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⚫
The [[Strom Thurmond]] memo of February 7, 1972, recommending [[John_Lennon#Political_activism|deportation of John Lennon]], was addressed to Timmons in his role as assistant to President Nixon. The attached file from the Senate Internal Securit Subcommitte associated Lennon with the [[Chicago Seven]] and noted that "This group has been strong advocates of the program to 'dump Nixon'." {{irrel}} Thurmond told Timmons that "many headaches would be avoided if appropriate action were taken." {{irrel}} <ref name=kane/> Timmons responded to Thurmond on March 6, 1972, indicating that the [[Immigration and Naturalization Service]] had served a deportation notice on Lennon.<ref>
According to historian [[Jon Wiener]], Timmons "played a central role in the Nixon Administration's campaign to deport John Lennon in 1972."<ref name=wiener/>
⚫
The [[Strom Thurmond]] memo of February 7, 1972, recommending [[John_Lennon#Political_activism|deportation of John Lennon]], was addressed to Timmons in his role as assistant to President Nixon. The attached file from the Senate Internal Securit Subcommitte associated Lennon with the [[Chicago Seven]] and noted that "This group has been strong advocates of the program to 'dump Nixon'." Thurmond told Timmons that "many headaches would be avoided if appropriate action were taken."<ref name=kane/> Timmons responded to Thurmond on March 6, 1972, indicating that the [[Immigration and Naturalization Service]] had served a deportation notice on Lennon.<ref name=wiener>
{{cite book
{{cite book
| title = Gimme Some Truth: The John Lennon FBI Files
| title = Gimme Some Truth: The John Lennon FBI Files
Line 98: Line 97:
| isbn = 9780520222465
| isbn = 9780520222465
| pages = 2–5
| pages = 2–5
| quote = ...when Nixon was facing reelection, and when the 'clever Beatle' was living in New York and joining up with the antiwar movement. The Nixon administration learned that he and some radical friends were talking about organizing a national concert tour to coincide with the 1972 election campaign, a tour that would combine rock music and radical politics, during which Lennon would urge young people to register to vote, and vote against the war, which meant, of course, against Nixon. The administration learned about Lennon's idea from an unlikely source: Senator Strom Thurmond. Early in 1972 he sent a secret memo to John Mitchell and the White House reporting on Lennon's plans and suggesting that deportation 'would be a strategy counter-measure'.
| quote = ...when Nixon was facing reelection, and when the 'clever Beatle' was living in New York and joining up with the antiwar movement. The Nixon administration learned that he and some radical friends were talking about organizing a national concert tour to coincide with the 1972 election campaign, a tour that would combine rock music and radical politics, during which Lennon would urge young people to register to vote, and vote against the war, which meant, of course, against Nixon. The administration learned about Lennon's idea from an unlikely source: Senator Strom Thurmond. Early in 1972 he sent a secret memo to John Mitchell and the White House reporting on Lennon's plans and suggesting that deportation 'would be a strategy counter-measure'. (Timmons is not mentioned in this)
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=FPPj3e_cQIcC&pg=PA3&dq=%22William+Timmons%22+Lennon&ei=4u5iSevJPJqEkgTRzbmUBg#PPA5,M1 }}</ref> The Nixon administration's failed attempt to deport Lennon before the [[U.S. presidential election, 1972]], campaign season<ref name=kane>
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=FPPj3e_cQIcC&pg=PA3&dq=%22William+Timmons%22+Lennon&ei=4u5iSevJPJqEkgTRzbmUBg#PPA5,M1 }}</ref> The Nixon administration's failed attempt to deport Lennon before the [[U.S. presidential election, 1972]], campaign season {{irrel}}<ref name=kane>
{{cite book
{{cite book
| title = Lennon Revealed
| title = Lennon Revealed
Line 107: Line 106:
| isbn = 9780762423644
| isbn = 9780762423644
| page = 122
| page = 122
| quote = The assistant to the President wrote back in March and assured Senator Thurmond that the government had issued direct orders to rescind John's visa. The Justice Department and the Senate subcommittee feared that John and his friends would disrupt the Republican National Convention in Miami, and other events leading up to the 1972 presidential election.
