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| familia = [[Osphronemidae]]
| familia = [[Osphronemidae]]
| genus = '''''Betta'''''
| genus = '''''Betta'''''
| genus_authority = [[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1850
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
| subdivision =
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}}
}}


'''Betta''' [[Bleeker (taxonomy)|Bleeker]], [[1850]] is a large [[genus]] of small, often colorful, [[freshwater]] [[ray-finned fish]]es in the [[gourami]] [[family (biology)|family]] (Osphronemidae). There are 28 known species of betta. The [[type species]] is ''B. picta,'' the [[spotted betta]].<ref name="fishbase">{{FishBase_genus|genus=Betta|month=March|year=2006}}</ref>
'''''Betta''''' is a large [[genus]] of small, often colorful, [[freshwater]] [[ray-finned fish]]es in the [[gourami]] [[family (biology)|family]] (Osphronemidae). There are 28 known species of betta. The [[type species]] is ''B. picta,'' the [[spotted betta]].<ref name="fishbase">{{FishBase_genus|genus=Betta|month=March|year=2006}}</ref>
By far the best known ''Betta'' species, however, is ''B. splendens,'' the [[Siamese fighting fish]].
By far the best known ''Betta'' species, however, is ''B. splendens,'' the [[Siamese fighting fish]].


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==Species==
==Species==
[[Image:Whitebetta.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A female Betta splendens]]
[[Image:Whitebetta.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A female ''Betta splendens'']]
The currently described ''Betta'' species can be grouped into "complexes" for conservation purposes. (This grouping of species makes no claim at representing a taxonomic reality.) The complexes of the associated species are:<ref name="fishbase" />
The currently described ''Betta'' species can be grouped into "complexes" for conservation purposes. (This grouping of species makes no claim at representing a taxonomic reality.) The complexes of the associated species are:<ref name="fishbase" />
<ref name="complex_mgt">{{cite web
<ref name="complex_mgt">{{cite web
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* Akarensis complex:
* Akarensis complex:
** ''[[Betta akarensis]]'' Regan, 1910 &ndash; [[Akar betta]]
** ''[[Betta akarensis]]'' <small>Regan, 1910</small> &ndash; [[Akar betta]]
** ''[[Betta antoni]]'' Tan & Ng, 2006
** ''[[Betta antoni]]'' <small>Tan & Ng, 2006</small>
** ''[[Betta aurigans]]'' Tan & Ng, 2004
** ''[[Betta aurigans]]'' <small>Tan & Ng, 2004</small>
** ''[[Betta balunga]]'' Herre, 1940
** ''[[Betta balunga]]'' <small>Herre, 1940</small>
** ''[[Betta chini]]'' Ng, 1993
** ''[[Betta chini]]'' <small>Ng, 1993</small>
** ''[[Betta ibanorum]]'' Tan and Ng, 2004
** ''[[Betta ibanorum]]'' <small>Tan and Ng, 2004</small>
** ''[[Betta obscura]]'' Tan & Ng, 2005
** ''[[Betta obscura]]'' <small>Tan & Ng, 2005</small>
** ''[[Betta pinguis]]'' Tan and Kottelat, 1998
** ''[[Betta pinguis]]'' <small>Tan and Kottelat, 1998</small>


* Albimarginata complex:
* Albimarginata complex:
** ''[[Betta albimarginata]]'' Kottelat and Ng, 1994
** ''[[Betta albimarginata]]'' <small>Kottelat and Ng, 1994</small>
** ''[[Betta channoides]]'' Kottelat and Ng, 1994
** ''[[Betta channoides]]'' <small>Kottelat and Ng, 1994</small>


* Anabatoides complex:
* Anabatoides complex:
** ''[[Betta anabatoides]]'' Bleeker, 1851 &ndash; [[giant betta]]
** ''[[Betta anabatoides]]'' <small>[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1851</small> &ndash; [[giant betta]]


* Bellica complex:
* Bellica complex:
** ''[[Betta bellica]]'' Sauvage, 1884 &ndash; [[slim betta]]
** ''[[Betta bellica]]'' <small>Sauvage, 1884</small> &ndash; [[slim betta]]
** ''[[Betta simorum]]'' Tan and Ng, 1996
** ''[[Betta simorum]]'' <small>Tan and Ng, 1996</small>


