Jump to content

Nikolai Kulikovsky: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
per comments at FAC
No edit summary
Line 32: Line 32:
During the war, internal tensions and economic deprivation in Russia continued to mount and revolutionary sympathies grew. After Nicholas II was deposed in early 1917, many members of the Romanov dynasty, including Nicholas and his immediate family, were arrested and held under house arrest. The new government retired Kulikovsky from the army with the rank of lieutenant-colonel.<ref>Phenix, p. 115</ref> Dowager Empress Marie, Grand Duke Alexander, Grand Duchess Olga, and Kulikovsky managed to escape to the [[Crimea]] where they lived for a time before they too were placed under house arrest at one of the imperial estates.<ref>Phenix, pp. 115–118; Vorres, pp. 149-153</ref> As a commoner, Kulikovsky was permitted more freedom of movement than the Romanovs, and was occasionally able to leave the estate in a pony-cart, which allowed him to run errands, obtain food, and seek news of the outside.<ref>Vorres, p. 153</ref> On 12 August 1917, Olga and Kulikovsky's first child and son, Tikhon, was born in the Crimea. He was named after one of the Grand Duchess's favorite saints, [[Tikhon of Zadonsk]]. Although the grandson of an emperor and the nephew of another, Tikhon received no titles because his father was a commoner.
During the war, internal tensions and economic deprivation in Russia continued to mount and revolutionary sympathies grew. After Nicholas II was deposed in early 1917, many members of the Romanov dynasty, including Nicholas and his immediate family, were arrested and held under house arrest. The new government retired Kulikovsky from the army with the rank of lieutenant-colonel.<ref>Phenix, p. 115</ref> Dowager Empress Marie, Grand Duke Alexander, Grand Duchess Olga, and Kulikovsky managed to escape to the [[Crimea]] where they lived for a time before they too were placed under house arrest at one of the imperial estates.<ref>Phenix, pp. 115–118; Vorres, pp. 149-153</ref> As a commoner, Kulikovsky was permitted more freedom of movement than the Romanovs, and was occasionally able to leave the estate in a pony-cart, which allowed him to run errands, obtain food, and seek news of the outside.<ref>Vorres, p. 153</ref> On 12 August 1917, Olga and Kulikovsky's first child and son, Tikhon, was born in the Crimea. He was named after one of the Grand Duchess's favorite saints, [[Tikhon of Zadonsk]]. Although the grandson of an emperor and the nephew of another, Tikhon received no titles because his father was a commoner.