| quote = The assistant to the President wrote back in March and assured Senator Thurmond that the government had issued direct orders to rescind John's visa. The Justice Department and the Senate subcommittee feared that John and his friends would disrupt the Republican National Convention in Miami, and other events leading up to the 1972 presidential election. (Timmons not mentioned here)
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=wGBEpc7qCmwC&pg=PA122&dq=%22William+Timmons%22+Lennon+election+1972&ei=sGh5ScGzAZX8ygS3kO2oBg
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=wGBEpc7qCmwC&pg=PA122&dq=%22William+Timmons%22+Lennon+election+1972&ei=sGh5ScGzAZX8ygS3kO2oBg
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
was documented when these memos were discovered, after the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] (ACLU) took on the [[Jon Wiener|Wiener v FBI]] "Lennon files" case to challenge the problems in the implementation of the [[Freedom of Information Act]].<ref>
was documented when these memos were discovered, after the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] (ACLU) took on the [[Jon Wiener|Wiener v FBI]] "Lennon files" case to challenge the problems in the implementation of the [[Freedom of Information Act]]. {{irrel}}<ref>
{{cite book
{{cite book
| title = The Secret Histories
| title = The Secret Histories
Line 118: Line 117:
| isbn = 9780312425173
| isbn = 9780312425173
| page = 252–267
| page = 252–267
| quote=The John Lennon files constitute a small but significant chapter in the history of the sixties, and of the Watergate era, and also in the history of bureaucratic secrecy and government abuse of power.
| quote=The John Lennon files constitute a small but significant chapter in the history of the sixties, and of the Watergate era, and also in the history of bureaucratic secrecy and government abuse of power. (note Timmons is not mentioned)
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=wERx-0P2HPsC&pg=PA265&dq=%22William+Timmons%22+Lennon&ei=vtpmSY7CFoL8lQSrv-DeCQ#PPA267,M1 }}</ref><ref>
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=wERx-0P2HPsC&pg=PA265&dq=%22William+Timmons%22+Lennon&ei=vtpmSY7CFoL8lQSrv-DeCQ#PPA267,M1 }}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
{{cite news
Line 125: Line 124:
| date = September 15, 2008
| date = September 15, 2008
| work = The Nation
| work = The Nation
| quote = The man John McCain appointed to head his transition team, William E. Timmons, played a central role in the Nixon Administration's campaign to deport John Lennon in 1972.
| quote = The man John McCain appointed to head his transition team, William E. Timmons, played a central role in the Nixon Administration's campaign to deport John Lennon in 1972. (actual evidence? - none)
| url = http://www.thenation.com/doc/20080929/wiener
| url = http://www.thenation.com/doc/20080929/wiener
}}</ref><ref>
}}</ref><ref>
Line 134: Line 133:
| Cardozo Life
| Cardozo Life
| publisher = Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law
| publisher = Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law
| quote = A memo dated February 4, 1972, was forwarded to former Attorney General John Mitchell and Bill Timmons of the White House by Sen. Strom Thurmond, describing Lennon as a threat to the US government and the reelection campaign of Richard Nixon because of Lennon's affiliations with members of the Radical Left, which was then trying to stimulate voter registration of 18-year-olds. The presidential election in 1972 was the first one in which 18-year-olds could vote, making 18- to 20-year-olds a very important constituency. I also uncovered a memo in which Marks is advised by Washington to deny all applications, to revoke the Lennons' voluntary departure privilege, and to schedule the deportation hearing for March 16, 1972--strong evidence of prejudgment of the case for political purposes.
| quote = A memo dated February 4, 1972, was forwarded to former Attorney General John Mitchell and Bill Timmons of the White House by Sen. Strom Thurmond, describing Lennon as a threat to the US government and the reelection campaign of Richard Nixon because of Lennon's affiliations with members of the Radical Left, which was then trying to stimulate voter registration of 18-year-olds. The presidential election in 1972 was the first one in which 18-year-olds could vote, making 18- to 20-year-olds a very important constituency. I also uncovered a memo in which Marks is advised by Washington to deny all applications, to revoke the Lennons' voluntary departure privilege, and to schedule the deportation hearing for March 16, 1972--strong evidence of prejudgment of the case for political purposes. (Note the Thurmond memo makes no such statement)
| date = Spring 1998
| date = Spring 1998
}}</ref>
}}</ref>

