing wrong and that the attacks on him were motivated by the desire to suppress discussion of the book's ideas about transsexualism, especially [[autogynephilia]].<ref name="McCarthyism">{{cite web | title = Academic McCarthyism | url=http://www.chron.org/tools/viewarticle.php?artid=1248 | accessdate = 2007-05-15 }}</ref>
[http://www.bioethics.northwestern.edu/faculty/work/dreger/controversy_tmwwbq.pdf].</ref> Bailey says that he did nothing wrong and that the attacks on him were motivated by the desire to suppress discussion of the book's ideas about transsexualism, especially [[autogynephilia]].<ref name="McCarthyism">{{cite web | title = Academic McCarthyism | url=http://www.chron.org/tools/viewarticle.php?artid=1248 | accessdate = 2007-05-15 }}</ref>


Alice Dreger, an [[intersex]] activist and [[Northwestern University]] associate professor, published an account of [[BBL controversy|the controversy]]<ref name="dreger"/> in the [[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]. According to Dreger, the allegations of misconduct could more accurately be described as an "anti-Bailey campaign".<ref name="dreger">Dr. Alice Dreger, Medical Humanities & Bioethics Program at Northwestern University [http://www.bioethics.northwestern.edu/faculty/work/dreger/controversy_tmwwbq.pdf "The Controversy Surrounding The Man Who Would Be Queen: A Case History On the Politics of Science, Identity and Sex in the Internet Age"]</ref> The journal published in the same issue twenty-three commentaries regarding multiple aspects of the controversy.<ref>''Archives of Sexual Behavior.'' 2008, volume 37, 365–510. Some of the commentaries have been made available on-line by their authors: Deirdre McCloskey's [http://deirdremccloskey.org/docs/dreger.pdf Politics in Scholarly Drag: Dreger’s Assault on the Critics of Bailey], Julia Serano's [http://www.juliaserano.com/av/Serano_DregerCommentary.pdf A Matter of Perspective: A Transsexual Woman-Centric Critique of Dreger’s ‘‘Scholarly History’’ of the Bailey Controversy].</ref>
Alice Dreger, an [[intersex]] activist and [[Northwestern University]] associate professor, published an account of [[BBL controversy|the controversy]]<ref name="dreger"/> in the [[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]. According to Dreger, the allegations of misconduct could more accurately be described as an "anti-Bailey campaign".<ref name="dreger">Dr. Alice Dreger, Medical Humanities & Bioethics Program at Northwestern University [http://www.bioethics.northwestern.edu/faculty/work/dreger/controversy_tmwwbq.pdf "The Controversy Surrounding The Man Who Would Be Queen: A Case History On the Politics of Science, Identity and Sex in the Internet Age"]</ref> The journal published in the same issue twenty-three commentaries regarding multiple aspects of the controversy, including criticism of Dreger's analysis.<ref>''Archives of Sexual Behavior.'' 2008, volume 37, 365–510. Some of the commentaries have been made available on-line by their authors: Deirdre McCloskey's [http://deirdremccloskey.org/docs/dreger.pdf Politics in Scholarly Drag: Dreger’s Assault on the Critics of Bailey], Julia Serano's [http://www.juliaserano.com/av/Serano_DregerCommentary.pdf A Matter of Perspective: A Transsexual Woman-Centric Critique of Dreger’s ‘‘Scholarly History’’ of the Bailey Controversy].</ref>


===Sexual arousal patterns of self-identified bisexual men===
===Sexual arousal patterns of self-identified bisexual men===

Revision as of 06:26, 25 June 2008

J Michael Bailey
BornJuly 2, 1957
Lubbock, Texas
NationalityAmerican
Occupation(s)Professor psychology, Northwestern University

John Michael Bailey (born July 2, 1957 in Lubbock, Texas) is an American psychologist and professor at Northwestern University. He is best known among scientists for his work on the etiology of sexual orientation, from which he concluded that homosexuality is substantially inherited.[1][2][3] He also wrote The Man Who Would Be Queen, which has elicited reactions ranging from revilement to a nomination for an award (later retracted[4]) from the Lambda Literary Foundation, an organization that promotes gay literature.

Background and career

Bailey was born in Lubbock, Texas. He obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics from Washington University in 1979 and his Ph.D. in clinical psychology from the University of Texas at Austin in 1989, where he studied under behavioral genetics researcher Lee Willerman.[5]

Bailey became a professor at Northwestern University in 1989. In the 1990s, Bailey published several papers that suggested a heritable component for sexual orientation. In 2003 he published what is so far his only book, The Man Who Would Be Queen.