As newspapers were banned and letters infrequent, the Romanovs under house arrest knew little of the fate of Tsar Nicholas and his family. Nicholas, [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)|his wife]], and their children, were originally held at their official residence, the [[Alexander Palace]], but the provisional government under [[Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky]] relocated them to [[Tobolsk]], [[Siberia]].<ref>Phenix, p. 119</ref> Eventually, in July 1918, Nicholas and his family were killed by their [[Bolshevik]] guards. In the Crimea, the Grand Duchess's family were condemned to death by the [[Sevastopol]] and [[Yalta]] revolutionary councils but political rivalry between the two factions delayed any executions.<ref>Phenix, p. 122; Vorres, pp. 155–156</ref> In March 1918, German forces advanced on the Crimea, and the revolutionary guards were replaced by German ones.<ref>Phenix, pp. 123–125; Vorres, pp. 156–157</ref> When Germany surrendered to the [[Allies of World War I]] in November 1918, the German troops evacuated, allowing the surviving members of the imperial family time to escape abroad. The British warship [[HMS Marlborough (1912)|HMS ''Marlborough'']] rescued the Dowager Empress Marie and some of her family from the unstable Crimea but Grand Duchess Olga and Kulikovsky decided to stay in Russia and travelled to the Caucasus region, where the Bolsheviks had been pushed back by the [[White Army]].<ref>Phenix, p. 128; Vorres, p. 159</ref> During the journey, a coupling on the train carriage in which they were travelling developed a fault, possibly from sabotage, and Kulikovsky crawled over the carriage roofs to reach the driver and stop the train.<ref>Vorres, p. 160</ref> In the Caucasus, Kulikovsky took a job working on a farm as he was unable to secure a military posting in the White Army because the commanding general, [[Anton Denikin]], wished to avoid association with the Romanovs.<ref>Vorres, pp. 160–162</ref> In a rented farmhouse at the large [[Cossack]] village of Novominskaya Olga and Kulikovsky's second son, Guri, was born on 23 April 1919. He was named after Guri Panaev, who had been killed serving in Olga's Akhtyrsky regiment. As the White Army was pushed back and the [[Red Army]] approached, the family set out on what would be their last journey through Russia; they traveled to [[Rostov-on-Don]], and from there took refuge in the residence of the Danish consul at [[Novorossiysk]], Thomas Schytte,<ref>Phenix, pp. 130–131; Vorres, pp. 160–163</ref> who informed them of Dowager Empress Marie's safe arrival in [[Denmark]].<ref>[http://history-gatchina.ru/owners/olga/olga5e.htm Kulikovsky-Romanoff, p. 5]</ref>
As newspapers were banned and letters infrequent, the Romanovs under house arrest knew little of the fate of Tsar Nicholas and his family. Nicholas, [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)|his wife]], and their children, were originally held at their official residence, the [[Alexander Palace]], but the provisional government under [[Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky]] relocated them to [[Tobolsk]], [[Siberia]].<ref>Phenix, p. 119</ref> Eventually, in July 1918, Nicholas and his family were killed by their [[Bolshevik]] guards. In the Crimea, the Grand Duchess's family were condemned to death by the [[Yalta]] revolutionary council but the executions were stayed by the [[Sevastopol]] council, who refused to act without orders from Moscow.<ref>Phenix, p. 122; Vorres, pp. 155–156; Zeepvat, p. 152</ref> In March 1918, German forces advanced on the Crimea, and the revolutionary guards were replaced by German ones.<ref>Phenix, pp. 123–125; Vorres, pp. 156–157</ref> When Germany surrendered to the [[Allies of World War I]] in November 1918, the German troops evacuated, allowing the surviving members of the imperial family time to escape abroad. The British warship [[HMS Marlborough (1912)|HMS ''Marlborough'']] rescued the Dowager Empress Marie and some of her family from the Crimea but Grand Duchess Olga and Kulikovsky decided to stay in Russia and travelled to the Caucasus region, where the Bolsheviks had been pushed back by the [[White Army]].<ref>Phenix, p. 128; Vorres, p. 159</ref> During the journey, a coupling on the train carriage in which they were travelling developed a fault, possibly from sabotage, and Kulikovsky crawled over the carriage roofs to reach the driver and stop the train.<ref>Vorres, p. 160</ref> In the Caucasus, Kulikovsky took a job working on a farm as he was unable to secure a military posting in the White Army because the commanding general, [[Anton Denikin]], wished to avoid association with the Romanovs.<ref>Vorres, pp. 160–162</ref> In a rented farmhouse at the large [[Cossack]] village of Novominskaya Olga and Kulikovsky's second son, Guri, was born on 23 April 1919. He was named after Guri Panaev, who had been killed serving in Olga's Akhtyrsky regiment. As the White Army was pushed back and the [[Red Army]] approached, the family set out on what would be their last journey through Russia; they traveled to [[Rostov-on-Don]], and from there took refuge in the residence of the Danish consul at [[Novorossiysk]], Thomas Schytte,<ref>Phenix, pp. 130–131; Vorres, pp. 160–163</ref> who informed them of Dowager Empress Marie's safe arrival in [[Denmark]].<ref>[http://history-gatchina.ru/owners/olga/olga5e.htm Kulikovsky-Romanoff, p. 5]</ref>