Revision as of 14:23, 28 February 2009

William E. Timmons, Sr.
Born1930
Chattanooga, Tennesse
Alma materGeorgetown University
OccupationLobbyist

William E. Timmons (born 1930) is an American lobbyist in Washington, D.C. who has worked for all of the Republican presidents since Richard Nixon, as well as Jimmy Carter. John McCain's presidential campaign asked Timmons to conduct a study in preparation for the presidential transition in case McCain won the election.[1]

Timmons is the Chairman Emeritus of lobbying firm Timmons and Company, which he founded in 1975 after leaving the administration of President Gerald Ford.[2]

Timmons served in the U.S. Air Force during the Korean War, and was an aide to Senator Alexander Wiley, administrative assistant to Rep. Bill Brock, and the Assistant for Legislative Affairs to both Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. He held official commissions from Presidents Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and Ronald Reagan.[3]

Personal

Timmons graduated from Georgetown University. He has three children and nine grandchildren. He is a 33rd degree Freemason, past officer of the Sons of the American Revolution, and is an active member of the Society of the Cincinnati and various state and county historical organizations. He has served on boards or advisory commissions for Georgetown University's Business School, the International College at the University of South Carolina, Parent's Council of Texas Christian University, and the Center for Strategic and International Studies.[3]

Convention and campaign management

Although he has never received much media attention, Timmons has been the mastermind behind Republican conventions since 1968, and nearly all big name politicians call him a friend.[4] He was the national convention manager for Nixon in 1968 and 1972, Gerald Ford in 1976, Ronald Reagan in 1980 and 1984. He also was a convention advisor to George H.W. Bush in 1988, and George W. Bush in 2000. Timmons was campaign manager for Rep. Bill Brock in 1962, 1964, and 1968. He received the National Young Republican of the Year award in 1965, and was head of congressional relations for the Nixon–Agnew campaign in 1968. In 1980 Timmons was the national political director for the Reagan–Bush campaign.[citation needed]

As Republican National Committee manager, Timmons organized "with extraordinary precision" the 1972 convention to re-elect Nixon, marking a "sea change" in the design and execution of conventions as massive media events, according to Republican convention veteran Bill Greener; "Since then, the move toward planning conventions as TV events continues," he said.[5]

Career political consultant F. Clifton White said "Timmons had been one of the young recruits who worked with me on the Goldwater campaign, and he already signed up to work for Reagan as political director. I had a great deal of respect for him because he had beaten me in 1968 when I backed Reagan and he was Nixon’s floor manager. Timmons showed me what he was capable of doing that year, and I regarded him as one of the best convention men in the country".[6]

Serving the presidents

Richard Nixon

Timmons was the Assistant for Legislative Affairs for President Richard Nixon during both of his terms.

The Chicago Tribune reported "In the opinion of several White House insiders, the youngest and least publicized of the President's top assistants is probably the one most responsible for Nixon's strategy, tactics and successes in dealing with a Democratic-controlled Congress. He is William Timmons, 39."[7] While attending a Washington party during the Nixon presidency, a hostess introduced Timmons as "the man who gets President Nixon's bills passed by Congress." Timmons smiled faintly and replied, "I'm glad I don't get paid on a commission basis."[8]

According to the writers of the 1982 publication "Who Runs Washington", Timmons was "a loyalist who did all an honest man could for Nixon".[9] Richard O. Jones, writing in 1999, commented that Nixon and Timmons were not very close and that unlike Harlow, his predecessor, Timmons did not "have the ear" of the President.[10] According to Rowland Evans Jr. and Robert D. Novak, Nixon and John Mitchell did not have full confidence in Timmons' ability to handle Congress.[11] As a result Nixon, while praising Timmons in public, appointed Clark MacGregor to oversee Timmons and all Congressional liaison in December 1970, without informing Timmons beforehand.[11]

