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'''Jason "Jay" Gould''' (May 27, 1836&nbsp;– December 2, 1892) was a leading American railroad developer and speculator. He has long been vilified as an archetypal [[Robber baron (industrialist)|robber baron]], whose successes made him the ninth richest American in history.<ref>In [http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0702/gallery.richestamericans.fortune/3.html Richest Americans], ''Fortune Magazine'', with an estimated wealth at death of $77,000,000 Gould's Wealth/GDP ratio equalled 1/185.</ref> [[Condé Nast Portfolio]] ranked Gould as the 8th worst American CEO of all time.<ref name="cnbcworst">Portfolio.com staff (30 April 2009). [http://www.cnbc.com/id/30502091?slide=2 Portfolio's Worst American CEOs of All Time.] [[CNBC]]</ref> Some modern historians working from primary sources have discounted various myths about him.<ref>{{cite book|first=Maury|last=Klein|year=1997|title=The Life and Legend of Jay Gould}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Edward J., Jr.|last=Rennehan|year=2005|title=Dark Genius of Wall Street}}</ref>
'''Jason "Jay" Gould''' (May 27, 1836&nbsp;– December 2, 1892) was a leading American railroad developer and speculator. He has long been vilified as an archetypal [[Robber baron (industrialist)|robber baron]],<ref>Scranton, Philip. "[http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24287 Fine Line Between Thief and Entrepreneur]." [http://www.teachinghistory.org Teachinghistory.org]. Accessed 12 July 2011.</ref> whose successes made him the ninth richest American in history.<ref>In [http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0702/gallery.richestamericans.fortune/3.html Richest Americans], ''Fortune Magazine'', with an estimated wealth at death of $77,000,000 Gould's Wealth/GDP ratio equalled 1/185.</ref> [[Condé Nast Portfolio]] ranked Gould as the 8th worst American CEO of all time.<ref name="cnbcworst">Portfolio.com staff (30 April 2009). [http://www.cnbc.com/id/30502091?slide=2 Portfolio's Worst American CEOs of All Time.] [[CNBC]]</ref> Some modern historians working from primary sources have discounted various myths about him.<ref>{{cite book|first=Maury|last=Klein|year=1997|title=The Life and Legend of Jay Gould}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Edward J., Jr.|last=Rennehan|year=2005|title=Dark Genius of Wall Street}}</ref>


==Birth and early career==
==Birth and early career==

Revision as of 13:48, 12 July 2011

You might be looking for Stephen Jay Gould, the American biologist and author, or Jay M. Gould the statistician.
Jay Gould
Born
Jason Gould

(1836-05-27)May 27, 1836
Roxbury, New York, United States
DiedDecember 2, 1892(1892-12-02) (aged 56)
Manhattan, New York, United States
OccupationFinancier
Spouse
Helen Day Miller (1838-1889)
​
​
(m. 1863⁠–⁠1889)​
ChildrenGeorge Jay Gould I
Edwin Gould I
Helen Gould
Howard Gould
Anna Gould
Frank Jay Gould
Parent(s)John Burr Gould (1792-1866)
Mary More Gould (1798-1841)

Jason "Jay" Gould (May 27, 1836 – December 2, 1892) was a leading American railroad developer and speculator. He has long been vilified as an archetypal robber baron,[1] whose successes made him the ninth richest American in history.[2] Condé Nast Portfolio ranked Gould as the 8th worst American CEO of all time.[3] Some modern historians working from primary sources have discounted various myths about him.[4][5]

Birth and early career

Jason Gould was born in Roxbury, New York, the son of John Burr Gould (1792–1866) and Mary More Gould (1798–1841). Gould's father was of British colonial ancestry, and his mother of Scottish ancestry. Gould's grandfather, Alexander T. More was a businessman, and his great-grandfather John More was a Scottish immigrant who founded the town of Moresville. Jay Gould studied at the Hobart Academy, where the principal was credited as getting him a job working for a blacksmith as a bookkeeper.[6] A year later the blacksmith offered him half interest in the blacksmith shop which he sold to his father during the early part of 1854. He continued to devote himself to private study, emphasizing surveying and mathematics. In 1854, Gould surveyed and created maps of the Ulster County, New York area. In 1856 he published History of Delaware County, and Border Wars of New York which he had spent several years writing.[7] In 1856, Gould entered a partnership with Zadock Pratt [6] to create a tanning business in Pennsylvania in what would become Gouldsboro. Eventually, he bought out Pratt who retired.

