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==Origin==
==Origin==
The traditional attribution of this creed to [[Athanasius of Alexandria]] was first called into question in 1642 by Dutch theologian [[Gerhard Johann Vossius|G.J. Voss]].<ref>Michael O'Carroll, "Athanasian Creed" in ''Trinitas,'' (Wilmington, Delaware:Michael Glazier, 1987).</ref> It is widely accepted by modern scholars that the creed was not authored by Athanasius. <ref>Frederick W. Norris, "Athanasian Creed" in ''Encyclopedia of Early Christianity'', 2nd edition, ed. Everett Fergusen (New York:Garland, 1997).</ref> Reasons for rejecting Athanasius as the author are: 1) The creed originally was written in Latin. 2) It is not mentioned by Athanasius or his contemporaries. 3) It is not mentioned in any records of the [[ecumenical councils]]. 4) It appears to address Christological controversies that developed after Athanasius died.<ref>''Concordia Triglotta,'' Historical Introduction, St. Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House, 1921, p. 13.</ref> Although Constantine ended imperial persecution of the Church in 313 with the [[Edict of Milan]], the preceding centuries of oppression had prevented large-scale theological debate and uniformity. The [[First Council of Nicaea|Nicean Council]] institutionalized widely held beliefs and formally opposed theologically divergent doctrines. The creed was attributed to Athanasius as a sign of its intense orthodoxy of Trinitarian belief.
The traditional attribution of this creed to [[Athanasius of Alexandria]] was first called into question in 1642 by Dutch theologian [[Gerhard Johann Vossius|G.J. Voss]].<ref>Michael O'Carroll, "Athanasian Creed" in ''Trinitas,'' (Wilmington, Delaware:Michael Glazier, 1987).</ref> It is widely accepted by modern scholars that the creed was not authored by Athanasius. <ref>Frederick W. Norris, "Athanasian Creed" in ''Encyclopedia of Early Christianity'', 2nd edition, ed. Everett Fergusen (New York:Garland, 1997).</ref> The Creed was attributed to Athanasius, who was a defender of [[Council of Nicaea|Nicene theology]], as a sign of its strong declaration of Trinitarian faith. The reasoning for rejecting Athanasius as the author are usually relies on a combination of the following:
# The creed originally was most likely written in Latin, while Athanasius composed in Greek.
# Neither Athanasius nor his contemporaries ever mention the Creed.
# It is not mentioned in any records of the [[ecumenical councils]].
# It appears to address theological concerns that developed after Athanasius died.
# It was most widely circulated among [[Western Christianity|Western Christians]].<ref>''Concordia Triglotta,'' Historical Introduction, St. Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House, 1921, p. 13.</ref><ref>Michael O'Carroll, "Athanasian Creed" in ''Trinitas,'' (Wilmington, Delaware:Michael Glazier, 1987).</ref> A


Most of today's historians agree that it originated in Gaul around 500. Its [[theology]] is closely akin to that found in the writings of Western theologians, especially Ss. [[Ambrose of Milan]], [[Augustine of Hippo]], and [[Vincent of Lérins]]. J.N.D. Kelly, a contemporary [[patristics]] scholar, believes that St. Vincent of Lérin was not its author, but suggests that it may have come from the same milieu, namely the area of Lérins in southern Gaul.<ref>J.N.D. Kelly, ''The Athanasian Creed'', NY: Harper and Row, 1964.</ref>
The use of the Creed in a sermon by [[Caesarius of Arles]], as well as a theological resemblance to works by [[Vincent of Lérins]], point to Southern [[Gaul]] as its origin.<ref>Frederick W. Norris, "Athanasian Creed" in ''Encyclopedia of Early Christianity'', 2nd edition, ed. Everett Fergusen (New York:Garland, 1997).</ref> The most likely time frame is in the late fifth or early sixth century of the common era - at least 100 years after Athanasius. Its [[theology]] is closely akin to that found in the writings of Western theologians, especially [[Ambrose of Milan]] and [[Augustine of Hippo]]. J.N.D. Kelly, a modern [[patristics]] scholar, believes that Vincent of Lérin was not its author, but suggests that it may have come from the same milieu, namely the area of Lérins in southern Gaul.<ref>J.N.D. Kelly, ''The Athanasian Creed'', NY: Harper and Row, 1964.</ref> The oldest surviving manuscripts of the Athanasian Creed date from the late 8th century.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Celia Chazelle|title=Archbishops Ebo and Hincmar of Reims and the Utrecht Psalter|journal=Speculum|volume=72|issue=4|date=October 1997|pages=1056}}</ref>

