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*http://www.annualreviews.org Asian and Citrus Longhorned Beetle Management
*http://www.annualreviews.org Asian and Citrus Longhorned Beetle Management
*[http://nrs.fs.fed.us/disturbance/invasive_species/alb/ Forest Disturbance Processes - Asian Longhorned Beetle.] US Forest Service: Northern Research Station
*[http://nrs.fs.fed.us/disturbance/invasive_species/alb/ Forest Disturbance Processes - Asian Longhorned Beetle.] US Forest Service: Northern Research Station
* [http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/animals/asianbeetle.shtml Species Profile- Asian Long-Horned Beetle (''Anoplophora glabripennis'')], National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]]. Lists general information and resources for Asian Long-Horned Beetle.


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Revision as of 12:57, 16 February 2011

Asian Longhorned Beetle
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Coleoptera
Family:
Cerambycidae
Subfamily:
Lamiinae
Tribe:
Monochamini
Genus:
Anoplophora
Species:
A. glabripennis
Binomial name
Anoplophora glabripennis
(Motschulsky, 1853)
Synonyms

Anthonomus aeneotinctus Champion, 1903

Closeup of Anoplophora glabripennis

Description

The Asian Longhorned Beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis ) known as the Starry Sky or Sky Beetle is native to eastern China, Japan, and Korea. This species has now been accidentally introduced to the United States, where it was first discovered in 1996, as well as Canada and several countries in Europe, including Austria, France, Germany, and Italy. This beetle is believed to have been spread from Asia in solid wood packaging material. Outbreaks of this beetle pose a severe threat to even perfectly healthy trees in both forests and urban and suburban landscapes.

Taxonomy

The genus Anoplophora is composed of 36 species that occur throughout Asia, with the highest diversity in tropical and subtropical regions (Lingafelter & Hoebeke, 2002). Anoplophora glabripennis belongs to the tribe Lamiini, subfamily Lamiinae, family Cerambycidae and order Coleoptera. The tribe Lamiini comprises eight additional genera: Goes,Hebestola, Lamia, Monochamus, Microgoes, Neoptychodes,Plagiohammus and Plectrodera. All species in these genera are xylophagous, attacking coniferous and deciduous trees.[1]

Physical Description

Morphology

Adult Anoplophora glabripennis are very large insects with bodies ranging from 1 to 1.5 inches (2.5–4 cm) in length and antennae which can be as long as four inches (10 cm). They are shiny and black with approximately 20 white spots on each wing cover and long antennae banded black and white. These beetles have wings and can fly, although only for short distances because of their size and weight. The upper sections of the legs of the adults are whitish-blue. Anoplophora glabripennis can be distinguished from related species by the markings on the wing covers and the pattern of the antennae. They have bilateral symmetry and show gender dimorphism.

Physiology

Asian longhorned beetles take approximately one year to two years to complete their life cycles. Larvae need to reach a critical weight before overwintering to induce pupation the next summer. [3]. Larvae first create a feeding gallery in the cambial region and later an oval-shaped tunnel in the sapwood and heartwood; larvae expel frass from their tunnels near the original oviposition site. Most individuals overwinter as larvae. Pupation occurs at the end of the larval tunnel usually in late spring and early summer.[4]. Adult longevity and fecundity are influenced by the larval host plant and temperature conditions. Anoplophora glabripennis adult females undergo a period of obligatory maturation feeding after emergence. On emergence, females can copulate, although their ovaries are immature and feeding is necessary for ovarian maturation; laboratory studies have estimated the female maturation period lasts 9–15 days (Keena, 2002; Smith et al ., 2002). Adult males have mature spermatozoa before emergence, and feeding is necessary only to sustain their normal activity (Li & Liu, 1997). [5] Asian Longhorned Beetle larvae and adults chew wood with large mandibles. Adults, especially males, display long antennae used to sense the sex pheremones of potential mates.

Life Expectancy

In the wild, Asian Long-Horned Beetles require between one to three years to reach maturity. The adult lifespan is about 50 days for males and 66 days for females. The lifespan of Anoplophora glabripennis in captivity is not known.