In 1856, Gould entered another partnership with Charles Mortimer Leupp, a son-in-law of Gideon Lee, and one of the leading leather merchants in America at the time. Leupp and Gould was a successful partnership until the Panic of 1857. Leupp lost all his money, while Gould took advantage of the opportunity presented by the depreciation of property value and bought up former partnership properties for himself.[6] The Gouldsboro Tannery became a disputed property after the death of Charles Leupp. Charles Leupp's brother-in-law, David W. Lee, who was also a partner in Leupp and Gould, took armed control of the tannery, based on his belief that Gould had cheated the Leupp and Lee families in the collapse of the business. Eventually, Gould took physical possession, but was later forced to sell his share of the company to Lee's brother.[8]

His father-in-law was credited with introducing Gould to the railroad industry, when he suggested that Gould help him save his investment in the Rutland and Washington Railroad.

Marriage

He married Helen Day Miller (1838–1889) in 1863 and had six children:

The Tweed Ring

It was during the same period that Gould and James Fisk became involved with Tammany Hall. They made Boss Tweed a director of the Erie Railroad, and Tweed, in return, arranged favorable legislation for them. Tweed and Gould became the subjects of political cartoons by Thomas Nast in 1869. In October 1871, when Tweed was held on $1 million bail, Gould was the chief bondsman.

Black Friday

Jay Gould in 1855
Main article: Black Friday (1869)

In August 1869, Gould and Fisk began to buy gold in an attempt to corner the market, hoping that the increase in the price of gold would increase the price of wheat such that western farmers would sell, causing a great amount of shipping of bread stuffs eastward, increasing freight business for the Erie railroad. During this time, Gould used contacts with President Ulysses S. Grant's brother-in-law, Abel Corbin, to try to influence the president and his Secretary General Horace Porter. These speculations in gold culminated in the panic of Black Friday, on September 24, 1869, when the premium over face value on a gold Double Eagle fell from 62% to 35%. Gould made a nominal profit from this operation, but lost it in the subsequent lawsuits.

The gold corner established Gould's reputation in the press as an all-powerful figure who could drive the market up and down at will. For the rest of his life, newspaper writers would attribute to Gould almost any market development they could not explain otherwise.[citation needed]

Lord Gordon-Gordon

Lord Gordon-Gordon

In 1873 Gould attempted to take control of the Erie Railroad by getting foreign investments from Lord Gordon-Gordon, a cousin of the Campbells looking to buy land for immigrants, Gould bribed Gordon-Gordon with $1 million in stock. However, Gordon-Gordon turned out to be a fraud, cashing the stock immediately. Gould sued Gordon-Gordon, with Gordon-Gordon put on trial in March 1873. Gordon-Gordon gave the names of his European personages in court, whom he claimed to represent, and was granted bail while the references were checked. Gordon-Gordon took this opportunity to flee to Canada, where he convinced authorities that the allegations brought against him were false.[15][16]

After failing to convince or force Canadian authorities to hand over Gordon-Gordon, Gould and his associates, which included two future Governors of Minnesota and three future Members of Congress, attempted to kidnap him. The group was successful, but were stopped and arrested by the North-West Mounted Police before they could return to the United States. The kidnappers were put in prison and refused bail.[15][16] This led to an international incident between the United States and Canada. Upon learning that the kidnappers were not given bail, Governor Horace Austin of Minnesota demanded their return and put the local militia on a state of full readiness. Thousands of Minnesotans volunteered for a full military invasion of Canada. However, after negotiations, the Canadian authorities released the kidnappers on bail.[15][16] The incident resulted in Gould losing any possibility of taking control of Erie Railroad.

Late career

Jay Gould's Pullman Company rail car "Atalanta" now in Jefferson, Texas

After being forced out of the Erie Railroad, Gould started, in 1879, to build up a system of railroads in the Midwest by gaining control of four western railroads, including the Union Pacific and the Missouri Pacific Railroad. In 1880, he was in control of 10,000 miles (16,000 km) of railway, about one-ninth of the length of rail in the United States at that time, and, by 1882, he had controlling interest in 15% of the country's tracks. Gould withdrew from management of the Union Pacific in 1883 amidst political controversy over its debts to the federal government, realizing a large profit for himself.