In October 2004, Bailey resigned as chairman of the Psychology Department. Bailey still serves as a Northwestern professor.[6]

Research

Bailey is well-known for research involving biology and sexual orientation. In the early 1990s he coauthored with Richard Pillard a series of twin studies which examined the rate of concordance of sexual identity among monozygotic twins (52% concordance), dizygotic twins of the same sex (22%), non-twin siblings of the same sex, and adoptive siblings of the same sex (11%).[7][8]

According to Bailey's interpretation of evolutionary psychology, homosexuality is an evolutionary mistake or paradox, and may represent "a developmental error."[9]

In December 2006, he controversially suggested that aborting a fetus after fetal screening for sexual orientation is "morally acceptable....even assuming, as we do, that homosexuality is entirely acceptable morally"[10] Bailey's view was that selecting the sexual orientation of one's offspring would be beneficial because it "would further a parent’s freedom to raise the sort of children they want to raise.”[11]

The Man Who Would Be Queen

Main article: The Man Who Would Be Queen

Bailey's book The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender Bending and Transsexualism was published in 2003.[12] In it, Bailey reviews evidence that male homosexuality is innate, a result of heredity and prenatal environment. He also reviews the theory of Ray Blanchard that there are two forms of transsexualism, one that is an extreme type of homosexuality and one that is an expression of a paraphilia known as autogynephilia. Written in a popular science style, the book summarizes research supporting Bailey's opinions.

The book generated considerable controversy. Helen Boyd explained what might have motivated some to object to the book:[13]

In the crossdressing community, the man who admits he is turned on by his dressing is still considered a pervert. The autogynephilic transsexual will not receive the same sympathy for her transsexualism as the non-autogynephilic transsexual. That's exactly what makes Bailey's book so dangerous: it allows transsexual women to be condemned by our society for having "perverse" sexual arousal patterns.

— Helen Boyd

A transgender woman that he described in the book filed a complaint with Northwestern University alleging that he had sex with her when she was an unwitting subject of his research;[14] however, Northwestern did not pursue the accusations.[15] Transsexual professors Lynn Conway and Deirdre McCloskey filed a complaint against Bailey with Illinois state regulators, alleging that he practiced psychology without a license; however, the department did not pursue those allegations.[16] At least two women who said they were subjects in his book filed a complaint with Northwestern alleging that Bailey committed scientific misconduct in the writing of his book.[17][18] Northwestern did investigate this allegation. Although the findings of that investigation were not released,[19] Northwestern’s Vice President for Research, C. Bradley Moore, said, "The allegations of scientific misconduct made against Professor J. Michael Bailey do not fall under the federal definition of scientific misconduct."[20] and that the university "has established a protocol to help ensure that Professor Bailey’s research activities involving human subjects are conducted in accordance with the expectations of the University, the regulations and guidelines established by the federal government and with generally accepted research standards."[20] Bailey says that he did nothing wrong and that the attacks on him were motivated by the desire to suppress discussion of the book's ideas about transsexualism, especially autogynephilia.[21]

Alice Dreger, an intersex activist and Northwestern University associate professor, published an account of the controversy[22] in the Archives of Sexual Behavior. According to Dreger, the allegations of misconduct could more accurately be described as an "anti-Bailey campaign".[22] The journal published in the same issue twenty-three commentaries regarding multiple aspects of the controversy, including criticism of Dreger's analysis.[23]

Sexual arousal patterns of self-identified bisexual men

Bailey once again stirred controversy in 2005 as senior author of a study which questioned whether male bisexuality exists in the way that it is sometimes described; the study was based on results of penile plethysmograph testing. The testing found that of men who identified themselves as bisexual, 75% were only aroused genitally by homosexual imagery, and 25% were only aroused genitally by heterosexual imagery. They concluded that bisexuality was a subjective experience: "Male bisexuality appears primarily to represent a style of interpreting or reporting sexual arousal rather than a distinct pattern of genital sexual arousal."[24]

The study received wide attention after a New York Times piece on the study that coincided with the opening of the annual meeting of the International Academy of Sex Research in 2005.[25] The article and study were criticized by gay and bisexual groups[26] and by FAIR.[27] Critics argued the sample size was relatively small, consisting of one hundred (100) men. Also, all of these subjects were "self-selected", from ads placed in gay and "alternative" publications. Then the researchers had to disregard results of thirty-five percent (35%) of this population, as non-responders.[24] Agreeing with the author's conclusion that bisexuality is a subjective experience, the late Dr. Fritz Klein, a sex researcher and the author of The Bisexual Option argued that "social and emotional attraction are very important elements in bisexual attraction."[25]