After a brief stay with the Danish consul, the family were shipped to a refugee camp on the island of [[Büyükada]] in the [[Dardanelles]] Strait near [[Istanbul, Turkey]], where the Kulikovsky family shared three rooms with eleven other adults.<ref>Phenix, p. 132</ref> After two weeks, they were evacuated to [[Belgrade]] in the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]], later [[Yugoslavia]]. The Yugoslav Regent Alexander Karageorgevich, later to become King [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Alexander I]], offered them a permanent home there, but Dowager Empress Marie summoned her daughter to Denmark.<ref>Phenix, pp. 132–134; Vorres, p. 165</ref> The Grand Duchess complied, and the family arrived in Copenhagen on Good Friday 1920. They lived with Kulikovsky's mother-in-law, Dowager Empress Marie, at first at the [[Amalienborg Palace]] and then at the royal estate of [[Hvidøre]]. Kulikovsky and Marie did not get along; he resented his wife acting as Marie's secretary and companion,<ref>Phenix, p. 135</ref> and Marie was distant toward him.<ref>Phenix, p. 134; Vorres, p. 172</ref>
After a brief stay with the Danish consul, the family were shipped to a refugee camp on the island of [[Büyükada]] in the [[Dardanelles]] Strait near [[Istanbul, Turkey]], where the Kulikovsky family shared three rooms with eleven other adults.<ref>Phenix, p. 132</ref> After two weeks, they were evacuated to [[Belgrade]] in the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]], later [[Yugoslavia]]. The Yugoslav Regent Alexander Karageorgevich, later to become King [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Alexander I]], offered them a permanent home there, but Dowager Empress Marie summoned her daughter to Denmark.<ref>Phenix, pp. 132–134; Vorres, p. 165</ref> The Grand Duchess complied, and the family arrived in Copenhagen on Good Friday 1920. They lived with Kulikovsky's mother-in-law, Dowager Empress Marie, at first at the [[Amalienborg Palace]] and then at the royal estate of [[Hvidøre]]. Kulikovsky and Marie did not get along; he resented his wife acting as Marie's secretary and companion,<ref>Phenix, p. 135</ref> and Marie was distant toward him.<ref>Phenix, p. 134; Vorres, p. 172</ref>
Line 59: Line 59:
*Phenix, Patricia (1999). ''Olga Romanov: Russia's Last Grand Duchess''. Viking/Penguin. ISBN 0140280863
*Phenix, Patricia (1999). ''Olga Romanov: Russia's Last Grand Duchess''. Viking/Penguin. ISBN 0140280863
*Vorres, Ian (2001) [1964]. ''The Last Grand Duchess''. Toronto: Key Porter Books. ISBN 1552633020
*Vorres, Ian (2001) [1964]. ''The Last Grand Duchess''. Toronto: Key Porter Books. ISBN 1552633020
*Zeepvat, Charlotte (2000). ''Romanov Autumn''. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN 0750944188


{{Persondata
{{Persondata

Revision as of 12:06, 19 January 2011

Nikolai Alexandrovich Kulikovsky
Born(1881-11-05)5 November 1881
Evstratovka, Voronezh guberniya, Russian Empire
Died11 August 1958(1958-08-11) (aged 76)
Cooksville, Ontario, Canada
SpouseGrand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia
ChildrenTikhon Nikolaevich (1917–1993)
Guri Nikolaevich (1919–1984)
Parent(s)Alexander Nikanorovich Kulikovsky and Eudoxia Nikolaevna Kharina[1]

Nikolai Alexandrovich Kulikovsky (Russian: Николай Александрович Куликовский; 5 November 1881 – 11 August 1958) was the second husband of Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, the sister of Tsar Nicholas II and daughter of Tsar Alexander III.

He was born into a military landowning family from the south of the Russian Empire, and followed the family tradition by entering the army. In 1903, he was noticed by Grand Duchess Olga during a military review, and they became close friends. Olga wanted to divorce her first husband, Duke Peter Alexandrovich of Oldenburg, and marry Kulikovsky, but neither her husband nor her brother, the Tsar, would allow it.

During World War I, Olga eventually obtained a divorce and married Kulikovsky. They had two sons. Her brother was deposed in the Russian Revolution of 1917, and Kulikovsky was dismissed from the army by the revolutionary government. The Kulikovskys were forced into exile, and he became a farmer and businessman in Denmark, where they lived until after World War II. In 1948, they emigrated to Canada as agricultural immigrants, but within four years of their arrival they had sold their farm and moved into a small suburban house. He became increasingly disabled by back pain, and died in 1958 aged 76.

