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undo undiscussed changes that singificantly alter what the sources say by conflating ancient bet yerah with hellenistic bet yerah and both of these with sinnabris which has its own distinct history
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'''Khirbet Kerak''' (Arabic: Khirbet al-Karak, "the ruins of the castle") or '''Bet Yerah''' ({{he|בית ירח }}, "House of the Moon (god)") is a tell located on the southern shore of the [[Sea of Galilee]] in modern day [[Israel]].<ref name=Meyersp312/> The tell spans an area of over 50 acres and contains remains dating from the [[Early Bronze Age]] (c. 3000 BC - 2000 BC) and from the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian period]] (c. 450 BC) through to the early [[History of Palestine#Islamic period|Islamic period]] (c. 1000 AD).<ref name=OConnor>''The Holy Land: An Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700,'' Jerome Murphy O'Connor, [[Oxford University]] Press, 1980, p.159</ref><ref name=Meyersp312>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?ei=5aIpTtrKFYrCswaoqO2VDA&ct=result&id=ESgZAQAAIAAJ&dq=khirbet+kerak+yerah&q=%22ruins+of+the+castle%22#search_anchor|title=The Oxford encyclopedia of archaeology in the Near East, Volume 1|author=Eric M. Meyers, American Schools of Oriental Research|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1997|page=312}}</ref><ref name=Milgromp632>{{cite book|title=Pomegranates and golden bells: studies in biblical, Jewish, and Near Eastern ritual, law, and literature in honor of Jacob Milgrom|first1=Jacob|last1=Milgrom|first2=David Pearson|last2=Wright|first3=David Noel|last3=Freedman|first4=Avi|last4=Hurvitz|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=1995|isbn=0931464870, 9780931464874 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=1poyGNWV3UcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Pomegranates+and+golden+bells&q=sennabris|page=630-632}}</ref> A form of Early Bronze Age [[History of pottery in the Southern Levant|pottery]] first discovered at the tell but also seen in other parts of the north of the country is known as "Khirbet Kerak ware."<ref name=Milgromp632/>
[[Khirbet Kerak]] (Arabic: Khirbet al-Karak, "the ruins of the castle") or '''Bet Yerah''' ({{he|בית ירח }}, "House of the Moon (god)") is a tell located on the southern shore of the [[Sea of Galilee]] in modern day [[Israel]].<ref name=Meyersp312/> The tell spans an area of over 50 acres and contains remains dating from the [[Early Bronze Age]] (c. 3000 BC - 2000 BC) and from the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian period]] (c. 450 BC) through to the early [[History of Palestine#Islamic period|Islamic period]] (c. 1000 AD).<ref name=OConnor>''The Holy Land: An Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700,'' Jerome Murphy O'Connor, [[Oxford University]] Press, 1980, p.159</ref><ref name=Meyersp312>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?ei=5aIpTtrKFYrCswaoqO2VDA&ct=result&id=ESgZAQAAIAAJ&dq=khirbet+kerak+yerah&q=%22ruins+of+the+castle%22#search_anchor|title=The Oxford encyclopedia of archaeology in the Near East, Volume 1|author=Eric M. Meyers, American Schools of Oriental Research|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1997|page=312}}</ref><ref name=Milgromp632>{{cite book|title=Pomegranates and golden bells: studies in biblical, Jewish, and Near Eastern ritual, law, and literature in honor of Jacob Milgrom|first1=Jacob|last1=Milgrom|first2=David Pearson|last2=Wright|first3=David Noel|last3=Freedman|first4=Avi|last4=Hurvitz|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=1995|isbn=0931464870, 9780931464874 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=1poyGNWV3UcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Pomegranates+and+golden+bells&q=sennabris|page=630-632}}</ref> A form of Early Bronze Age [[History of pottery in the Southern Levant|pottery]] first discovered at the tell but also seen in other parts of the north of the country is known as "Khirbet Kerak ware."<ref name=Milgromp632/>


==Names of the site==
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The earliest known name of the tel is Bet Yerah, meaning "the house of Yerah". Yerah was a Canaanite moon-god<ref name=Milgromp638>Milgrom, p. 638.</ref> and the name also indicates the ties with early dynastic Egypt, also known as the Land of the moon.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=GB_R90_DlGEC&pg=PA327&dq=yerah&q=yerah|first=Yoel |last=Natan |title=Moon-o-theism: Religion of a War and Moon God Prophet, Volume I |year=2006 | accessdate=2010-06-23 |isbn=978-1438299648}}</ref> Though it is not mentioned in the [[Hebrew Bible]] or other Bronze or Iron Age sources,<ref name=Meyersp312/> its name preserves part of the Canaanite toponym ''Ablm-bt-Yrh'', "the city/fort (''qrt'') of his-majesty [[Yarih]]" which appears in the 14th century BCE [[Epic of Aqht]] and is thought to refer to the same site.<ref name=Margalitp327>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=TZ7-_Y5EZbgC&pg=PA327&dq=yarih+yerah&hl=en&ei=5mEsTrqfDND2sgagvOCKDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=yarih%20yerah&f=false|title=The Ugaritic poem of Aqht: text, translation, commentary|author=Baruch Margalit|editor=Baruch Margalit|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1989|ISBN=0899254721, 9780899254722}}</ref><ref name=Butzon>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?ei=V5UpTqPSAciRswab9eHuCw&ct=result&id=S9NiAAAAMAAJ&dq=the+twin-cities+of+Hellenistic+Sennabris+%28%3D+Talmudic+S%2F%C2%A7nbr%28%27%29y%2C+Ar.+Sinnabra%2FSinn+en+Nabra+and+.&q=%22the+twin-cities+of+Hellenistic+Sennabris+%28%3D+Talmudic+S%2F%C2%A7nbr%28%27%29y%2C+Ar.+Sinnabra%2FSinn+en+Nabra+and+%28Beth-%29+Y%28e%29r%28a%29h%28w%29%2C+situated+%28the+one%29+on+or+%28the+other%29+in+the+vicinity+of+Kh.+el-Kerak%2C++#search_anchor|title=Ugarit-Forschungen, Volume 8|publisher=Verlag Butzon & Bercker|year=1977|page=179}}</ref>