Ecology

Habitat

In its native range, ALB infests trees primarily in the genera Acer (Sapindaceae), Populus (Salicaceae), Salix (Salicaceae), and Ulmus (Ulmaceae). Several other genera have been reported on occasional hosts in Asia. In the United States, ALB has completed development on species of Acer, Aesculus (Sapindaceae), Albizia (Fabaceae), Betula (Betulaceae), Cercidiphyllum (Cercidiphyllaceae) Fraxinus (Oleaceae) Platanus (Platanaceae), Populus, Prunnus, Salix, Sorbus (Rosaceae) and Ulmus. Acer is the most commonly infested tree genus in the United States, followed by Ulmus and Salix. In Canada, complete development has been confirmed only on Acer, Betula, Populus, and Salix, although oviposition has occurred on other tree genera. Acer is the most commonly infested tree genus in Canada. In Europe, complete development has been recorded on Acer, Aesculus, Alnus (Betulaceae), Betula, Carpinus (Betulaceae), Fagus (Fagaceae), Fraxinus, Platanus (Platanaceae), Populus, Prunus (Rosaceae), Salix, and Sorbus. The top five host genera infested in Europe, in decreasing order, are Acer, Betula, Salix, Aesculus, and Populus. Not all Populus species are equally susceptible to ALB attack. For example, in China, Populus species in sections Aigeiros and Tacamabaca are generally more susceptible to Alb than species in section Leuce.[6]

Dispersal

Although individuals do not typically disperse very far, some may travel as far as a kilometer or two in a season in search of new host trees. Hu et al. 2009

Feeding Behavior

Adult Anoplophora glabripennis are herbivorous. Alb feed on leaves, twigs, and other plant matter. In their native habitat juvenile Anoplophora glabripennis feed on the healthy bark, phloem, and xylem of more than 24 species of hardwood trees, particulary species of poplar. In the United States, the beetles feed on birch, chestnut, green ash, maple, and a variety of other trees. 

      Plant Foods: Wood, bark, or stems; Sap or other plant fluids

Reproduction

While the Asian long~horned beetle can fly for distances of 400 yards (370 m) or more in search of a host tree, they tend to lay eggs in the same tree from which they emerged as adults, migrating only when population density becomes too high. During the summer months, a mated adult ALB female chews 35 to 90 individual depressions into the host tree's bark and lays an egg in each of the pits. The eggs hatch in 10–15 days and the white, caterpillar-like larvae tunnel into the tree's phloem and cambium layers beneath the tree bark. After several weeks, the larvae tunnel deeper in the tree's heartwood where they mature into pupae. The pupae hatch into adults inside the tree over the winter months. They emerge the next spring and summer, as early as May and as late as October or November, depending on climate. The full-grown adult ALBs emerge through circular exit holes that typically measure 10–15 mm in diameter but can range from 6 to 20 mm. In the process, they leave perfectly round exit holes that are approximately 1 cm (3/8") in diameter. [7]

Damage

Asian long-horned beetle gallery development and exit holes weaken the integrity of infested trees and can eventually result in death of severely infested trees. Larvae are considered to be the most dangerous because they tunnel in the cambial region of wood. Larvae feeding reduces wood quality. After years larvae disrupt the tree's vascular tissues and cause structural weakness, both of which can lead to tree death. Adult Asian Long-horned Beetle are considered to be of minor importance since they feed on twigs, foliage and occasionally on fruit-bearing tree. Asian Long-horned beetle attack healthy and stressed trees, from potted trees to mature trees.

Detection of Infestation

Mature beetles emerge from trees beginning in late May and lasting through October with a frequency peaking in July. Tree infestation can be detected by looking for tell-tail exit holes 3/8 to 3/4 inches in diameter (1.5–2 cm) often in the larger branches of the crowns of infested trees. Sometimes sap can be seen oozing from the exit holes with coarse sawdust or "frass" in evidence on the ground or lower branches. Dead and dying tree limbs or branches and yellowing leaves when there has been no drought also signal ALB infestation. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) research indicates this beetle can survive and reproduce in most sections of the country where suitable host trees exist.