Early life

Nikolai Kulikovsky was born into a military family from the Voronezh province of Russia. His grandfather was a general during the Napoleonic Wars, and his family owned two large estates in the Ukraine. He rode from an early age, became an expert horseman, and was educated at Petrograd Real College of Gurevich, followed by the Nikolai Cavalry College, from where he graduated with a degree.[2]

He joined the Blue Cuirassier regiment of the imperial Russian cavalry shortly before 1903. Grand Duke Michael, the younger brother of Tsar Nicholas II, was the regiment's honorary colonel. In April 1903, during a military parade at the Pavlovsk Palace, Grand Duchess Olga, the youngest sister of Nicholas and Michael, saw Kulikovsky and begged Michael to arrange the seating at a casual luncheon so that she and Kulikovsky were adjacent.[3] The Grand Duchess was already married to Duke Peter Alexandrovich of Oldenburg, who was covertly believed by his friends and family to be homosexual.[4] A few days after her brief meeting with Kulikovsky, Olga asked Oldenburg for a divorce, which he refused with the qualification that he would reconsider his decision after seven years.[2]

Kulikovsky was appointed as captain in the Blue Cuirassiers and posted to the provinces. By 1906, he and Olga were corresponding regularly,[5] when Olga's husband Duke Peter appointed Kulikovsky as his aide-de-camp. With Peter's permission, Kulikovsky moved into the 200-room residence in Sergievskaya Street, Saint Petersburg, that Peter shared with Olga.[6] According to a fellow officer, gossip about a possible romance between Kulikovsky and the Grand Duchess, based on little more than their holding hands in public, spread through high society.[7]

Marriage and revolution

Black-and-white photograph of a young Olga seated in an Edwardian dress with a high neck line and long sleeves. Her thick dark hair is pinned up, and she wears a rope of pearls around her neck.
Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna

Though Olga repeatedly asked Tsar Nicholas II to allow her to divorce, her brother refused on religious and dynastic grounds; he believed marriage was for life and that royalty should marry within royalty. When their brother, Grand Duke Michael, eloped with his mistress, Natasha Wulfert, the Tsar and Olga were scandalized along with the rest of society. Natasha was a commoner who had been divorced twice, and one of her former husbands was an officer in the same regiment as Kulikovsky.[8] Michael was banished from Russia, and the likelihood of the Tsar ever granting Olga's divorce, or permitting her to marry a commoner, looked remote.[9]

At the outbreak of World War I, Kulikovsky was sent to the front with his regiment. Michael was recalled from abroad, and Olga went to work in a military hospital as a nurse. Olga continued to press the Tsar to allow her divorce. In a letter she wrote, "...finish with the divorce now during the war while all eyes and minds are occupied elsewhere—and such a small thing would be lost in all the greater things".[10] The war went badly for the Russian imperial forces, and the Central Powers, led by Germany, advanced into Russia. Fearful for Kulikovsky's safety, Olga pleaded with the Tsar to transfer him to the relative safety of Kiev, where she was stationed at a hospital.[11] In 1916, after visiting her in Kiev, the Tsar officially annulled her marriage to Duke Peter, and she married Kulikovsky on 16 November 1916, in the Kievo-Vasilievskaya Church on Triokhsviatitelskaya (Three Saints Street) in Kiev.[12] Only the officiating priest, Olga's mother the Dowager Empress Marie, Olga's brother-in-law Grand Duke Alexander, two fellow nurses from the hospital in Kiev and four officers of the Akhtyrsky regiment, of which Olga was honorary colonel, attended.[13] Their two-week honeymoon was spent in a farmhouse in Podgorny that had belonged to family friends of the Kulikovskys.[14] After visiting Kulikovsky's parents and grandmother in Kharkov, Olga and Kulikovsky returned to Kiev.[15]

During the war, internal tensions and economic deprivation in Russia continued to mount and revolutionary sympathies grew. After Nicholas II was deposed in early 1917, many members of the Romanov dynasty, including Nicholas and his immediate family, were arrested and held under house arrest. The new government retired Kulikovsky from the army with the rank of lieutenant-colonel.[16] Dowager Empress Marie, Grand Duke Alexander, Grand Duchess Olga, and Kulikovsky managed to escape to the Crimea where they lived for a time before they too were placed under house arrest at one of the imperial estates.[17] As a commoner, Kulikovsky was permitted more freedom of movement than the Romanovs, and was occasionally able to leave the estate in a pony-cart, which allowed him to run errands, obtain food, and seek news of the outside.[18] On 12 August 1917, Olga and Kulikovsky's first child and son, Tikhon, was born in the Crimea. He was named after one of the Grand Duchess's favorite saints, Tikhon of Zadonsk. Although the grandson of an emperor and the nephew of another, Tikhon received no titles because his father was a commoner.