In Greek sources the name is transcribed as ''Sennabris''. The name stems from [[Sin (mythology)|Sinn]], the Mesopotamian moon god. During this period, like many ancient cities in the region, it was given a Greek name, ''Philoteria'', by [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus]] for his sister, as indicated by remains dating to the Ptolemaic rule (3rd century BCE).<ref name=Safraip12/><ref name="Chancey">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=st06Jr7DJ_MC&pg=PA98&dq=yerah&q=yerah |title=The myth of a Gentile Galilee |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |accessdate=2010-07-11 |last=Chancey |first=Mark A.|page=98|isbn=9780521814874}}</ref> [[Polybius]], writing in the 2nd century BCE, uses the name Philoteria.<ref name=Sukenikp107/><ref name=Milgromp630/>

[[Talmud]]ic sources refer to as ''Sinnabri'',<ref name=Gilp78n>Gil, 1997, p. 78, footnote #5.</ref> that sat alongside Bet Yerah, implying two towns,<ref>{{cite book|title=From the Talmud and Hebraica, Volume 1 |page=142 |first=John |last=Lightfoot |url=http://books.google.com/?id=mQ7EvPWzliUC&pg=PA142&dq=talmud+sinnabri&q |year=2007 |publisher=Cosimo Inc|isbn=9781602064065}}</ref> an idea that is neither supported or contradicted, by archaeological evidence.
⚫
The [[Jerusalem Talmud]] mentions Bet Yerah as sitting alongside ''Sinnabri'' (al-Sinnabra),<ref name=Gilp78n>Gil, 1997, p. 78, footnote #5.</ref><ref name=Milgromp630>{{cite book|title=Pomegranates and golden bells: studies in biblical, Jewish, and Near Eastern ritual, law, and literature in honor of Jacob Milgrom|first1=Jacob|last1=Milgrom|first2=David Pearson|last2=Wright|first3=David Noel|last3=Freedman|first4=Avi|last4=Hurvitz|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=1995|isbn=0931464870, 9780931464874 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=1poyGNWV3UcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Pomegranates+and+golden+bells&q=sennabris |page=630, footnote #2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=From the Talmud and Hebraica, Volume 1 |page=142 |first=John |last=Lightfoot |url=http://books.google.com/?id=mQ7EvPWzliUC&pg=PA142&dq=talmud+sinnabri&q |year=2007 |publisher=Cosimo Inc|isbn=9781602064065}}</ref> but also uses the name ''Kerakh'' to refer to Bet Yerah.<ref name=Sukenikp107/> ''Kerakh'', meaning "fortress," was the [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] name for the site in the Roman period, and it is from this name that the Arabic ''Khirbet al-Kerak'' ("ruins of the castle") is derived.<ref name=Sukenikp107/>