The oldest surviving manuscripts of the Athanasian creed date from the late 8th century.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Celia Chazelle|title=Archbishops Ebo and Hincmar of Reims and the Utrecht Psalter|journal=Speculum|volume=72|issue=4|date=October 1997|pages=1056}}</ref>


==Content==
==Content==

Revision as of 20:05, 30 April 2009

The Shield of the Trinity, a visual representation of the doctrine of the Trinity, derived from the Athanasian Creed. The Latin reads: ""The Father is God, The Son is God, The Holy Spirit is God; God is the Father, God is the Son, God is the Holy Spirit; The Father is not the Son, The Son is not the Father, The Father is not the Holy Spirit, The Holy Spirit is not the Father, The Son is not the Holy Spirit, The Holy Spirit is not the Son."

The Athanasian Creed (Quicumque vult) is a Christian statement of belief, focusing on Trinitarian doctrine and Christology. The Latin name of the creed, Quicumque vult, is taken from the opening words "Whosoever wishes." The Athanasian Creed has been widely used by Christian churches since the sixth century of the common era. It is the first creed in which the equality of the three persons of the Trinity is explicitly stated, and differs from the Nicene and Apostles' Creeds in the inclusion of anathemas, or condemnations of those who disagree with the Creed.

Origin

The traditional attribution of this creed to Athanasius of Alexandria was first called into question in 1642 by Dutch theologian G.J. Voss.[1] It is widely accepted by modern scholars that the creed was not authored by Athanasius. [2] The Creed was attributed to Athanasius, who was a defender of Nicene theology, as a sign of its strong declaration of Trinitarian faith. The reasoning for rejecting Athanasius as the author are usually relies on a combination of the following:

  1. The creed originally was most likely written in Latin, while Athanasius composed in Greek.
  2. Neither Athanasius nor his contemporaries ever mention the Creed.
  3. It is not mentioned in any records of the ecumenical councils.
  4. It appears to address theological concerns that developed after Athanasius died.
  5. It was most widely circulated among Western Christians.[3][4] A

The use of the Creed in a sermon by Caesarius of Arles, as well as a theological resemblance to works by Vincent of Lérins, point to Southern Gaul as its origin.[5] The most likely time frame is in the late fifth or early sixth century of the common era - at least 100 years after Athanasius. Its theology is closely akin to that found in the writings of Western theologians, especially Ambrose of Milan and Augustine of Hippo. J.N.D. Kelly, a modern patristics scholar, believes that Vincent of Lérin was not its author, but suggests that it may have come from the same milieu, namely the area of Lérins in southern Gaul.[6] The oldest surviving manuscripts of the Athanasian Creed date from the late 8th century.[7]

Content

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

The first half of the creed confesses the Trinity (one God in three persons). With didactic repetition it ascribes divine majesty and characteristics to the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, each individually. At the same time it clearly states that, although all three are individually divine, they are not three gods but one God. Furthermore, although one God, the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are distinct from each other. For the Father is neither made nor begotten; the Son is not made but is begotten from the Father; the Holy Spirit is neither made nor begotten but proceeds from the Father and the Son (filioque).

Didactic as its content appears to contemporary readers, its opening sets out the essential principle that the Catholic faith does not consist in the first place in assent to propositions, but 'that we worship One God in Trinity, and Trinity and Unity'. All else flows from that orientation.