As newspapers were banned and letters infrequent, the Romanovs under house arrest knew little of the fate of Tsar Nicholas and his family. Nicholas, his wife, and their children, were originally held at their official residence, the Alexander Palace, but the provisional government under Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky relocated them to Tobolsk, Siberia.[19] Eventually, in July 1918, Nicholas and his family were killed by their Bolshevik guards. In the Crimea, the Grand Duchess's family were condemned to death by the Yalta revolutionary council but the executions were stayed by the Sevastopol council, who refused to act without orders from Moscow.[20] In March 1918, German forces advanced on the Crimea, and the revolutionary guards were replaced by German ones.[21] When Germany surrendered to the Allies of World War I in November 1918, the German troops evacuated, allowing the surviving members of the imperial family time to escape abroad. The British warship HMS Marlborough rescued the Dowager Empress Marie and some of her family from the Crimea but Grand Duchess Olga and Kulikovsky decided to stay in Russia and travelled to the Caucasus region, where the Bolsheviks had been pushed back by the White Army.[22] During the journey, a coupling on the train carriage in which they were travelling developed a fault, possibly from sabotage, and Kulikovsky crawled over the carriage roofs to reach the driver and stop the train.[23] In the Caucasus, Kulikovsky took a job working on a farm as he was unable to secure a military posting in the White Army because the commanding general, Anton Denikin, wished to avoid association with the Romanovs.[24] In a rented farmhouse at the large Cossack village of Novominskaya Olga and Kulikovsky's second son, Guri, was born on 23 April 1919. He was named after Guri Panaev, who had been killed serving in Olga's Akhtyrsky regiment. As the White Army was pushed back and the Red Army approached, the family set out on what would be their last journey through Russia; they traveled to Rostov-on-Don, and from there took refuge in the residence of the Danish consul at Novorossiysk, Thomas Schytte,[25] who informed them of Dowager Empress Marie's safe arrival in Denmark.[26]

After a brief stay with the Danish consul, the family were shipped to a refugee camp on the island of Büyükada in the Dardanelles Strait near Istanbul, Turkey, where the Kulikovsky family shared three rooms with eleven other adults.[27] After two weeks, they were evacuated to Belgrade in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later Yugoslavia. The Yugoslav Regent Alexander Karageorgevich, later to become King Alexander I, offered them a permanent home there, but Dowager Empress Marie summoned her daughter to Denmark.[28] The Grand Duchess complied, and the family arrived in Copenhagen on Good Friday 1920. They lived with Kulikovsky's mother-in-law, Dowager Empress Marie, at first at the Amalienborg Palace and then at the royal estate of Hvidøre. Kulikovsky and Marie did not get along; he resented his wife acting as Marie's secretary and companion,[29] and Marie was distant toward him.[30]

Danish residency and exodus

Without a role or rank, Kulikovsky brooded in Denmark, becoming moody and listless.[31] A spinal injury sustained during the war, for which he had to wear a corset, remained unhealed.[32] In 1925, Kulikovsky accompanied his wife to a Berlin nursing home to meet Anna Anderson, who claimed to be Olga's niece, Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia. According to Harriet von Rathlef, who witnessed the meeting, while Olga and Anderson conversed, he sat in a corner and sulked.[33] Although Olga felt sympathy for Anderson, if only because she was ill, she eventually denounced her as an impostor. Possibly, she was pressured to do so by Kulikovsky and Dowager Empress Marie.[34]