The [[Arabic language|Arabic]] name, used since the [[Umayyad]] period is [[Al-Sinnabra]] or ''Sinn-en-Nabra''.<ref name=Gilp78n/><ref name=Milgromp630>{{cite book|title=Pomegranates and golden bells: studies in biblical, Jewish, and Near Eastern ritual, law, and literature in honor of Jacob Milgrom|first1=Jacob|last1=Milgrom|first2=David Pearson|last2=Wright|first3=David Noel|last3=Freedman|first4=Avi|last4=Hurvitz|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=1995|isbn=0931464870, 9780931464874 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=1poyGNWV3UcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Pomegranates+and+golden+bells&q=sennabris |page=630, footnote #2}}</ref>
==History==
==History==
'''Early Bronze Age (3300/3500-2200 BCE) -''' The 2009 discovery at the tell of a stone palette with Egyptian motifs, including an [[ankh]],<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/greenberg324/ |title=Cosmetic connections? An Egyptian relief carving from Early Bronze Age Tel Bet Yerah (Israel) |publisher=Antiquity|accessdate=2010-07-11 |first=Greenberg |last=Raphael |authorlink=Rafi Greenberg|coauthors=Wengrow, David and Paz, Sarit |date=June 2010}}</ref> points to trade/political relations with the [[First dynasty of Egypt]], at approximately 3000 BCE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_Item_ido.asp?sec_id=17&subj_id=500&id=1621&module_id=|language=Hebrew|first=Rafi|last=Greenberg |authorlink=Rafi Greenberg|trans_title=Bet Yerah National Park|title=גן לאומי תל בית ירח|publisher=Israel Antiquities Authority}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Siegel |first=Judy |url=http://www.jpost.com/HealthAndSci-Tech/ScienceAndEnvironment/Article.aspx?id=550 |title=New discovery links ancient Egypt and Jordan valley site |publisher=Jpost.com |date=2009-07-09 |accessdate=2010-07-04}}</ref> Excavators have identified four levels of occupation from the Early Bronze Age (EB). Architectural development shows the procession from (sometimes oval) pit dwellings (I) to mud-brick (II), to basalt foundations with mud-brick (III), and then on to basalt structures (IV), over approximately 1000 years. The basalt houses belong to the same phase as the Khirbet al-Kerak pottery, dated to the Early Bronze Age III. From the earliest phases, the settlement was protected from the south and west by a city wall (the north and east facing the Sea of Galilee). The wall consisted of three connecting parallel walls, forming a massive wall, {{convert|25|ft|m}} thick, built of mud-bricks. The gate was on the south and was built of basalt.<ref name="Negev">{{cite book|title=Beth Yerah |url=http://books.google.com/?id=27nq65cZUIgC&pg=PA339&dq=ekron&q=beth%20yerah| work=Archaeological encyclopedia of the Holy Land|editor1-first=Avraham |editor1-last=Negev| pages=88–89 |isbn=0826413161|year=2001}}</ref> Evidence of an urban, orthogonal layout was found, dating to the EB II,<ref name="ESI117">{{cite web|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.asp?id=138&mag_id=110|title=Tel Bet Yerah|first=Raphael|last=Greenberg |authorlink=Rafi Greenberg |date=2005-03-30|work=Excavations and Surveys in Israel|publisher=Israel Antiquities Authority}}</ref> supporting the claim that the city was one of the regional urban centers of the period.<ref>Encyclopedia of Prehistory, p.97</ref>
'''Early Bronze Age (3300/3500-2200 BCE) -''' The 2009 discovery at the tell of a stone palette with Egyptian motifs, including an [[ankh]],<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/greenberg324/ |title=Cosmetic connections? An Egyptian relief carving from Early Bronze Age Tel Bet Yerah (Israel) |publisher=Antiquity|accessdate=2010-07-11 |first=Greenberg |last=Raphael |authorlink=Rafi Greenberg|coauthors=Wengrow, David and Paz, Sarit |date=June 2010}}</ref> points to trade/political relations with the [[First dynasty of Egypt]], at approximately 3000 BCE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_Item_ido.asp?sec_id=17&subj_id=500&id=1621&module_id=|language=Hebrew|first=Rafi|last=Greenberg |authorlink=Rafi Greenberg|trans_title=Bet Yerah National Park|title=גן לאומי תל בית ירח|publisher=Israel Antiquities Authority}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Siegel |first=Judy |url=http://www.jpost.com/HealthAndSci-Tech/ScienceAndEnvironment/Article.aspx?id=550 |title=New discovery links ancient Egypt and Jordan valley site |publisher=Jpost.com |date=2009-07-09 |accessdate=2010-07-04}}</ref> Excavators have identified four levels of occupation from the Early Bronze Age (EB). Architectural development shows the procession from (sometimes oval) pit dwellings (I) to mud-brick (II), to basalt foundations with mud-brick (III), and then on to basalt structures (IV), over approximately 1000 years. The basalt houses belong to the same phase as the Khirbet al-Kerak pottery, dated to the Early Bronze Age III. From the earliest phases, the settlement was protected from the south and west by a city wall (the north and east facing the Sea of Galilee). The wall consisted of three connecting parallel walls, forming a massive wall, {{convert|25|ft|m}} thick, built of mud-bricks. The gate was on the south and was built of basalt.<ref name="Negev">{{cite book|title=Beth Yerah |url=http://books.google.com/?id=27nq65cZUIgC&pg=PA339&dq=ekron&q=beth%20yerah| work=Archaeological encyclopedia of the Holy Land|editor1-first=Avraham |editor1-last=Negev| pages=88–89 |isbn=0826413161|year=2001}}</ref> Evidence of an urban, orthogonal layout was found, dating to the EB II,<ref name="ESI117">{{cite web|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.asp?id=138&mag_id=110|title=Tel Bet Yerah|first=Raphael|last=Greenberg |authorlink=Rafi Greenberg |date=2005-03-30|work=Excavations and Surveys in Israel|publisher=Israel Antiquities Authority}}</ref> supporting the claim that the city was one of the regional urban centers of the period.<ref>Encyclopedia of Prehistory, p.97</ref>
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'''Biblical period -''' There are no signs of habitation from 1200-450 BC until the site's reuse during the [[History of Palestine#Persian (Achaemenid) Empire period|Persian period]].<ref name=Milgromp632/>
'''Biblical period -''' There are no signs of habitation from 1200-450 BC until the site's reuse during the [[History of Palestine#Persian (Achaemenid) Empire period|Persian period]].<ref name=Milgromp632/>


===Bet Yerah===
⚫
'''Hellenistic period-''' The town was re-established in the [[History of Palestine#Hellenic Kingdoms (Ptolemaic / Seleucid / Hasmonean) period|Hellenistic period]] (c. 4th century BCE).<ref name=Safraip12>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=i2-9ER6y1BAC&pg=PA12&dq=philoteria+yerah&hl=en&ei=1lQsTtHXAYaLswbT373_Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBDge#v=onepage&q=philoteria%20yerah&f=false|title=The economy of Roman Palestine|author=Zeev Safrai|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Routledge|year=1994|ISBN=041510243X, 9780415102438}}</ref> Hellenistic remains identified as those of ancient Philoteria by [[Amihai Mazar]] consist of, "a considerable number of spacious town-houses built on an orthogonal plan within the confines of the Early [[Bronze Age]] fortifications. The total extent of the settlement was about 700 meters from north to south, and 200 meters from east to west. Ceramic and other finds of the 3rd-2nd centuries BCE were abundant in this settlement, and some houses had remains of decorated wall plaster."<ref name=Mazar>{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic/wl/digsites/CLevant/AlSinnabra_08/|title=al-Sinnabra Overview|author=Amihai Mazar|accessdate=2010-03-16|publisher=The Shelby White-Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Excavations}}</ref>
⚫
''Bet Yerah'' means "House of the Moon (god)".<ref name=Milgromp638>Milgrom, p. 638.</ref> Though it is not mentioned in the [[Hebrew Bible]] or other Bronze or Iron Age sources,<ref name=Meyersp312/> its name preserves part of the Canaanite toponym ''Ablm-bt-Yrh'', "the city/fort (''qrt'') of his-majesty [[Yarih]]" which appears in the 14th century BCE [[Epic of Aqht]] and is thought to refer to the same site.<ref name=Margalitp327>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=TZ7-_Y5EZbgC&pg=PA327&dq=yarih+yerah&hl=en&ei=5mEsTrqfDND2sgagvOCKDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=yarih%20yerah&f=false|title=The Ugaritic poem of Aqht: text, translation, commentary|author=Baruch Margalit|editor=Baruch Margalit|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1989|ISBN=0899254721, 9780899254722}}</ref>