The Strom Thurmond memo of February 7, 1972, recommending deportation of John Lennon, was addressed to Timmons in his role as assistant to President Nixon. The attached file from the Senate Internal Securit Subcommitte associated Lennon with the Chicago Seven and noted that "This group has been strong advocates of the program to 'dump Nixon'." [relevant?] Thurmond told Timmons that "many headaches would be avoided if appropriate action were taken." [relevant?] [12] Timmons responded to Thurmond on March 6, 1972, indicating that the Immigration and Naturalization Service had served a deportation notice on Lennon.[13] The Nixon administration's failed attempt to deport Lennon before the U.S. presidential election, 1972, campaign season [relevant?][12] was documented when these memos were discovered, after the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) took on the Wiener v FBI "Lennon files" case to challenge the problems in the implementation of the Freedom of Information Act. [relevant?][14][15][16]

Nixon opposed interpreting Title IX as applying to sports, and Timmons supported him in this view, endorsing the weakest enforcement of Title IX, advising "[Let's] ban the babes!"[17]

During the Watergate Scandal, after the October 1973 Saturday night massacre in which Nixon fired attorney general Elliot Richardson and deputy attorney general William Ruckleshaus and ordered Robert Bork to remove special prosecutor Archibald Cox, he asked Timmons to assess the reaction of Congress. After surveying them, Timmons wrote the first memo assessing Nixon's likelihood of being impeached; he reported confidentially, "There is not sufficient support in the House to impeach the President, or in the Senate to convict him."[18] As Nixon was struggling to remain in office, in early 1974, Timmons advised him to take advantage of the budget process "when there is strong congressional interest in pork projects. These hometown goodies are most important to many.... This is not the time to save nickels and dimes!"[19] Timmons would eventually advise the president to resign. He believed "it was time for the President to pack it in" and that "a moment of principle had come that would let the President resign with honor-this decision would undermine all future Presidents’ authority and thus, in defense of future Presidents, Richard Nixon should, at this moment, resign. (After lunch, Timmons would speak to General Haig in San Clemente and ask that this advice be brought, in his name, immediately to the President.)"[20]

Gerald Ford

Timmons continued as Assistant for Legislative Affairs for the Ford administration after Nixon resigned.[21] Ford said "Timmons and I were ideologically in the same spectrum, and I liked him on a very personal basis, always trusted him. Bill’s a pro. He did a great job for Nixon, and under the toughest of circumstances." [18] Timmons, who had the biggest office suite in the West Wing (other than the president's offices), and his team were offered to stay on as long as they liked.[22]

In 1974 Ford's advisors thought that Ronald Reagan would never challenge Ford, and Timmons disagreed with them. During the last week of the congressional campaign in Los Angeles, Timmons arranged two secret meetings between Ford and Reagan, and the relationship between the two men became warmer. [23]

Jimmy Carter

On April 19, 1978, President Carter reappointed Timmons to the Advisory Committee for Trade Negotiations.[24]

Ronald Reagan

Timmons was a key advisor to Ronald Reagan in his campaign against Jimmy Carter for the 1980 presidential election. His major campaign theme was that Jimmy Carter was "dumb, dangerous, and deceptive," and he was one of two advisors who opposed Reagan engaging in a debate with Carter.[25]

Timmons handled congressional relations for the Reagan transition team. With James Baker, on the Legislative Strategy Group, he worked on lobbying for public and congressional support for the president's domestic and economic policies.[26]

In 1986 Reagan named Timmons to the U.S.-Japan Advisory Commission. Both countries named members (roughly 12 in total) to study relationships between the two countries and make recommendations. The panel was nicknamed "Wise Men". The Wall Street Journal reported "Three years ago William Timmons was already one of the savviest, best-connected Republican lobbyists that American blue-chip companies could hire. Then President Regan made him a Wise Man." .[27]

Lobbying

Main article: Timmons & Company

After Timmons left the Ford White House, he formed Timmons & Company in 1975.[28] Nicknamed the "Rain Maker" for his aptitude to spur change on Capitol Hill, Timmons has used his clout in a scrupulous fashion. It was reported in 1982 that throughout his years of work in Washington, Timmons had given an honorable name to lobbying.[9]

In 1978, Timmons was among the lobbyists leading opposition to a bill that would have required lobbyists to reveal who pays them, who they represent, and what issues they have sought to shape. The lobbyists effectively had the bill stalled in Senator Abraham Ribicoff's Governmental Affairs Committee.[29]