Infestations in North America

Adult ALBs can be seen from late spring to fall, depending on the climate. The ALB was first discovered in the United States in 1996 in the Greenpoint section of Brooklyn. Shortly after, another infestation was detected in Amityville on Long Island. Since then infestations have been found in the Islip area of Long Island in Queens and in Manhattan. In fact, several infested trees were removed around Central Park. The ALB was discovered in Chicago in 1998. An ALB infestation was detected in Hudson County, New Jersey in 2002 and in the Central New Jersey Middlesex and Union Counties in 2004. In 2008 a sizeable infestation resulting in the removal of more than 25,000 trees was discovered in Worcester, Massachusetts.[2] Ongoing inspection of host trees within a 74 sq mi (190 km2) quarantine area[3] has revealed that 2500 trees are infested;[4] there is some evidence that the infestation may date back as far as 1997.[5] On July 5, 2010, five infested trees were found on the grounds of the Faulkner Hospital in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts,[6] which is across the street from the Arnold Arboretum, where an infestation is poised to devastate the oldest arboretum in America.

Beetles have been discovered in southern Ontario, Canada.

Alert workers have uncovered and reported ALBs in warehouses in CA, FL, IL, IN, MA, MI, NC, NJ, NY, OH, PA, SC, TX, WA, WI, and in British Columbia,Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec and Nova Scotia in Canada.

The beetle has also invaded Britain, Austria and Germany.

Background

The ALB was believed to have arrived in New York City in the 1980s in wood packing material. According to Victor Mastro, the Director of Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Laboratory on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, the center of the infection zone was a warehouse which imported plumbing supplies from China (Smith, 2003). The infestations in Hudson County, New Jersey and on Long Island are believed to have spread from the Brooklyn point of entry. The infestations in Chicago and central New Jersey are believed to have come from a separate point of entry.

The Greenpoint infestation was first reported by Ingram Carter of Greenpoint on a Saturday in August 1996 and identified by Cornell University entomologist Richard Hoebeke on August 19. The Amityville infestation was brought, inadvertently, from Brooklyn by the Mike Ryan Tree Services, a tree pruning company, which performs work for the NYNEX telephone company.[7]

Timeline of discoveries

The Canadian Food Inspection Agency is spearheading efforts to fight the ALB infestation in the Greater Toronto Area.

Eradication efforts

Over 6,000 infested trees have been cut down and destroyed to eradicate ALB from New York and over 1,550 trees in Chicago and almost 23,000 trees in New Jersey,[16] Infested trees continue to be discovered.[17] 18,000 trees have been removed in Worcester, Ma. The December 12, 2008 ice storm likely resulted in significant moving of infested downed limbs because of frantic homeowners clearing debris within the infestation following the devastating ice storm. This has complicated the eradication effort. A Worcester exterminator has had a beetle in his collection since 1997, and USDA APHIS PPQ has confirmed his finding, meaning the beetle has been in Worcester for at least 11 years, giving it a very long time to move about, especially since vehicles were often parked under infested trees, giving the beetles an opportunity to drop onto cars and be transported elsewhere.

The US Federal government is trying to eradicate this species primarily for two reasons:

  • If it becomes established it could significantly impact natural forests and urban environment, with an estimated death toll of 1.2 billion trees if it spread nationwide.[18]
  • Due to the current limited infestation size, it is believed that eradication efforts can be successful.

The steps that have been taken to eliminate the ALB include:

  • Quarantines. Quarantines have been established around infested areas to prevent accidental spread of ALB by people.
  • Infested trees cut, chipped and burned. All infested trees are being removed, chipped in place, and the chips are being burned. The stumps of infested trees are ground to below the soil level. All tree removal is done by certified tree care personnel to ensure that the process is completed properly.
  • Insecticide treatments. Research is underway to determine the effectiveness of certain insecticides such as imidacloprid against ALB. Insecticidal treatments have begun in New York and Chicago in hopes of preventing and containing infestations. Chicago's program of imidacloprid treatments for healthy trees of potential host species within a one-eighth to one-half mile (200–800 m) radius of infested trees successfully removed Illinois from quarantine in August 2006. As of December 2006, New Jersey's policy was to cut down all healthy trees of the potential host species within a one-eighth to one-quarter mile (200–400 m) radius of infested trees.
  • Extensive surveys. All host trees on public and private property located within an established distance from an infested area are surveyed by trained personnel. Infested areas are re-surveyed at least once per year for 3–5 years after the last beetle or infested tree is found.
  • Shipping restrictions. The use of Solid Wood Packing Materials (SWPM) for maritime shipping are regulated for adequate treatment methods at certain ports.[19][20]