⚫
Bet Yerah was established in the [[History of Palestine#Hellenic Kingdoms (Ptolemaic / Seleucid / Hasmonean) period|Hellenistic period]] (c. 4th century BCE) and ceased to exist with the end of that period (c. 1st century BCE).<ref name=Safraip12>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=i2-9ER6y1BAC&pg=PA12&dq=philoteria+yerah&hl=en&ei=1lQsTtHXAYaLswbT373_Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBDge#v=onepage&q=philoteria%20yerah&f=false|title=The economy of Roman Palestine|author=Zeev Safrai|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Routledge|year=1994|ISBN=041510243X, 9780415102438}}</ref> During this period, it was given the Greek name ''Philoteria'' by [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus]] for his sister, as indicated by remains dating to the Ptolemaic rule (3rd century BCE).<ref name=Safraip12/><ref name="Chancey">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=st06Jr7DJ_MC&pg=PA98&dq=yerah&q=yerah |title=The myth of a Gentile Galilee |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |accessdate=2010-07-11 |last=Chancey |first=Mark A.|page=98|isbn=9780521814874}}</ref> Hellenistic remains identified as those of ancient Philoteria by [[Amihai Mazar]] consist of, "a considerable number of spacious town-houses built on an orthogonal plan within the confines of the Early [[Bronze Age]] fortifications. The total extent of the settlement was about 700 meters from north to south, and 200 meters from east to west. Ceramic and other finds of the 3rd-2nd centuries BCE were abundant in this settlement, and some houses had remains of decorated wall plaster."<ref name=Mazar>{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic/wl/digsites/CLevant/AlSinnabra_08/|title=al-Sinnabra Overview|author=Amihai Mazar|accessdate=2010-03-16|publisher=The Shelby White-Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Excavations}}</ref>
During the '''Roman period''', a fortress was built there and the place became known and named for this feature.<ref name=Sukenikp107>{{cite web|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/journalofpalesti01paleuoft/journalofpalesti01paleuoft_djvu.txt|author=L. SUKENIK|title=The Ancient City of Philoteria {Beth Yerah)|page=107|publisher=Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society}}</ref>


⚫
During the Roman period, a fortress was built there and the place became known and named for this feature.<ref name=Sukenikp107>{{cite web|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/journalofpalesti01paleuoft/journalofpalesti01paleuoft_djvu.txt|author=L. SUKENIK|title=The Ancient City of Philoteria {Beth Yerah)|page=107|publisher=Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society}}</ref> The [[Jerusalem Talmud]] mentions Bet Yerah as sitting alongside ''Sinnabri'' (al-Sinnabra), describing both as walled cities,<ref name=Gilp78n>Gil, 1997, p. 78, footnote #5.</ref><ref name=Milgromp630>{{cite book|title=Pomegranates and golden bells: studies in biblical, Jewish, and Near Eastern ritual, law, and literature in honor of Jacob Milgrom|first1=Jacob|last1=Milgrom|first2=David Pearson|last2=Wright|first3=David Noel|last3=Freedman|first4=Avi|last4=Hurvitz|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=1995|isbn=0931464870, 9780931464874 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=1poyGNWV3UcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Pomegranates+and+golden+bells&q=sennabris |page=630, footnote #2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=From the Talmud and Hebraica, Volume 1 |page=142 |first=John |last=Lightfoot |url=http://books.google.com/?id=mQ7EvPWzliUC&pg=PA142&dq=talmud+sinnabri&q |year=2007 |publisher=Cosimo Inc|isbn=9781602064065}}</ref> but also uses the name ''Kerakh'' to refer to Bet Yerah.<ref name=Sukenikp107/> ''Kerakh'', meaning "fortress," was the [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] name for the site in the Roman period, and it is from this name that the Arabic ''Khirbet al-Kerak'' ("ruins of the castle") is derived.<ref name=Sukenikp107/>
In the '''[[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine period]]''', a church was constructed there and it shows signs of having been reused as a ''dar'', or manor house, during the early Islamic period.<ref name=Whitcombp245>Whitcomb in Schuzman, 2009, p. 245.</ref>