Gould also obtained a controlling interest in the Western Union telegraph company, and, after 1881, in the elevated railways in New York City. Ultimately, he was connected with many of the largest railway financial operations in the United States from 1868-1888. During the Great Southwest Railroad Strike of 1886 he hired strikebreakers; according to labor unionists, he said at the time, "I can hire one-half of the working class to kill the other half."[17]

He was a member of West Presbyterian Church at 31 West 42nd Street, which later merged with Park Presbyterian to form form West-Park Presbyterian.[18]

Death

The mausoleum of Jay Gould

Gould died of tuberculosis on December 2, 1892, and was interred in the Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York. His fortune was conservatively estimated to be $72 million for tax purposes. Although a donor to charity from the 1870s onward, he willed all of his fortune to his family. At the time of his death, Gould was a benefactor in the reconstruction of the Reformed Church of Roxbury, now the Jay Gould Memorial Reformed Church.[19] It is located within the Main Street Historic District and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.[20] The family mausoleum was designed by Francis O'Hara (1830–1900) of Ireland. Gould's mausoleum contains no external identification.

Descendents of Jay Gould

Jay Gould married Helen Day Miller (1838–1889) in 1863 and had six children:

With Talleyrand, Anna had the following two children:
Jay Gould timeline
Jay Gould appears to the far right of this cartoon by Thomas Nast from Harper's Weekly of February 10, 1872