US customs regulations were changed on September 18, 1998 (effective December 17, 1998) to require wooden packing materials from China be chemically treated or kiln-dried to prevent further infestations of the Asian long-horned beetle from arriving. Pest inspection, new rules, and public awareness are the key steps to prevention of the spread of the Asian longhorned beetle.

Trees that are being planted to replace host trees include: Serviceberry or Shadbush, Ironwood, Southern catalpa, Turkish filbert, Ginkgo, Honey locust, Kentucky coffeetree, Tuliptree, Dawn redwood, White oak, Swamp white oak, Bur oak, English oak, Japanese lilac, Bald cypress, Basswood, and Little-leaf Linden.

Possible outcome from Asian longhorned beetle infestation

Asian long-horned beetles are detrimental to any ecosystem they inhabit. In China, approximately 40% of poplar plantations have been damaged, meaning the wood is good only for packing material. In the Ningxia Province of China, more than 50 million trees were destroyed over a three-year period because of the beetles. These beetles have the ability to significantly alter the composition of North American hardwood forests. It is estimated that between nearly one-third of all trees would have to be destroyed in the United States if Anoplophora glabripennis were to spread throughout the country. The potential for widespread distribution in North America and the attack of a wide range of host trees is also very possible.

Notes

  1. ^ [1]
  2. ^ http://www.telegram.com/article/20080824/NEWS/808240422
  3. ^ http://www.worcesterma.gov/e-services/document-center/city-manager/alb-regulated-area.pdf
  4. ^ http://www.telegram.com/article/20081029/NEWS/810290622
  5. ^ http://www.telegram.com/article/20080830/NEWS/808300336/-1/BEETLES
  6. ^ http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/gallery/Boston_readies_to_battle_beetles/
  7. ^ APHIS Web - PPQ - Asian Longhorned Beetle - New Pest Advisory Group Report
  8. ^ http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/trees_greenstreets/beetle_alert/images/infestation_050427_CPelm_new.pdf
  9. ^ Press Release
  10. ^ September 18, 2003 Asian Longhorned Beetle discovered in York Region
  11. ^ August 7, 2008 Pest alert: Asian Longhorned Beetle detected in Massachusetts
  12. ^ August 7, 2008 Tree-devouring Asian beetle found in Worcester
  13. ^ August 8, 2008 Browning in Greendale
  14. ^ Massachusetts Introduced Pests Outreach Project
  15. ^ [2]
  16. ^ Newspaper Archive (dead link as of at least March 16, 2009)
  17. ^ June 11, 2010 Detailed Map Showing New York City's Asian long-horned beetle infestation from 2007 to 2010
  18. ^ Mance III, Dave (Winter 2008). "Knots & Bolts: Notes from the Quarantine Zone". Northern Woodlands. 15 (4). Center for Northern Woodlands Education: 18. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
  19. ^ A Summary of U.S. Entry Requirements According to 7CFR 319.40
  20. ^ Requirements for Wood Packing Material Products (SWPM)

References

  • "Wanted: The Asian Longhorned Beetle" USDA APHIS Publication, May 2008, Suzanne Bond
  • Antipin, Judy and Dilley, Thomas. "Chicago vs. Asian Longhorn Beetle: A Portrait of Success"
  • http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS6632
  • Smith, Jennifer. "Monsters in Miniature: An Exotic Invader Threatens U.S. Hardwoods". April 13, 2003 Newsday.com.
  • Woodsen, Mary. "Cities Under Siege". American Forests Summer 2000: 7.
  • Cavey et al. 1998; Nowak et al. 2001 and references therein; Smith et al. 2001; Hu et al. 2009
  • Cavey and February 8, 2000; Smith et al., December 2001
  • Cavey and February 8, 2000; Nowak et al., 2001; Smith, June 1999
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