* Coccina complex:
* Coccina complex:
** ''[[Betta brownorum]]'' Witte and Schmidt, 1992
** ''[[Betta brownorum]]'' <small>Witte and Schmidt, 1992</small>
** ''[[Betta burdigala]]'' Kottelat and Ng, 1994
** ''[[Betta burdigala]]'' <small>Kottelat and Ng, 1994</small>
** ''[[Betta coccina]]'' Vierke, 1979
** ''[[Betta coccina]]'' <small>Vierke, 1979</small>
** ''[[Betta livida]]'' Ng and Kottelat, 1992
** ''[[Betta livida]]'' <small>Ng and Kottelat, 1992</small>
** ''[[Betta miniopinna]]'' Tan and Tan, 1994
** ''[[Betta miniopinna]]'' <small>Tan and Tan, 1994</small>
** ''[[Betta persephone]]'' Schaller, 1986
** ''[[Betta persephone]]'' <small>Schaller, 1986</small>
** ''[[Betta rutilans]]'' Witte and Kottelat in Kottelat, 1991
** ''[[Betta rutilans]]'' <small>Witte and Kottelat in Kottelat, 1991</small>
** ''[[Betta tussyae]]'' Schaller, 1985
** ''[[Betta tussyae]]'' <small>Schaller, 1985</small>
** ''[[Betta uberis]]'' Tan & Ng, 2006
** ''[[Betta uberis]]'' <small>Tan & Ng, 2006</small>


* Dimidiata complex:
* Dimidiata complex:
** ''[[Betta dimidiata]]'' Roberts, 1989
** ''[[Betta dimidiata]]'' <small>Roberts, 1989</small>
** ''[[Betta krataios]]'' Tan & Ng, 2006
** ''[[Betta krataios]]'' <small>Tan & Ng, 2006</small>


* Edithae complex:
* Edithae complex:
** ''[[Betta edithae]]'' Vierke, 1984
** ''[[Betta edithae]]'' <small>Vierke, 1984</small>


* Foerschi complex:
* Foerschi complex:
** ''[[Betta foerschi]]'' Vierke, 1979
** ''[[Betta foerschi]]'' <small>Vierke, 1979</small>
** ''[[Betta mandor]]'' Tan & Ng, 2006
** ''[[Betta mandor]]'' <small>Tan & Ng, 2006</small>
** ''[[Betta rubra]]'' Perugia, 1893 &ndash; [[Toba betta]]
** ''[[Betta rubra]]'' <small>Perugia, 1893</small> &ndash; [[Toba betta]]
** ''[[Betta strohi]]'' Schaller and Kottelat, 1989
** ''[[Betta strohi]]'' <small>Schaller and Kottelat, 1989</small>


* Picta complex:
* Picta complex:
** ''[[Betta falx]]'' Tan and Kottelat, 1998
** ''[[Betta falx]]'' <small>Tan and Kottelat, 1998</small>
** ''[[Betta picta]]'' (Valenciennes, 1846) &ndash; [[spotted betta]]
** ''[[Betta picta]]'' <small>([[Valenciennes]], 1846)</small> &ndash; [[spotted betta]]
** ''[[Betta simplex]]'' Kottelat, 1994
** ''[[Betta simplex]]'' <small>Kottelat, 1994</small>
** ''[[Betta taeniata]]'' Regan, 1910 &ndash; [[Borneo betta]]
** ''[[Betta taeniata]]'' <small>Regan, 1910</small> &ndash; [[Borneo betta]]


* Pugnax complex:
* Pugnax complex:
** ''[[Betta breviobesus]]'' Tan and Kottelat, 1998
** ''[[Betta breviobesus]]'' <small>Tan and Kottelat, 1998</small>
** ''[[Betta cracens]]'' Tan & Ng, 2005
** ''[[Betta cracens]]'' <small>Tan & Ng, 2005</small>
** ''[[Betta enisae]]'' Kottelat, 1995
** ''[[Betta enisae]]'' <small>Kottelat, 1995</small>
** ''[[Betta fusca]]'' Regan, 1910 &ndash; [[dusky betta]]
** ''[[Betta fusca]]'' <small>Regan, 1910</small> &ndash; [[dusky betta]]
** ''[[Betta lehi]]'' Tan & Ng, 2005
** ''[[Betta lehi]]'' <small>Tan & Ng, 2005</small>
** ''[[Betta pallida]]'' Schindler & Schmidt, 2004
** ''[[Betta pallida]]'' <small>Schindler & Schmidt, 2004</small>
** ''[[Betta prima]]'' Kottelat, 1994
** ''[[Betta prima]]'' <small>Kottelat, 1994</small>
** ''[[Betta pugnax]]'' (Cantor, 1849) &ndash; [[Penang betta]]
** ''[[Betta pugnax]]'' <small>(Cantor, 1849)</small> &ndash; [[Penang betta]]
** ''[[Betta pulchra]]'' Tan and Tan, 1996
** ''[[Betta pulchra]]'' <small>Tan and Tan, 1996</small>
** ''[[Betta raja]]'' Tan & Ng, 2005
** ''[[Betta raja]]'' <small>Tan & Ng, 2005</small>
** ''[[Betta schalleri]]'' Kottelat and Ng, 1994
** ''[[Betta schalleri]]'' <small>Kottelat and Ng, 1994</small>
** ''[[Betta stigmosa]]'' Tan & Ng, 2005
** ''[[Betta stigmosa]]'' <small>Tan & Ng, 2005</small>


