Campaign finance: Difference between revisions
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Wikipedia, stop it already! Just put ads instead of those giant "DONATE ME", "SEE WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU DO NOT DONATE" kind of banners. |
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{{Globalize|date=August 2010}} |
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JUST PUT ADS! |
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{{mergefrom|Political finance|date=September 2011}} |
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{{Political campaigning}} |
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'''Campaign finance''' refers to all funds that are raised and spent in order to promote candidates, parties or policies in some sort of electoral contest. In modern democracies such funds are not necessarily devoted to [[election]] campaigns. Issue campaigns in referendums, party activities and party organizations are additional items to be funded by political money. When James K. Pollock <ref>Pollock, James K., Party Campaign Funds. New York, NY: Knopf, 1926.</ref> and Louise Overacker <ref>Overacker, Louise, Money in Elections. New York, NY:Macmillan, 1932.</ref> began to analyze the role of money in politics, they started in the United States, looking at the money that was spent in order to influence the outcome of a (federal) election. Their take-off point has dominated perception of the subject ever since. '''Campaign funds''' is the subject heading under which all books dealing with money in politics are catalogued by the Library of Congress. Other countries have a different experience and use other terms for the subject. All of these terms offer a broader perspective. Cross-national comparisons prefer the more comprehensive "[[political finance]]", researchers in continental Europe use "'''party finance'''". All of them deal with "the '''costs of democracy'''", a term that was coined by Alexander Heard for his famous analysis of campaign finance in the U.S.<ref>Heard, Alexander, The Costs of Democracy. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1960.</ref> |
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In the U.S. [[political action committee]] (PAC) and campaign are adequate terms to identify the units that raise and spend money for political purposes. Each campaign (for federal office) has to run a PAC that reports revenue and expenses to the [[Federal Election Commission]] (FEC). [[Political campaign]]s have many expenditures, such as the cost of travel for the candidate, professional advice on topics like message and [[voter turnout]] (see [[campaign consulting]]) and the direct costs of communicating with voters, such as [[billboard]]s, [[television advertising]], and other channels. The types and purposes of campaign spending will change with the legal and social landscape that the campaign operates in; for instance, in [[Great Britain]], television advertising is provided to campaigning parties for free, while in the [[United States]] it is one of the biggest line items in the campaign budget, especially for statewide and national-level campaigns. |
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For most other democracies (including the European countries, Canada, Mexico, Japan, Australia, New Zealand and Israel) political party is a useful concept to identify and aggregate the multitude of entities that raise and spend political funds. Parties run national headquarters, constituency associations, regional branches and local chapters as well as offices in the field (on the ground). Each of these units collects revenue and incurs expenses that are used to fund political competition. |
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Although the [[political science]] literature indicates that most contributors give to support parties or candidates with whom they are already in agreement,<ref>http://web.mit.edu/polisci/research/representation/CF_JEP_Final.pdf</ref> there is wide public perception that donors expect illegitimate government favors in return<ref>{{cite book |author=Gill, David & Lipsmeyer, Christine |title=Soft Money and Hard Choices: Why Political Parties Might Legislate Against Soft Money Donations |ssrn=1422616 |publisher=Public Choice|year=2005}}</ref> (such as specific legislation being enacted or defeated), so some have come to equate campaign finance with [[political corruption]] and [[bribery]] {{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}. These views have led some governments to [[Campaign finance reform|reform]] fundraising sources and techniques in the hope of eliminating perceived undue influence being given to monied interests. Another tactic is for the government, rather than private individuals and organizations, to provide funding for campaigns. Democratic countries have differing regulations on what types of donations to political parties and campaigns are acceptable. |
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The causes and effects of different campaign finance rules are studied in a number of disciplines including [[political science]], [[economics]] and [[public policy]]. |
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==Private financing== |
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Some countries rely heavily on private donors to finance political campaigns. In these countries, fundraising is often a significant activity for the campaign staff and the candidate, especially in larger and more prominent campaigns. For example, one survey in the United States found that 23% of candidates for [[U.S. state|statewide]] office surveyed say that they spent more than half of their scheduled time raising money. Over half of all candidates surveyed spent at least 1/4 of their time on fundraising.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2519/is_2_22/ai_74410584|title=Begging for Bucks|accessdate=2007-03-12|work=Campaigns and Elections}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> |
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The tactics used can include [[direct mail]] solicitation, attempts to encourage supporters to contribute via the [[Internet]], direct solicitation from the candidate, and events specifically for the purpose of fundraising, or other activities. |