In 1979, Chrysler Corporation hired lobbyist Tommy Boggs to influence Democrats, and Timmons, "a man skilled in gaining Republican sympathy for corporate causes," in their work to secure loan guarantees.[30]

According to United Nations reports, in early 1992 Timmons joined with entrepreneur Samir Vincent and public relations consultant John Venners in attempts to get an oil deal with Iraq, which was under UN sanctions at the time.[31]

Timmons and seven employees of Timmons and Company were listed as lobbyists for Bristol-Myers Squibb with "revolving door" connections to government in 2001 by Public Citizen;[32] they listed the same eight in 2002 and 2003.[33]

In 2008, the Obama campaign, which itself had an umpaid advisor from Timmons & Co. (later hired as an employee),[34] referred to Timmons as "one of Washington’s most famous and powerful lobbyists" when Timmons was tapped for planning help by the McCain campaign.[35] Time Magazine reported that Timmons's lobbying registrations "include work on a number of issues that have become flashpoints in the presidential campaign. He has registered to work on bills that deal with the regulations of troubled mortgage lenders Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, a bill to provide farm subsidies and bills that regulate domestic oil-drilling."[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "McCain Taps Lobbyist for Transition - TIME". 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
  2. ^ Salant, Jonathan D (2008-09-23). "McCain Transition Head Lobbied for Freddie Mac Before Takeover". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 2008-10-15. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b Who's Who in America 1995, Volume 2, Marquis Who's Who publisher, 1994, New Providence, NJ. Page 3690.
  4. ^ Sara Fitz (1984). "Los Angeles Times". p. 7.
  5. ^ Costas Panagopoulos (2007). Rewiring Politics. LSU Press. p. 6. ISBN 9780807132067.
  6. ^ F. Clifton Whiten with Jerome Tuccille (1994). Politics as a Noble Calling: The Memoirs of F. Clifton White. Jameson Books. p. 5. ISBN 9780915463640.
  7. ^ William Edwards (1970). "The Chicago Tribune". {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
  8. ^ Bill Connely (1973). "Richmond Times Dispatch". {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
  9. ^ a b Michael Kilian and Arnold Sawislak (1982). Who Runs Washington. St. Martin's Press. p. 156. ISBN 9780312870249.
  10. ^ Charles O. Jones (1999). Separate but Equal Branches: Congress and the Presidency. Chatham House Publishers, New York. p. 146–147. ISBN 1889119156.
  11. ^ a b Rowland Evans Jr., Robert D. Novak (1971). Nixon in the White House: The Frustration of Power. Random House, New York. p. 376–377. ISBN 0394462734.
  12. ^ a b Larry Kane (2005). Lennon Revealed. Running Press. p. 122. ISBN 9780762423644. The assistant to the President wrote back in March and assured Senator Thurmond that the government had issued direct orders to rescind John's visa. The Justice Department and the Senate subcommittee feared that John and his friends would disrupt the Republican National Convention in Miami, and other events leading up to the 1972 presidential election. (Timmons not mentioned here)
  13. ^ Jon Wiener (2000). Gimme Some Truth: The John Lennon FBI Files. University of California Press. pp. 2–5. ISBN 9780520222465. ...when Nixon was facing reelection, and when the 'clever Beatle' was living in New York and joining up with the antiwar movement. The Nixon administration learned that he and some radical friends were talking about organizing a national concert tour to coincide with the 1972 election campaign, a tour that would combine rock music and radical politics, during which Lennon would urge young people to register to vote, and vote against the war, which meant, of course, against Nixon. The administration learned about Lennon's idea from an unlikely source: Senator Strom Thurmond. Early in 1972 he sent a secret memo to John Mitchell and the White House reporting on Lennon's plans and suggesting that deportation 'would be a strategy counter-measure'. (Timmons is not mentioned in this)