References

  1. ^ Bailey JM, Pillard RC, Neale MC, Agyei Y. (1993 ). Heritable factors influence sexual orientation in women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 217–223.
  2. ^ Bailey JM, Pillard, RC. (1995). Genetics of human sexual orientation. Annual Review of Sex Research, 6, 126-150.
  3. ^ Bailey JM, Dunne MP, Martin NG. (2000). Genetic and environmental influences on sexual orientation and its correlates in an Australian twin sample Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 524–536.
  4. ^ "Letter to New York Times, Sept 20, 2007". Press Room. Lambda Literary Foundation.
  5. ^ "Professional profile". Northwestern University. February 4, 2008. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ Davis, Andrew (December 8, 2004). "Northwestern Sex Researcher Investigated, Results Unknown". {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Bailey JM, Pillard RC (1991). "A genetic study of male sexual orientation". Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 48 (12): 1089–96. PMID 1845227.
  8. ^ Bailey JM, Benishay DS (1993). "Familial aggregation of female sexual orientation". Am J Psychiatry. 150 (2): 272–7. PMID 8422079.
  9. ^ Bailey JM (1999). "Homosexuality and mental illness". Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 56 (10): 883–4. PMID 10530627.
  10. ^ Greenberg AS, Bailey JM (2001). "Parental selection of children's sexual orientation" (PDF). Arch Sex Behav. 30 (4): 423–37, discussion 439–41. doi:10.1023/A:1010265416676. PMID 11446202.
  11. ^ Science told: hands off gay sheep Times Online (UK)
  12. ^ Bailey, J. Michael (2003). The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism. Joesph Henry Press, ISBN 978-0309084185
  13. ^ Helen Boyd (2003). My husband Betty: love, sex, and life with a crossdresser. Thunder's Mouth Press. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |ibsn= ignored (help)
  14. ^ Wilson, R. (2003, Dec. 19). Northwestern U. psychologist accused of having sex with research subject. The Chronicle of Higher Education, p. 17.
  15. ^ Barlow, G. (2003, Dec. 17). NU professor faces sexual allegations. Chicago Free Press.
  16. ^ Carey, Benedict. (2007-08-21.) "Criticism of a Gender Theory, and a Scientist Under Siege." New York Times via nytimes.com. Retrieved on 2007-09-19.
  17. ^ Wilson, R. (2003, July 25). Transsexual 'subjects' complain about professors' research methods. The Chronicle of Higher Education, p. 10.
  18. ^ Associated Press (July 26, 2003 ), "Transsexuals accuse professor of research misconduct"
  19. ^ Wilson, R. (2004, Dec. 10). "Northwestern U. Will Not Reveal Results of Investigation Into Sex Researcher." The Chronicle of Higher Education, p. 10.
  20. ^ a b Dreger, A. D. (2008). The controversy surrounding The man who would be queen: A case history of the politics of science, identity, and sex in the Internet age. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37, 366-421. Also available at [1].
  21. ^ "Academic McCarthyism". Retrieved 2007-05-15.
  22. ^ a b Dr. Alice Dreger, Medical Humanities & Bioethics Program at Northwestern University "The Controversy Surrounding The Man Who Would Be Queen: A Case History On the Politics of Science, Identity and Sex in the Internet Age"
  23. ^ Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2008, volume 37, 365–510. Some of the commentaries have been made available on-line by their authors: Deirdre McCloskey's Politics in Scholarly Drag: Dreger’s Assault on the Critics of Bailey, Julia Serano's A Matter of Perspective: A Transsexual Woman-Centric Critique of Dreger’s ‘‘Scholarly History’’ of the Bailey Controversy.
  24. ^ a b Rieger G, Chivers ML, Bailey JM (2005). "Sexual arousal patterns of bisexual men". Psychological science : a journal of the American Psychological Society / APS. 16 (8): 579–84. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01578.x. PMID 16102058.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ a b Carey, Benedict (July 5, 2005). "Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited". New York Times.
  26. ^ National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (July 2005). The Problems with "Gay, Straight, or Lying?" (PDF) Retrieved July 24, 2006.
  27. ^ FAIR (July 8, 2005). New York Times Suggests Bisexuals Are "Lying": Paper fails to disclose study author's controversial history.

Other selected bibliography

  • Bailey JM, Miller JS, Willerman L (1993). "Maternally rated childhood gender nonconformity in homosexuals and heterosexuals". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 22 (5): 461–9. PMID 8239975.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Greenberg AS, Bailey JM (1993). Do biological explanations of homosexuality have moral, legal, or policy implications? Journal of Sex Research, 30, 245-251.
  • Bailey JM, Zucker KJ (1995). Childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation: A conceptual analysis and quantitative review. Developmental Psychology, 31, 43-55.
  • Bailey JM, Nothnagel J, Wolfe M (1995). "Retrospectively measured individual differences in childhood sex-typed behavior among gay men: Correspondence between self- and maternal reports". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 24 (6): 613–22. PMID 8572910.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Bailey JM (1995). "Sexual orientation revolution". Nature Genetics. 11 (4): 353–4. doi:10.1038/ng1295-353. PMID 7493006.
  • Dunne MP, Martin NG, Bailey JM; et al. (1997). "Participation bias in a sexuality survey: psychological and behavioural characteristics of responders and non-responders". International Journal of Epidemiology. 26 (4): 844–54. PMID 9279618. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Bailey JM (1999). "Homosexuality and mental illness". Archives of General Psychiatry. 56 (10): 883–4. PMID 10530627.
  • Bailey JM, Pillard RC, Dawood K; et al. (1999). "A family history study of male sexual orientation using three independent samples". Behavior Genetics. 29 (2): 79–86. PMID 10405456. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Bailey JM (2003). The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism. Washington, D.C: Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 0-309-08418-0.

See also

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