Marie died on 13 October 1928, and the Kulikovskys moved out of Hvidøre. After a brief stay in the Amalienborg Palace, the Kulikovskys moved to Holte, near Klampenborg,[32] where a Danish millionaire, Gorm Rasmussen, engaged Kulikovsky to manage his stables.[35] Hvidøre and some of Marie's jewellery were sold. With Olga's inheritance, Kulikovsky and his family were able to purchase Knudsminde Farm, several miles outside of Copenhagen. Kulikovsky was appointed to the board of a Russian insurance company based in Copenhagen, and oversaw the running of the farm.[32] The farm-estate became a center for the Russian monarchist and anti-Bolshevik community in Denmark.[36]

On 9 April 1940, neutral Denmark was invaded by Nazi Germany and was occupied for the rest of World War II. As Olga's sons, Tikhon and Guri, served as officers in the Danish Army, they were interned as prisoners of war, but their imprisonment in a Copenhagen hotel lasted less than two months.[37] Other Russian émigrés, keen to fight against the Soviets, enlisted in the German forces. Despite her sons' internment and her mother's Danish origins, Olga was implicated in her compatriots' collusion with German forces, as she continued to meet and extend help to Russian émigrés fighting against communism.[38] After the surrender of Germany in 1945, the Soviet Union wrote to the Danish government accusing the Grand Duchess of conspiracy against the Soviet government.[39] With the end of the war, Soviet troops came close to the border of Denmark, and Olga grew fearful of an assassination or kidnap attempt.[40] She decided to move her family across the Atlantic to the relative safety of rural Canada,[41] a decision with which Kulikovsky complied.[42]

Later life

In May 1948, the Kulikovskys travelled to London by Danish troopship. They were housed in a grace-and-favour apartment at Hampton Court Palace while arrangements were made for their journey to Canada as agricultural immigrants.[43] On 2 June 1948, Kulikovsky, Olga, Tikhon and his Danish-born wife Agnete, Guli and his Danish-born wife Ruth, Guli and Ruth's two children, Xenia and Leonid, and Olga's companion and former maid Emilia Tenso ("Mimka") departed Liverpool on board the Empress of Canada.[44] After a rough crossing, the ship docked at Halifax, Nova Scotia.[45] The family proceeded to Toronto, where they lived until they purchased a 200-acre (0.8 km2) farm in Halton County, Ontario, near Campbellville.[46] Kulikovsky was relieved to move out of Toronto, and escape media attention.[47]

By 1952, the farm had become a burden to the elderly couple. Their sons had moved away; labour was hard to come by; Kulikovsky suffered increasing back pain and disability, and some of Olga's remaining jewellery was stolen.[48] The farm was sold, and Kulikovsky, Olga, and Mimka, moved to a smaller 5-room house at 2130 Camilla Road, Cooksville, Ontario, a suburb of Toronto (now amalgamated into the city of Mississauga).[49] Mimka suffered a stroke that left her an invalid, and Olga nursed her until Mimka's death in 1954.[50] Neighbours and visitors to the region, including foreign and royal dignitaries, took interest in Olga as the "last Romanov", and visited their small home, which was also a magnet for Romanov impostors whom both Kulikovsky and Olga considered a menace.[51] Welcome visitors included Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent, the daughter of Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia, in 1954,[52] and Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, and his wife, Edwina, in August 1959.[53]

By 1952, Kulikovsky had shrunk more than 4 inches (10 cm) from his peak height of 6 ft 2 inches (188 cm). He distrusted conventional medicine and tried homeopathy instead.[54] By 1958, he was virtually paralyzed, and had difficulty sleeping. At the end of his life he was sleeping on the sofa in the living room of the couple's Cooksville house, to avoid waking his wife. He died there on the night of 11 August 1958.[55] His estate was valued at 12,123.47 Canadian dollars,[56] about 93,000 Canadian dollars as of 2010.[57] The Grand Duchess died two years later, and was interred next to her husband in York Cemetery, Toronto.[58]