===Al-Sinnabra===
⚫
An [[Arab]] [[Islamic]] palatial complex or ''qasr'' in al-Sinnabra, known by the same name, served as a winter resort to [[Mu'awiya]], [[Marwan I]], and other [[caliphs]] in '''[[Umayyad]]-era''' [[Palestine]] (c. 650-704 AD).<ref name=Whitcombp241>Whitcomb in Schuzman, 2009, p. 241.</ref><ref name=Whitcomb>{{cite web|url=http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/ar/01-02/is_whitcomb.html|title=Individual Scholarship: 2001-2002 Annual Report - Donald S. Whitcomb|publisher=The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago|date=Revised July 30, 2007|accessdate=2010-03-16}}</ref><ref name=Arabiya>{{cite web|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2010/03/16/103226.html|title=Ruins thought to be synagogue was Umayyad palace: 7th century Arab palace identified in Israel|publisher=[[Al-Arabiya]]|date=March 16, 2010|accessdate=2010-03-16}}</ref> For decades, part of this complex was misidentified as a Byzantine era (c. 330-620 CE) [[synagogue]]; excavations carried out in 2010 confirmed an architectural analysis made by Donald Whitcomb in 2002 suggesting the building to be the ''qasr'' of al-Sinnabra.<ref name=Chanceyp110>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=q4AYezkifKoC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=bet+yerah+synagogue&q=bet%20yerah%20synagogue|title=Greco-Roman culture and the Galilee of Jesus|first1=Mark A.|last1=Chancey|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=0521846471, 9780521846479 |page=110, footnote #74}}</ref><ref name=Whitcombp246>Whitcomb in Schuzman, 2009, p. 246.</ref><ref name=TAU>{{cite web|url=http://www1.tau.ac.il/pressoffice/english/index.php/press-releases/871-1532010%E2%80%8B|title=Israeli archaeologists identified Caliph Mu'awiya's Lakeside Palace|publisher=[[Tel Aviv University]]: Division for Press Relations, Spokesperson & Communication Guidelines|date=March 15, 2010|accessdate=2010-03-18}}</ref><ref name=Zimbio>{{cite web|url=http://www.zimbio.com/AFP+Technology/articles/yD32CZFUXvw/Ruins+7th+century+Arab+palace+identified+Israel|title=Ruins of 7th century Arab palace identified in Israel|publisher=Zimbio|author=[[Agence France Presse]]|date=March 16, 2010|accessdate=2010-03-16}}</ref> Constructed in the 7th century by Mu'awiya and [[Abdel Malik]], another Umayyad caliph who also commissioned the building of the [[Dome of the Rock]] in the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City of Jerusalem]], it likely represents the earliest Umayyad complex of this type yet to be discovered.<ref name=TBY>{{cite web|url=http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/archaeology/projects/betyerah/qasr.html|title=The Umayyad Qasr|publisher=Tel Bet Yerah Research and Excavation Project|accessdate=2010-03-18}}</ref><ref name=rtbf>{{cite web|url=http://www.rtbf.be/info/societe/archeologie/tiberiade-identification-des-vestiges-dun-palais-omeyyade-197870|title=Tibériade: identification des vestiges d'un palais omeyyade|publisher=RTBF.be|date=March 16, 2010|accessdate=2010-03-16}}</ref><ref name=EPA>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/epa/article/ALeqM5jClOFgkTUXNmln92txACvoinsdOA|title=Identifican el palacio de los primeros omeyas en el mar de Galilea|date=March 16, 2010|accessdate=2010-03-16|publisher=European Press Photo Agency}}</ref>
{{main|Al-Sinnabra}}
''Al-Sinnabra'' or ''Sinn en-Nabra'', as it is known in Arabic, was known in the Hellenistic times by the Greek name ''Sennabris''.<ref name=Butzon/><ref name=Milgromp630/> It was a twin city of Bet Yerah.<ref name=Butzon>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?ei=V5UpTqPSAciRswab9eHuCw&ct=result&id=S9NiAAAAMAAJ&dq=the+twin-cities+of+Hellenistic+Sennabris+%28%3D+Talmudic+S%2F%C2%A7nbr%28%27%29y%2C+Ar.+Sinnabra%2FSinn+en+Nabra+and+.&q=%22the+twin-cities+of+Hellenistic+Sennabris+%28%3D+Talmudic+S%2F%C2%A7nbr%28%27%29y%2C+Ar.+Sinnabra%2FSinn+en+Nabra+and+%28Beth-%29+Y%28e%29r%28a%29h%28w%29%2C+situated+%28the+one%29+on+or+%28the+other%29+in+the+vicinity+of+Kh.+el-Kerak%2C++#search_anchor|title=Ugarit-Forschungen, Volume 8|publisher=Verlag Butzon & Bercker|year=1977|page=179}}</ref> In the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine period]], a church was constructed there and it shows signs of having been reused as a ''dar'', or manor house, during the early Islamic period.<ref name=Whitcombp245>Whitcomb in Schuzman, 2009, p. 245.</ref>


⚫
An [[Arab]] [[Islamic]] palatial complex or ''qasr'' in al-Sinnabra, known by the same name, served as a winter resort to [[Mu'awiya]], [[Marwan I]], and other [[caliphs]] in [[Umayyad]]-era [[Palestine]] (c. 650-704 AD).<ref name=Whitcombp241>Whitcomb in Schuzman, 2009, p. 241.</ref><ref name=Whitcomb>{{cite web|url=http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/ar/01-02/is_whitcomb.html|title=Individual Scholarship: 2001-2002 Annual Report - Donald S. Whitcomb|publisher=The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago|date=Revised July 30, 2007|accessdate=2010-03-16}}</ref><ref name=Arabiya>{{cite web|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2010/03/16/103226.html|title=Ruins thought to be synagogue was Umayyad palace: 7th century Arab palace identified in Israel|publisher=[[Al-Arabiya]]|date=March 16, 2010|accessdate=2010-03-16}}</ref> For decades, part of this complex was misidentified as a Byzantine era (c. 330-620 CE) [[synagogue]]; excavations carried out in 2010 confirmed an architectural analysis made by Donald Whitcomb in 2002 suggesting the building to be the ''qasr'' of al-Sinnabra.<ref name=Chanceyp110>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=q4AYezkifKoC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=bet+yerah+synagogue&q=bet%20yerah%20synagogue|title=Greco-Roman culture and the Galilee of Jesus|first1=Mark A.|last1=Chancey|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=0521846471, 9780521846479 |page=110, footnote #74}}</ref><ref name=Whitcombp246>Whitcomb in Schuzman, 2009, p. 246.</ref><ref name=TAU>{{cite web|url=http://www1.tau.ac.il/pressoffice/english/index.php/press-releases/871-1532010%E2%80%8B|title=Israeli archaeologists identified Caliph Mu'awiya's Lakeside Palace|publisher=[[Tel Aviv University]]: Division for Press Relations, Spokesperson & Communication Guidelines|date=March 15, 2010|accessdate=2010-03-18}}</ref><ref name=Zimbio>{{cite web|url=http://www.zimbio.com/AFP+Technology/articles/yD32CZFUXvw/Ruins+7th+century+Arab+palace+identified+Israel|title=Ruins of 7th century Arab palace identified in Israel|publisher=Zimbio|author=[[Agence France Presse]]|date=March 16, 2010|accessdate=2010-03-16}}</ref> Constructed in the 7th century by Mu'awiya and [[Abdel Malik]], another Umayyad caliph who also commissioned the building of the [[Dome of the Rock]] in the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City of Jerusalem]], it likely represents the earliest Umayyad complex of this type yet to be discovered.<ref name=TBY>{{cite web|url=http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/archaeology/projects/betyerah/qasr.html|title=The Umayyad Qasr|publisher=Tel Bet Yerah Research and Excavation Project|accessdate=2010-03-18}}</ref><ref name=rtbf>{{cite web|url=http://www.rtbf.be/info/societe/archeologie/tiberiade-identification-des-vestiges-dun-palais-omeyyade-197870|title=Tibériade: identification des vestiges d'un palais omeyyade|publisher=RTBF.be|date=March 16, 2010|accessdate=2010-03-16}}</ref><ref name=EPA>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/epa/article/ALeqM5jClOFgkTUXNmln92txACvoinsdOA|title=Identifican el palacio de los primeros omeyas en el mar de Galilea|date=March 16, 2010|accessdate=2010-03-16|publisher=European Press Photo Agency}}</ref>
⚫
'''Crusader period -''' During the [[Crusades]], it was the site of the 1113 [[Battle of Al-Sannabra]],<ref name=Tyermanp203>{{cite book|title=God's war: a new history of the Crusades|first1=Christopher|last1=Tyerman|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2006|isbn=0674023870, 9780674023871|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ULDUopVCVPoC&pg=PA203&dq=sinnabra&cd=22#v=onepage&q=sinnabra |page=203}}</ref> and in the lead up to the [[Battle of Hittin]] in 1187, [[Saladin]] and his forces passed through al-Sinnabra before moving on to command the roads around [[Kafr Sabt]].<ref name=Poolep188>{{cite book|title=Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem|first1=Stanley|last1=Lane-Poole|publisher=The Other Press|year=1985|isbn=9839541552, 9789839541557|url=http://books.google.com/?id=9nTiBN5pWD0C&pg=PA188&dq=sinnabra&cd=28#v=onepage&q=sinnabra |page=188}}</ref>