* Splendens complex:
* Splendens complex:
** ''[[Betta imbellis]]'' Ladiges, 1975 &ndash; [[crescent betta]]
** ''[[Betta imbellis]]'' <small>Ladiges, 1975</small> &ndash; [[crescent betta]]
** ''[[Betta mahachai]]'' Panitvong, Nonn, 2002 &ndash;
** ''[[Betta mahachai]]'' <small>Panitvong, Nonn, 2002</small> &ndash;
** ''[[Betta smaragdina]]'' Ladiges, 1972 &ndash; [[emerald green betta]]
** ''[[Betta smaragdina]]'' <small>Ladiges, 1972</small> &ndash; [[emerald green betta]]
** ''[[Betta splendens]]'' Regan, 1910 &ndash; [[Siamese fighting fish]]
** ''[[Betta splendens]]'' <small>Regan, 1910</small> &ndash; [[Siamese fighting fish]]
** ''[[Betta stiktos]]'' Tan & Ng, 2005
** ''[[Betta stiktos]]'' <small>Tan & Ng, 2005</small>


* Unimaculata complex:
* Unimaculata complex:
** ''[[Betta compuncta]]'' Tan & Ng, 2006
** ''[[Betta compuncta]]'' <small>Tan & Ng, 2006</small>
** ''[[Betta gladiator]]'' Tan & Ng, 2005
** ''[[Betta gladiator]]'' <small>Tan & Ng, 2005</small>
** ''[[Betta ideii]]'' Tan & Ng, 2006
** ''[[Betta ideii]]'' <small>Tan & Ng, 2006</small>
** ''[[Betta macrostoma]]'' Regan, 1910 &ndash; [[spotfin betta]]
** ''[[Betta macrostoma]]'' <small>Regan, 1910</small> &ndash; [[spotfin betta]]
** ''[[Betta ocellata]]'' de Beaufort, 1933
** ''[[Betta ocellata]]'' <small>de Beaufort, 1933</small>
** ''[[Betta pallifina]]'' Tan & Ng, 2005
** ''[[Betta pallifina]]'' <small>Tan & Ng, 2005</small>
** ''[[Betta patoti]]'' Weber and de Beaufort, 1922
** ''[[Betta patoti]]'' <small>Weber and de Beaufort, 1922</small>
** ''[[Betta unimaculata]]'' (Popta, 1905) &ndash; [[Howong betta]]
** ''[[Betta unimaculata]]'' <small>(Popta, 1905)</small> &ndash; [[Howong betta]]


* Waseri complex:
* Waseri complex:
** ''[[Betta chloropharynx]]'' Kottelat and Ng, 1994
** ''[[Betta chloropharynx]]'' <small>Kottelat and Ng, 1994</small>
** ''[[Betta hipposideros]]'' Ng and Kottelat, 1994
** ''[[Betta hipposideros]]'' <small>Ng and Kottelat, 1994</small>
** ''[[Betta pi]]'' Tan, 1998
** ''[[Betta pi]]'' <small>Tan, 1998</small>
** ''[[Betta renata]]'' Tan, 1998
** ''[[Betta renata]]'' <small>Tan, 1998</small>
** ''[[Betta spilotogena]]'' Ng and Kottelat, 1994
** ''[[Betta spilotogena]]'' <small>Ng and Kottelat, 1994</small>
** ''[[Betta tomi]]'' Ng and Kottelat, 1994
** ''[[Betta tomi]]'' <small>Ng and Kottelat, 1994</small>
** ''[[Betta waseri]]'' Krummenacher, 1986
** ''[[Betta waseri]]'' <small>Krummenacher, 1986</small>


* unassigned:
* unassigned:
** ''[[Betta apollon]]'' Schindler & Schmidt, 2006
** ''[[Betta apollon]]'' <small>Schindler & Schmidt, 2006</small>
** ''[[Betta bangka]]''
** ''[[Betta bangka]]''
** ''[[Betta bungbihn]]''
** ''[[Betta bungbihn]]''
** ''[[Betta ferox]]'' Schindler & Schmidt, 2006
** ''[[Betta ferox]]'' <small>Schindler & Schmidt, 2006</small>
** ''[[Betta sukadan]]''
** ''[[Betta sukadan]]''
⚫
{{commons|Category:Betta}}


==External links==
==External links==
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==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

⚫
{{commons|Category:Betta}}


[[Category:Osphronemidae]]
[[Category:Osphronemidae]]

Revision as of 08:25, 29 July 2008

This article is about the entire genus Betta. For the species Betta splendens which is often called simply "betta", see Siamese fighting fish.