Notes and sources

  1. ^ Huberty et al., p. 620
  2. ^ a b Phenix, p. 63
  3. ^ Phenix, p. 62
  4. ^ Phenix, p. 52
  5. ^ Phenix, p. 71
  6. ^ Phenix, p. 73; Vorres, pp. 94–95
  7. ^ A Cuirassier's Memoirs by Vladimir Trubetskoy, quoted in Phenix, p. 73
  8. ^ Phenix, pp. 85–86; Vorres, p. 108
  9. ^ Phenix, pp. 85–86
  10. ^ Letter from Grand Duchess Olga to Tsar Nicholas II, 16 May 1916, State Archive of the Russian Federation, 643 28, quoted in Phenix, p. 97
  11. ^ Letter from Grand Duchess Olga to Tsar Nicholas II, 18 June 1916, State Archive of the Russian Federation, 601 1316, quoted in Phenix, p. 98
  12. ^ Phenix, p. 103
  13. ^ Grand Duke Alexander's Memoirs, Once A Grand Duke, p. 273, quoted in Phenix, p. 104
  14. ^ Phenix, p. 105
  15. ^ Phenix, p. 106
  16. ^ Phenix, p. 115
  17. ^ Phenix, pp. 115–118; Vorres, pp. 149-153
  18. ^ Vorres, p. 153
  19. ^ Phenix, p. 119
  20. ^ Phenix, p. 122; Vorres, pp. 155–156; Zeepvat, p. 152
  21. ^ Phenix, pp. 123–125; Vorres, pp. 156–157
  22. ^ Phenix, p. 128; Vorres, p. 159
  23. ^ Vorres, p. 160
  24. ^ Vorres, pp. 160–162
  25. ^ Phenix, pp. 130–131; Vorres, pp. 160–163
  26. ^ Kulikovsky-Romanoff, p. 5
  27. ^ Phenix, p. 132
  28. ^ Phenix, pp. 132–134; Vorres, p. 165
  29. ^ Phenix, p. 135
  30. ^ Phenix, p. 134; Vorres, p. 172
  31. ^ Phenix, p. 138
  32. ^ a b c Phenix, p. 168
  33. ^ Kurth, p. 112
  34. ^ Phenix, p. 155
  35. ^ Vorres, pp. 184–185
  36. ^ Phenix, p. 170
  37. ^ Phenix, p. 174
  38. ^ Phenix, p. 176; Vorres, p. 187
  39. ^ Phenix, p. 179
  40. ^ Phenix, pp. 179–180; Vorres, pp. 187–188
  41. ^ Mr. J. S. P. Armstrong, Agent General for Ontario, quoted in Vorres, p. 191
  42. ^ Phenix, p. 184; Vorres, p. 191
  43. ^ Vorres, pp. 188, 190
  44. ^ Vorres, p. 193
  45. ^ Vorres, p. 196
  46. ^ Vorres, pp. 196–198
  47. ^ Phenix, p. 193
  48. ^ Vorres, pp. 207–208
  49. ^ Phenix, pp. 205–206; Vorres, p. 209
  50. ^ Phenix, p. 207; Vorres, p. 210
  51. ^ Vorres, pp. 200–205
  52. ^ Phenix, p. 214; Vorres, p. 211
  53. ^ Vorres, p. 221
  54. ^ Phenix, p. 206
  55. ^ Phenix, p. 231
  56. ^ Phenix, p. 232
  57. ^ CPI inflation calculator, Bank of Canada, retrieved 23 September 2010
  58. ^ Vorres, pp. 227–230

References

  • Huberty, Michel; Giraud, Alain; Magdelaine, F. & B. (1994) L'Allemagne Dynastique, Vol. VII. Le Perreux, France: Alain Giraud. ISBN 2901138071
  • Kulikovsky-Romanoff, Olga (Undated) "The Unfading Light of Charity: Grand Duchess Olga As a Philanthropist And Painter", Historical Magazine, Gatchina, Russia: Gatchina Through The Centuries, retrieved 6 March 2010
  • Kurth, Peter (1983). Anastasia: The Life of Anna Anderson. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0224029517
  • Phenix, Patricia (1999). Olga Romanov: Russia's Last Grand Duchess. Viking/Penguin. ISBN 0140280863
  • Vorres, Ian (2001) [1964]. The Last Grand Duchess. Toronto: Key Porter Books. ISBN 1552633020
  • Zeepvat, Charlotte (2000). Romanov Autumn. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN 0750944188

Template:Persondata

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Kulikovsky&oldid=408771808"