⚫
During the [[Crusades]], it was the site of the 1113 [[Battle of Al-Sannabra]],<ref name=Tyermanp203>{{cite book|title=God's war: a new history of the Crusades|first1=Christopher|last1=Tyerman|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2006|isbn=0674023870, 9780674023871|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ULDUopVCVPoC&pg=PA203&dq=sinnabra&cd=22#v=onepage&q=sinnabra |page=203}}</ref> and in the lead up to the [[Battle of Hittin]] in 1187, [[Saladin]] and his forces passed through al-Sinnabra before moving on to command the roads around [[Kafr Sabt]].<ref name=Poolep188>{{cite book|title=Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem|first1=Stanley|last1=Lane-Poole|publisher=The Other Press|year=1985|isbn=9839541552, 9789839541557|url=http://books.google.com/?id=9nTiBN5pWD0C&pg=PA188&dq=sinnabra&cd=28#v=onepage&q=sinnabra |page=188}}</ref>


==Archaeology==
==Archaeology==
Line 96: Line 91:
*Emanuel Eisenberg et al., Bet Yerah, the Early Bronze Age Mound: v. 1: Excavation Reports 1933-1986, Israel Antiquities Authority, 2006, ISBN 965406197X
*Emanuel Eisenberg et al., Bet Yerah, the Early Bronze Age Mound: v. 1: Excavation Reports 1933-1986, Israel Antiquities Authority, 2006, ISBN 965406197X
{{refend}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Israel]]
[[Category:Geography of Palestine]]

[[fr:Tel Bet Yerah]]
[[fr:Tel Bet Yerah]]
[[he:תל בית ירח]]
[[he:תל בית ירח]]

Revision as of 17:23, 13 August 2011

Khirbet Kerak
Khirbet al-Karak
Khirbet Kerak is located in Israel
Khirbet Kerak
Shown within Israel
Alternative nameTel Bet Yerah
LocationIsrael
Areac.250 Dunams
History
PeriodsBronze Age - Crusader period
Site notes
ArchaeologistsNa'im Makhouly, Benjamin Mazar, Michael Avi-Yonah, Moshe Sheteklis, Emanuel Dunayevsky, Pesach Bar-Adon, P.L.O. Guy, Ruth Amiran, Rafi Greenberg
WebsiteTel Bet Yerah Research and Excavation Project

Khirbet Kerak (Arabic: Khirbet al-Karak, "the ruins of the castle") or Bet Yerah (Hebrew: בית ירח, "House of the Moon (god)") is a tell located on the southern shore of the Sea of Galilee in modern day Israel.[1] The tell spans an area of over 50 acres and contains remains dating from the Early Bronze Age (c. 3000 BC - 2000 BC) and from the Persian period (c. 450 BC) through to the early Islamic period (c. 1000 AD).[2][1][3] A form of Early Bronze Age pottery first discovered at the tell but also seen in other parts of the north of the country is known as "Khirbet Kerak ware."[3]

History

Early Bronze Age (3300/3500-2200 BCE) - The 2009 discovery at the tell of a stone palette with Egyptian motifs, including an ankh,[4] points to trade/political relations with the First dynasty of Egypt, at approximately 3000 BCE.[5][6] Excavators have identified four levels of occupation from the Early Bronze Age (EB). Architectural development shows the procession from (sometimes oval) pit dwellings (I) to mud-brick (II), to basalt foundations with mud-brick (III), and then on to basalt structures (IV), over approximately 1000 years. The basalt houses belong to the same phase as the Khirbet al-Kerak pottery, dated to the Early Bronze Age III. From the earliest phases, the settlement was protected from the south and west by a city wall (the north and east facing the Sea of Galilee). The wall consisted of three connecting parallel walls, forming a massive wall, 25 feet (7.6 m) thick, built of mud-bricks. The gate was on the south and was built of basalt.[7] Evidence of an urban, orthogonal layout was found, dating to the EB II,[8] supporting the claim that the city was one of the regional urban centers of the period.[9]