See also

References

Notes
  1. ^ Scranton, Philip. "Fine Line Between Thief and Entrepreneur." Teachinghistory.org. Accessed 12 July 2011.
  2. ^ In Richest Americans, Fortune Magazine, with an estimated wealth at death of $77,000,000 Gould's Wealth/GDP ratio equalled 1/185.
  3. ^ Portfolio.com staff (30 April 2009). Portfolio's Worst American CEOs of All Time. CNBC
  4. ^ Klein, Maury (1997). The Life and Legend of Jay Gould.
  5. ^ Rennehan, Edward J., Jr. (2005). Dark Genius of Wall Street.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ a b c GOULD'S EVENTFUL LIFE, http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9907EFDE1638E233A25750C0A9649D94639ED7CF
  7. ^ Gould, Jay (1856P). History of Delaware County. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania?: Keeny & Gould.
  8. ^ "David Williamson Lee's Career", New York Times, 21 Jan 1886, http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9E02E7D61138E033A25752C2A9679C94679FD7CF
  9. ^ a b "George J. Gould Dies in Villa in France. Leaves $30,000,000. With His Second Wife and Her Children Near, He Yearned for His Sons. Last Malady a Secret. Death Holds Up Litigation With Family Over His Father's Estate. First Became Ill in March. Had Apparently Regained Health When He Suffered a Relapse". New York Times. May 17, 1923. Retrieved 2008-05-23. George Jay Gould died this morning at 3:30 o'clock at the Villa Zoralde, Cap Martin, where he had been living for some months with his wife and her two children. His death, it was stated at the villa, came quietly and was expected, as he had never rallied from the illness from which he had been suffering all Winter. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  10. ^ a b c "Edwin Gould Dies Suddenly at 67. Son of Railroad Financier and Builder Was Noted for Benefactions to Children. Left School of Finance. Made $1,000,000 Profit Operating Alone in Wall Street Before Father Forgave Him". New York Times. July 13, 1933. Retrieved 2008-08-06. Edwin Gould, second son of the late Jay Gould, financier and railroad builder, died suddenly of a heart attack shortly after ... {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  11. ^ a b "Mrs. F. J. Shepard Dies of a Stroke. Former Helen Gould, Famous for Philanthropy, Stricken at Her Summer Home Gave Away Much of Fortune. Mrs. Finley J. Shepard Is Stricken at 70. Philanthropist and Daughter of Jay Gould Got Permission to Marry. Wed at Lyndhurst. Benefactions in War With Spain. Descendant of Pioneers". New York Times. December 21, 1938, Wednesday. Retrieved 2007-06-18. Mrs. Finley J. Shepard of New York, the former Helen Gould, who was famous for her philanthropies in many fields, died at her Summer home here at 12:15 this morning, after being in a coma for more than 24 hours. She had suffered an apoplectic stroke ten days ago, and had been ill for two months. Her age was 70 years. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  12. ^ a b "Howard Gould dies here at 88. last surviving son of Jay Gould, rail financier, yachtsman, auto racer". New York Times. September 15, 1959. Retrieved 2007-06-21. Howard Gould, last surviving son of Jay Gould, the railroad financier, died Sunday in Doctors Hospital. He was 88 years old. Although Mr. Gould's res idence ... {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  13. ^ a b "Duchesse de Talleyrand Is Dead. Youngest daughter of Jay Gould". New York Times. November 30, 1961. Retrieved 2008-08-06. The Duchesse de Talleyrand-Périgord, daughter of the late Jay Gould, American railroad financier, died today in Paris where she passed most of her life. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  14. ^ a b "Frank Jay Gould Dead on Riviera. Youngest Son of Rail Empire Maker was 78. Built Up Resort of Juan-les-Pins Heir to $10,000,000 N.Y.U. Graduate of 1899". Associated Press in New York Times. April 1, 1956. Retrieved 2008-04-06. Frank Jay Gould died today at his apartment at Juanles-Pins on the French Riviera. He was 78 years old. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  15. ^ a b c Donaldson, William (2004-09-02). Brewer's Rogues, Villains and Eccentrics. London: Phoenix. pp. 299–300. ISBN 0-75381-791-8.
  16. ^ a b c Johnson, J. L. "Lord Gordon Gordon". The Manitoba Historical Society. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
  17. ^ Foner, Philip Sheldon (1998). History of the Labor Movement in the United States Vol. 2: From the Founding of the A. F. of L. to the Emergence of American Imperialism (2nd ed.). International Publishers, Co., Inc. p. 51. ISBN 978-0717803880.
  18. ^ New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. "Designation List 425"
  19. ^ History of the Reformed Church of Roxbury, NY
  20. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
  21. ^ "Kingdon Gould, 58, Long a Financier. Grandson of Founder of Family Fortune Dies. Once on Rail Boards. Officer In 1918". New York Times. November 8, 1945. Retrieved 2008-06-19. Kingdon Gould, financier eldest son of the late George J. and Edith Kingdon Gould, and grandson of Jay Gould, financier and railroad ... {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  22. ^ "Jay Gould Is Dead. Court Tennis Star. Grandson of the Financier Had Held Championship for Quarter of Century". New York Times. January 28, 1935. Retrieved 2007-07-21. Sportsman Succumbs in Up-State Hospital at 46. His Body Brought Here for Funeral. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  23. ^ "Lady Decies Dies at 38 in London. Former Helen Vivien Gould Was Principal in Brilliant International Wedding of 1911. Was Noted As Hostess. Her Entertaining Was a Feature of British Capital. Husband Is Distinguished Irish Peer". New York Times. February 3, 1931, Tuesday. Retrieved 2007-11-26. Lady Decies, the former Helen Vivien Gould, daughter of the late George Jay Gould of New York, died in London this morning. She had been critically ill here for several days. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  24. ^ "He Is George Jay Gould, Jr". New York Times. May 15, 1896. Retrieved 2008-08-22. The third son and fifth child of Mr. and Mrs. George J. Gould was christened at noon to-day in All Saints' Memorial Church, ... {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  25. ^ "Lady MacNeal Dies. Was Edith Gould. Granddaughter of Financier, 36, Succumbs at Estate in East Hampton. Wife of British Knight. Wrote Autobiography Telling of Family Life ..." New York Times. September 12, 1937. Retrieved 2008-08-22. Lady MacNeal, the former Edith Gould, granddaughter of the late Jay Gould, died at Gulf Crest, her estate here, late last night. Lady MacNeal, who was 36 years old, had been in poor health for two years. Death was caused by a liver ailment. Born on Father's Yacht. Edith Catherine Gould, next to the youngest of seven children, was the daughter of the late George J. Gould and Edith Kingdon Gould. ... {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  26. ^ "Gloria Gould Barker Is Drowned In Swim Pool at Arizona Home. Mrs. W.M. Barker Drowns In A Pool. Victim of Accident". Associated Press in New York Times. August 16, 1943. Retrieved 2008-06-07. Mrs. Gloria Gould Barker, 37, a member of the prominent Gould family of New York, was drowned today in the swimming pool of her desert home ten miles east of here. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  27. ^ Gould; Time (magazine); July 31, 1933
  28. ^ New York Times; October 15, 1951, Monday; Mrs. Edwin Gould Dies in Hospital; Widow of Financier's Son Was Daughter of Surgeon Who Attended President Grant.
  29. ^ Sublimed Gould; Time (magazine); July 24, 1933
  30. ^ New York Times; February 26, 1917, Monday; Edwin Gould, Jr., Killed on Hunt with Own Gun; Was Clubbing 'Coon Caught in Trap When Trigger Caught, Firing the Weapon. Shot Severed Artery. Young Hunter Died Before His Sole Companion on Lonely Island Could Give Aid. Father is Bringing Body. Mother Prostrated at News of Tragedy, Which Occurred Near Jekyl Island. Left the Body and Called Help. Followed a Local Custom. Mother Prostrated by the News. Edwin Gould, Jr., Killed on Hunt. Had Chosen a Business Career. Brunswick, Georgia, February 25, 1917. Edwin Gould, Jr., 23 years old, who was staying at his father's Winter home on Jekyl Island, was killed last night by the discharge of a shotgun in his hands while he was trying to kill a raccoon found in a trap he had set.
  31. ^ New York Times; January 14, 1945; Frank M. Gould, 45 Dies at Oyster Bay; Son of Edwin and Grandson of Jay Was Rail Executive. Owned Prize Horses. Oyster Bay, Long Island; January 13, 1945. Frank Miller Gould, only surviving son of the late Edwin Gould and a grandson of Jay Gould, financier and railroad builder, died at his home here today after a long illness. He would have been 46 years old on February 6.
  32. ^ Snow, Alice Northrop (1943). The Story of Helen Gould. F. H. Revell. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  33. ^ "Son of Ann Gould succumbs in Paris". New York Times. February 8, 1946. Marquis De Castellane Held French Embassy Posts in London During 1940. Paris, Feb. 7, 1946. The death of Marquis de Castellane, son of the late Count Boni de Castellane and the former Anna Gould of New York, who eventually became the Duchess de Talleyrand-Périgord, was announced today. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  34. ^ "Talleyrand Motel". Time (magazine). June 3, 1929. Retrieved 2007-07-21. Prince of Sagan, son of the Duchess de Talleyrand, who was Anna, the daughter of the late wealthy Jay Gould, shot himself on purpose in his mother's Paris home. The press did not get wind of the story until last week. When the press came, the Duchess was ready with a frank, detailed and—most important of all—entirely literate statement; one that prevented garbling by scandal-monging journals. The statement said: "The Duke and Duchess de Talleyrand regret keenly to announce the critical illness of their son, Howard. ... He shot himself because we refused him permission to marry until he was 21. ... The shooting took place in our home and our son was taken to a hospital in the Rue Puccini. ... Our son is now in an extremely grave condition. We wish to emphasize that we had no objection to the girl, but only opposed the marriage because of our son's age." {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  35. ^ "Anna Gould's son, self-wounded, dies. Howard de Talleyrand, Prince de Sagan, 19, Succumbs in Paris After 11 Days. Parent's at his Bedside". New York Times. May 29, 1929. Paris, May 28, 1929. Howard de Talleyrand, Prince de Sagan, 19-year old son of the Duc de Talleyrand and the former Anna Gould, died early this morning following a self-inflicted wound on May 17 after his parents had refused him immediate permission to marry. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
Further reading
  • Grodinsky, Julius. (1981). Jay Gould, His Business Career, 1867-1892. Arno Press. p. 627. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Josephson, Matthew. (1962). The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists, 1861-1901. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Hilferding, Rudolf (1981). Finance Capital: A Study of the Latest Phase of Capitalist Development. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Renehan, Edward J. (2005). The Dark Genius of Wall Street: The Misunderstood Life of Jay Gould, King of the Robber Barons. New York: BasicBooks. ISBN 0465068855. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Morris, Charles R. (2005). The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J.P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy. New York: Holt. ISBN 0805075992. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Text "http://people.umass.edu/dmkotz/Neolib_and_Fin_08_03.pdf" ignored (help)
  • Kotz, David M. (2008). Neoliberalism and Financialization. Amherst: University of Massachusetts. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)http://people.umass.edu/dmkotz/Neolib_and_Fin_08_03.pdf
  • "George Gould marries". New York Times. 1886-09-15. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • "Howard Gould marries". New York Times. 1898-10-13. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • "Howard Gould dies here at 88; last surviving son of Jay Gould, rail financier — yachtsman, auto racer". New York Times. 1959-09-15. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Jay Gould: A Revisionist Interpretation, Maury Klein, http://www.h-net.org/~business/bhcweb/publications/BEHprint/v015/p0055-p0068.pdf
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