Betta
Betta albimarginata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Perciformes
Family:
Osphronemidae
Genus:
Betta

Bleeker, 1850
Species

B. persephone
B. picta - spotted betta
B. pugnax - Penang betta
B. splendens - Siamese fighting fish

and others (see text)

Betta is a large genus of small, often colorful, freshwater ray-finned fishes in the gourami family (Osphronemidae). There are 28 known species of betta. The type species is B. picta, the spotted betta.[1] By far the best known Betta species, however, is B. splendens, the Siamese fighting fish.

Characteristics

All the Betta species are small fishes, but they vary considerably in size, ranging from under 2.5 cm (1 inch) total length in B. chanoides to five inches in the Akar betta (B. akarensis).[1]

Bettas are anabantoids, which means they can breathe atmospheric air thanks to a unique organ called the labyrinth. This accounts for their ability to thrive in low-oxygen water conditions that would kill most other fish, such as rice paddies, slow-moving streams, drainage ditches, and large puddles. [2]

The various bettas can be divided into two groups, based on their spawning behaviour: some build bubble nests, like B. splendens, while others are mouthbrooders, like B. picta. The mouthbrooding species are sometimes called "pseudo bettas", and are sometimes speculated to have evolved from the nest-builders in an adaptation to their fast-moving stream habitats.[3]

Food

Betta fish are not big eaters but should be fed a small amount once a day to once every other day.[4] They can be fed floating flake food, freeze dried blood worms, live black worms, or frozen brine shrimp.

Betta pellets are small, round edible pellets that are food for most betta species. Betta pellets are made out of crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, crude ash, moisture, phosphorus, certain vitamins, and other ingredients.

Name

There is often much confusion in terminology regarding these fish. So-called "Siamese fighting fish", B. splendens, are frequently sold in the United States simply as "bettas." Fish fanciers are thus often unaware that, as of 2006, there are around 65 species classified within the genus Betta. A further source of confusion is that while the generic name Betta is italicized and capitalized, when used as a common name it is usually not capitalized. [5] The common name of Betta pugnax, for example, is thus Penang betta.

Siamese fighting fish, B. splendens, is often referred to as betta in the U.S., leading to some confusion

The name Betta (or betta) is Template:PronEng.[5]That is, the first part is the same as the English word bet. By confusion with the name of the Greek letter beta, the name is often pronounced /ˈbeɪtə/ in American English, and may be misspelled with one t. The name of the genus is unrelated to that of the Greek letter, being derived from ikan bettah, in a local language in Thailand.[1]

Conservation

While many Betta species are common and B. splendens is ubiquitous in the aquarium trade, other bettas are threatened. The IUCN Red List classifies several Betta species as Vulnerable. In addition, B. livida is Endangered, and B. miniopinna, B. persephone, and B. spilotogena are Critically Endangered.[6]

The United Nations Environment Programme lists an unconfirmed species, Betta cf. tomi, as having become extinct in Singapore between 1970 and 1994.[7] This likely refers to the extirpated Singaporean population of B. tomi, which continues to exist in the wild in Indonesia and Malaysia as well as in captivity; the Red List classifies it as Vulnerable.[8][9]

Species

A female Betta splendens

The currently described Betta species can be grouped into "complexes" for conservation purposes. (This grouping of species makes no claim at representing a taxonomic reality.) The complexes of the associated species are:[1] [10] [11]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Betta". FishBase. March 2006 version.
  2. ^ Marcus Song, Caring for Betta Fish ?????????(Lulu Press, 2006). ISBN 1-4116-9365-5
  3. ^ Fernando, Yohan. "Betta edithae - a Pseudo Betta?". International Betta Congress Species Maintenance Program. Retrieved 2006-06-30. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  4. ^ http://www.petco.com/caresheets/fish/Betta_Male.pdf
  5. ^ a b "Betta". American Heritage Dictionary (4th ed. ed.). Retrieved 2006-06-29. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  6. ^ "2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. they are amazing.... -> male betta". Retrieved 2006-06-30.
  7. ^ "Extinctions since 1970". United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 2006. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
  8. ^ Kottelat, M. (1996). "Betta tomi". 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
  9. ^ "Betta tomi". International Betta Congress Species Maintenance Program. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
  10. ^ "Species Complex Management". International Betta Congress Species Maintenance Program. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
  11. ^ "Betta". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 30 June. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
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