A large (90*120 feet) building (“the circles building”) was built in the EBIII, at the northern part of the tel. Of this building only the basalt foundations of the walls remain, in the form of a pavement 30 feet (9.1 m) wide. In this pavement, ten sunken large circles were found. Each circle is intersected by two partition walls forming four compartments. In the courtyard were ovens in which Khirbet al-Kerak pottery was found. The building is generally identified as a public granary.[7] At full capacity, the granary could hold an estimated 1700 tons of grain.[10] Below this building, remains dated to both EB I(b) and EB II were found. At some point, the building was parceled out to various artisans during EB III––clearly not the original purpose for which the structure was built.[8]

Middle Bronze Age (2200–1550 BC) - Around 2000 BC, the city was destroyed or abandoned.[3] From the Middle Bronze Age I, a paved street, a potters workshop and other remains were excavated. Middle Bronze Age II is represented by a tomb. Parts of the city walls are also dated to the MB.[7]

Biblical period - There are no signs of habitation from 1200-450 BC until the site's reuse during the Persian period.[3]

Bet Yerah

Bet Yerah means "House of the Moon (god)".[11] Though it is not mentioned in the Hebrew Bible or other Bronze or Iron Age sources,[1] its name preserves part of the Canaanite toponym Ablm-bt-Yrh, "the city/fort (qrt) of his-majesty Yarih" which appears in the 14th century BCE Epic of Aqht and is thought to refer to the same site.[12]

Bet Yerah was established in the Hellenistic period (c. 4th century BCE) and ceased to exist with the end of that period (c. 1st century BCE).[13] During this period, it was given the Greek name Philoteria by Ptolemy II Philadelphus for his sister, as indicated by remains dating to the Ptolemaic rule (3rd century BCE).[13][14] Hellenistic remains identified as those of ancient Philoteria by Amihai Mazar consist of, "a considerable number of spacious town-houses built on an orthogonal plan within the confines of the Early Bronze Age fortifications. The total extent of the settlement was about 700 meters from north to south, and 200 meters from east to west. Ceramic and other finds of the 3rd-2nd centuries BCE were abundant in this settlement, and some houses had remains of decorated wall plaster."[15]

During the Roman period, a fortress was built there and the place became known and named for this feature.[16] The Jerusalem Talmud mentions Bet Yerah as sitting alongside Sinnabri (al-Sinnabra), describing both as walled cities,[17][18][19] but also uses the name Kerakh to refer to Bet Yerah.[16] Kerakh, meaning "fortress," was the Aramaic name for the site in the Roman period, and it is from this name that the Arabic Khirbet al-Kerak ("ruins of the castle") is derived.[16]

Al-Sinnabra

Main article: Al-Sinnabra

Al-Sinnabra or Sinn en-Nabra, as it is known in Arabic, was known in the Hellenistic times by the Greek name Sennabris.[20][18] It was a twin city of Bet Yerah.[20] In the Byzantine period, a church was constructed there and it shows signs of having been reused as a dar, or manor house, during the early Islamic period.[21]

An Arab Islamic palatial complex or qasr in al-Sinnabra, known by the same name, served as a winter resort to Mu'awiya, Marwan I, and other caliphs in Umayyad-era Palestine (c. 650-704 AD).[22][23][24] For decades, part of this complex was misidentified as a Byzantine era (c. 330-620 CE) synagogue; excavations carried out in 2010 confirmed an architectural analysis made by Donald Whitcomb in 2002 suggesting the building to be the qasr of al-Sinnabra.[25][26][27][28] Constructed in the 7th century by Mu'awiya and Abdel Malik, another Umayyad caliph who also commissioned the building of the Dome of the Rock in the Old City of Jerusalem, it likely represents the earliest Umayyad complex of this type yet to be discovered.[29][30][31]

During the Crusades, it was the site of the 1113 Battle of Al-Sannabra,[32] and in the lead up to the Battle of Hittin in 1187, Saladin and his forces passed through al-Sinnabra before moving on to command the roads around Kafr Sabt.[33]

Archaeology

The tell was first surveyed in the 1920s first by Eleazar Sukenik and then later by William Foxwell Albright.[34] [35] In 1933, Na'im Makhouly, a Christian Palestinian from Nazareth, who was an inspector for the Mandate Department of Antiquities at the time of the construction of the Samak-Tiberias highway that cut across the tell, conducted a salvage excavation.[36]

During the 1940s, parts of the tell were excavated by Benjamin Mazar, Michael Avi-Yonah, Moshe Sheteklis, and Emanuel Dunayevsky.[37] In 1946, in the northern quadrant of the tell, a fortified compound consisting of a series of large structures, including a bathhouse adjoined to large apsidal hall that is decorated with colorful mosaics, was discovered just above the granary (AKA the Circles Building), an Early Bronze Age structure uncovered in previous excavations.[29] [15]

Between 1950 and 1953,[38] [39] [40] P.L.O. Guy and Pesach Bar-Adon, two Israeli archaeologists excavated the compound, falsely identifying a building there as a 5th-6th century Palestinian synagogue, because of the presence of a column base engraved with a seven-branched candelabrum.[23][27][29][30]

Excavations by the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago in 1960 uncovered a Byzantine church to the north of the fortified compound.[21]

In 1976, Ruth Amiran conducted a salvage excavation on the tell. More salvage excavations were carried out by Nimrod Getzov in 1994 and 1995.[41]

In the summer of 2003, excavations were renewed in the northern part of the site with a pilot excavation in the granary.[42] Excavations undertaken by Israeli archaeologists headed by Raphael Greenberg from Tel Aviv University's Institute of Archaeology in 2010 confirmed that the fortified compound was in fact the Arab Islamic palatial complex of al-Sinnabra.[24][27][28]