  14. ^ John S. Friedman (2005). The Secret Histories. Macmillan. p. 252–267. ISBN 9780312425173. The John Lennon files constitute a small but significant chapter in the history of the sixties, and of the Watergate era, and also in the history of bureaucratic secrecy and government abuse of power. (note Timmons is not mentioned)
  15. ^ Jon Wiener (September 15, 2008). "Nixon Dirty Trickster on McCain Team: He Worked to Deport John Lennon". The Nation. The man John McCain appointed to head his transition team, William E. Timmons, played a central role in the Nixon Administration's campaign to deport John Lennon in 1972. (actual evidence? - none)
  16. ^ Leon Wildes (Spring 1998). "Not Just Any Immigration Case". Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law. A memo dated February 4, 1972, was forwarded to former Attorney General John Mitchell and Bill Timmons of the White House by Sen. Strom Thurmond, describing Lennon as a threat to the US government and the reelection campaign of Richard Nixon because of Lennon's affiliations with members of the Radical Left, which was then trying to stimulate voter registration of 18-year-olds. The presidential election in 1972 was the first one in which 18-year-olds could vote, making 18- to 20-year-olds a very important constituency. I also uncovered a memo in which Marks is advised by Washington to deny all applications, to revoke the Lennons' voluntary departure privilege, and to schedule the deportation hearing for March 16, 1972--strong evidence of prejudgment of the case for political purposes. (Note the Thurmond memo makes no such statement) {{cite web}}: Text "Cardozo Life" ignored (help)
  17. ^ Dean J. Kotlowski (2001). Nixon's Civil Rights. Harvard University Press. p. 253. ISBN 9780674006232.
  18. ^ a b James M. Cannon (1998). Time and Chance: Gerald Ford's Appointment with History. University of Michigan Press. pp. 100, 226. ISBN 9780472084821.
  19. ^ John A. Farrell (2002). Tip O'Neill and the Democratic Century. Back Bay. p. 368. ISBN 9780316185707.
  20. ^ Theodore H. White (1975). Breach of Faith: The Fall of Richard Nixon. Harvard University Press. p. 6.
  21. ^ Shirley Anne Warshaw (1996). Powersharing. SUNY Press. p. 137. ISBN 9780791428696.
  22. ^ Robert T. Hartman (1980). Palace Politics: An Inside Account of the Ford Years. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 170, 209, 281. ISBN 9780070269514.
  23. ^ Rowland Evans and Robert Novak (1981). The Reagan Revolution: An Inside Look at the Transformation of the U. S. Government. Dutton. p. 44. ISBN 9780525189701.
  24. ^ "Advisory Committee for Trade Negotiations Appointment of Nine Members". The American Presidency Project. April 19, 1978.
  25. ^ Elizabeth Drew (1981). Portrait of an Election: The 1980 Presidential Campaign. Simon and Schuster. pp. 197 and 311. ISBN 9780671430344.
  26. ^ Paul Kengor and Peter Schweizer (2005). The Reagan Presidency. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 159–160. ISBN 9780742534155.
  27. ^ . Wall Street Journal. 1986. p. 1. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  28. ^ Gordon Adams (1982). The Politics of Defense Contracting. Transaction Publishers. p. 146. ISBN 9780878710126.
  29. ^ "The Swarming Lobbyists", Time, August 7, 1978; reprinted in Byron W. Daynes and Raymond Tatalovich, ed. (1980). Contemporary Readings in American Government. D. C. Heath. p. 120. ISBN 9780669011630.
  30. ^ Robert B. Reich and John D. Donahue (1985). New Deals: The Chrysler Revival and the American System. Times Books. pp. 113, 149. ISBN 9780812911800.
  31. ^ Jeffrey A. Meyer and Mark G. Califano (2006). Good Intentions Corrupted: The Oil-for-Food Program and the Threat to the U.N. PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781586484729.
  32. ^ "Bristol-Myers Squibb Lobbyists in 2001, With Revolving Door Connections". Public Citizen. Retrieved 12 Jan. 2008. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  33. ^ "The Other Drug War 2003: Drug Companies Deploy an Army of 675 Lobbyist to Protect Profits". Public Citizen. June 23, 2003. Retrieved 15 Jan. 2008. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  34. ^ http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2008/08/20/1278270.aspx?p=1
  35. ^ "Obama Press Call: Campaign Memo and Conference Call on a McCain Lobbyist-Run White House". Obama campaign memos. 2008Central.net. September 14, 2008.


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