Its teaching about Jesus Christ is more detailed than in the Nicene Creed, and reflects the teaching of the Council of Ephesus (431) and the definition of the Council of Chalcedon (451). The 'Athanasian' Creed boldly uses the key Nicene term homoousios ('one substance', 'one in Being') not only with respect to the relation of the Son to the Father according to his divine nature, but that the Son is homoousios with his mother Mary, according to his human nature.

The Creed's wording thus excludes not only Sabellianism and Arianism, but the Christological heresies of Nestorianism and Eutychianism. A need for a clear confession against Arianism arose in western Europe when the Ostrogoths and Visigoths, who had Arian beliefs, invaded at the beginning of the 5th century.

The final section of this Creed also moved beyond the Nicene (and Apostles') Creeds in making negative statements about the people's fate: "They that have done good shall go into life everlasting: and they that have done evil into everlasting fire." This caused considerable debate in England in the mid-nineteenth century, centred around the teaching of Frederic Denison Maurice.

Uses

Detail of a manuscript illustration depicting a knight carrying the "Shield of the Trinity."

Liturgically, this Creed was recited at the Sunday Office of Prime in the Western Church; it is not used in the Eastern Church. Today the Athanasian Creed is rarely used even in the Western Church.

In Reformed circles, it is included (for example) in the Christian Reformed Churches of Australia's Book of Forms (publ. 1991). That said, it is rarely recited in public worship.

In the successive Books of Common Prayer of the reformed Church of England from 1549 to 1662, its recitation was provided for on 19 occasions each year, a practice which continued until the nineteenth century, when vigorous controversy regarding its statement about 'eternal damnation' saw its use gradually decline. It remains one of the three Creeds approved in the Thirty-Nine Articles, and is printed in several current Anglican prayer books (eg A Prayer Book for Australia (1995)). As with Roman Catholic practice, its use is now generally only on Trinity Sunday or its octave.

In Roman Catholic churches, it was traditionally said at Prime on Sundays after Epiphany and Pentecost, except when a Double feast or day within an octave occurred, and on Trinity Sunday. In the 1960 reforms, it was reduced to once a year on Trinity Sunday. It has been effectively dropped from the Catholic liturgy since Vatican II, although it is retained in the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. It is however maintained in the Forma Extraordinaria, per the decree Summorum Pontificum, and also in the rite of exorcism, both in the Forma Ordinaria and the Forma Extraordinaria of the Roman Rite.

In Lutheranism, the Athanasian Creed is -- along with the Apostles' and Nicene Creeds -- one of the three ecumenical creeds placed at the beginning of the 1580 Book of Concord, the historic collection of authoritative doctrinal statements (confessions) of the Lutheran church. It is still used in the liturgy on Trinity Sunday.

A common visualisation of the first half of the Creed is the Shield of the Trinity.

See also

Template:Christianityportal

References

  1. ^ Michael O'Carroll, "Athanasian Creed" in Trinitas, (Wilmington, Delaware:Michael Glazier, 1987).
  2. ^ Frederick W. Norris, "Athanasian Creed" in Encyclopedia of Early Christianity, 2nd edition, ed. Everett Fergusen (New York:Garland, 1997).
  3. ^ Concordia Triglotta, Historical Introduction, St. Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House, 1921, p. 13.
  4. ^ Michael O'Carroll, "Athanasian Creed" in Trinitas, (Wilmington, Delaware:Michael Glazier, 1987).
  5. ^ Frederick W. Norris, "Athanasian Creed" in Encyclopedia of Early Christianity, 2nd edition, ed. Everett Fergusen (New York:Garland, 1997).
  6. ^ J.N.D. Kelly, The Athanasian Creed, NY: Harper and Row, 1964.
  7. ^ Celia Chazelle (October 1997). "Archbishops Ebo and Hincmar of Reims and the Utrecht Psalter". Speculum. 72 (4): 1056.
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