References

  1. ^ a b c Eric M. Meyers, American Schools of Oriental Research (1997). The Oxford encyclopedia of archaeology in the Near East, Volume 1 (Illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 312.
  2. ^ The Holy Land: An Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700, Jerome Murphy O'Connor, Oxford University Press, 1980, p.159
  3. ^ a b c d Milgrom, Jacob; Wright, David Pearson; Freedman, David Noel; Hurvitz, Avi (1995). Pomegranates and golden bells: studies in biblical, Jewish, and Near Eastern ritual, law, and literature in honor of Jacob Milgrom (Illustrated ed.). Eisenbrauns. p. 630-632. ISBN 0931464870, 9780931464874. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  4. ^ Raphael, Greenberg (June 2010). "Cosmetic connections? An Egyptian relief carving from Early Bronze Age Tel Bet Yerah (Israel)". Antiquity. Retrieved 2010-07-11. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Greenberg, Rafi. "גן לאומי תל בית ירח" (in Hebrew). Israel Antiquities Authority. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Siegel, Judy (2009-07-09). "New discovery links ancient Egypt and Jordan valley site". Jpost.com. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
  7. ^ a b c Negev, Avraham, ed. (2001). Beth Yerah. pp. 88–89. ISBN 0826413161. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  8. ^ a b Greenberg, Raphael (2005-03-30). "Tel Bet Yerah". Excavations and Surveys in Israel. Israel Antiquities Authority.
  9. ^ Encyclopedia of Prehistory, p.97
  10. ^ Encyclopedia of Prehistory, p.92
  11. ^ Milgrom, p. 638.
  12. ^ Baruch Margalit (1989). Baruch Margalit (ed.). The Ugaritic poem of Aqht: text, translation, commentary. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 0899254721, 9780899254722. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  13. ^ a b Zeev Safrai (1994). The economy of Roman Palestine (Illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 041510243X, 9780415102438. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  14. ^ Chancey, Mark A. (2002). The myth of a Gentile Galilee. Cambridge University Press. p. 98. ISBN 9780521814874. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
  15. ^ a b Amihai Mazar. "al-Sinnabra Overview". The Shelby White-Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Excavations. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
  16. ^ a b c L. SUKENIK. "The Ancient City of Philoteria {Beth Yerah)". Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society. p. 107.
  17. ^ Gil, 1997, p. 78, footnote #5.
  18. ^ a b Milgrom, Jacob; Wright, David Pearson; Freedman, David Noel; Hurvitz, Avi (1995). Pomegranates and golden bells: studies in biblical, Jewish, and Near Eastern ritual, law, and literature in honor of Jacob Milgrom (Illustrated ed.). Eisenbrauns. p. 630, footnote #2. ISBN 0931464870, 9780931464874. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  19. ^ Lightfoot, John (2007). From the Talmud and Hebraica, Volume 1. Cosimo Inc. p. 142. ISBN 9781602064065.
  20. ^ a b Ugarit-Forschungen, Volume 8. Verlag Butzon & Bercker. 1977. p. 179.
  21. ^ a b Whitcomb in Schuzman, 2009, p. 245.
  22. ^ Whitcomb in Schuzman, 2009, p. 241.
  23. ^ a b "Individual Scholarship: 2001-2002 Annual Report - Donald S. Whitcomb". The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Revised July 30, 2007. Retrieved 2010-03-16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  24. ^ a b "Ruins thought to be synagogue was Umayyad palace: 7th century Arab palace identified in Israel". Al-Arabiya. March 16, 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
  25. ^ Chancey, Mark A. (2005). Greco-Roman culture and the Galilee of Jesus (Illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 110, footnote #74. ISBN 0521846471, 9780521846479. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  26. ^ Whitcomb in Schuzman, 2009, p. 246.
  27. ^ a b c "Israeli archaeologists identified Caliph Mu'awiya's Lakeside Palace". Tel Aviv University: Division for Press Relations, Spokesperson & Communication Guidelines. March 15, 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-18.
  28. ^ a b Agence France Presse (March 16, 2010). "Ruins of 7th century Arab palace identified in Israel". Zimbio. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
  29. ^ a b c "The Umayyad Qasr". Tel Bet Yerah Research and Excavation Project. Retrieved 2010-03-18. Cite error: The named reference "TBY" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  30. ^ a b "Tibériade: identification des vestiges d'un palais omeyyade". RTBF.be. March 16, 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
  31. ^ "Identifican el palacio de los primeros omeyas en el mar de Galilea". European Press Photo Agency. March 16, 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
  32. ^ Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's war: a new history of the Crusades (Illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 203. ISBN 0674023870, 9780674023871. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  33. ^ Lane-Poole, Stanley (1985). Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The Other Press. p. 188. ISBN 9839541552, 9789839541557. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  34. ^ L. Sukenik, The Ancient City of Philoteria (Beth-Yerah), Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society, vol. 11, pp. 101-108, 1922
  35. ^ W. F. Albright, Some Archaeological and Topographical Results of a Trip through Palestine, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 11, pp. 1-14, 1923
  36. ^ http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/archaeology/projects/betyerah/whatsnew.html
  37. ^ B. Maisler, M. Stekelis, and M. Avi-Yonah, The Excavations at Beth Yerah (Khirbet el-Kerak) 1944-1946, Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 2, pp. 165-173 and pp. 219-29, 1951
  38. ^ P. Bar-Adon, Beth Yerah (News and Notes), IEJ, vol. 3, pp. 132, 1953
  39. ^ P. Bar-Adon, Beth Yerah (News and Notes), IEJ, vol. 4, pp. 128-129, 1954
  40. ^ P. Bar-Adon, Beth Yerah (News and Notes), IEJ, vol. 5, pp. 273, 1955
  41. ^ Nimrod Getzov et al., The Tel Bet Yerah Excavations 1994-1995 (IAA Reports S. No. 28), Israel Antiquities Authority, 2006, ISBN 9654061864
  42. ^ TBYREP

Bibliography

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