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Most countries that rely on private donations to fund campaigns require extensive disclosure of donations, frequently including information such as the name, employer and address of donors. This is intended to allow for policing of undue donor influence by other campaigns or by [[good government]] groups, while preserving most benefits of private financing, including the right to make donations and to spend money for political speech, saving government the expense of funding campaigns, and keeping government from funding partisan speech that some citizens may find odious (see [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/09/AR2005120901716.html]). Supporters of private financing systems believe that, in addition to avoiding government limitations on speech, private financing fosters civic involvement, ensures that a diversity of views are heard, and prevents government from tilting the scales to favor those in power or with political influence. |
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These kind of donations can come from private individuals, as well as groups such as [[trade union]]s and for-profit [[corporation]]s. |
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However, critics of this system claim that it leads to votes being "bought" and to large gaps between different parties in the money they have to campaign with. |
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==Public financing== |
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Other countries choose to use government funding to run campaigns. Funding campaigns from the government budget is widespread in [[South America]] and [[Europe]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Smilov, Daniel and Jurij Toplak|title=Political Finance and Corruption in Eastern Europe|publisher=Ashgate Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7546-7046-9}}</ref> The mechanisms for this can be quite varied, ranging from direct subsidy of [[political party|political parties]] to government matching funds for certain types of private donations (often small donations) to exemption from fees of government services (e.g. postage) and many other systems as well. Supporters of government financing generally believe that the system decreases corruption; in addition, many proponents believe that government financing promotes other values, such as civic participation or greater faith in the political process. Not all government subsidies take the form of money; some systems require campaign materials (often air time on television) to be provided at very low rates to the candidates. Critics sometimes complain of the expense of the government financing systems. [[Libertarianism|Libertarian]] critics of the system argue that government should not subsidize political speech. Other critics argue that government financing, with its emphasis on equalizing money resources, merely exaggerates differences in non-monetary resources. |
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In many countries, such as [[Germany]] and the [[United States]], campaigns can be funded by a combination of private and public money. |
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In some electoral systems, candidates who win an election or secure a minimum number of ballots are allowed to apply for a rebate to the government. The candidate submits an audited report of the campaign expenses and the government issues a rebate to the candidate, subject to some caps such as the number of votes cast for the candidate or a blanket cap. For example, in the 2008 election, candidates for the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong]] were entitled to a rebate up to HK$11 per vote. |
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==Regulation== |
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The concept of political finance can affect various parts of a society's institutions which support governmental and social success.<ref name = O&Z_13-14>Ohman and Zainulbhai 13-14</ref> Correct handling of political finance impacts a country's ability to effectively maintain [[elections|free and fair elections]], [[good governance|effective governance]], [[democratic government]] and [[political corruption|regulation of corruption]].<ref name = O&Z_13-14/> The [[United Nations convention against Corruption]], recognizing this, encouraged its members to "enhance transparency in the funding of candidatures for elected public office and, when applicable, the funding of political parties."<ref name = O&Z13>Quoted in Ohman and Zainulbhai 13</ref> Throughout the world countries have identified the problems which improper use of political finance could entail.<ref name = O&Z_16-17>Ohman and Zainulbhai</ref> When conducting a study pursuing and understanding of what international civil society has determined integral to regulation of political finance, Magnus Öhman and Hani Zainulbhai identified several common understandings by these organizations:<ref name = O&Z_16-17/> |
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#Money is necessary for democratic politics, and political parties must have access to funds to play their part in the political process. Regulation must not curb healthy competition. |
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#Money is never an unproblematic part of the political system, and regulation is desirable |
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#The context and political culture must be taken into account when devising strategies for controlling money in politics |
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#Effective regulation and disclosure can help to control adverse effects of the role of money in politics, but only if well conceived and implemented |
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#Effective oversight depends on activities in interaction by several stakeholders (such as regulators, civil society and the media) and based on transparency. |
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Their study also affirmed the perspective laid down by the Council of Europe, when discussing the concept of effective regulation of campaign financing: "[We are] convinced that raising public awareness on the issues of prevention and fight against corruption in the field of funding of political parties is essential to the good functioning of democratic institutions."<ref name =O&Z_16-17/> |
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==See also== |
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*[[Campaign finance in the United States]] |
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*[[Campaign finance reform in the United States]] |
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*[[Clean elections]] |
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*[[Election promise]] |
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*[[Hatch Act of 1939]] |
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*[[Investment theory of party competition]] |
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*[[Money loop]] |
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*[[No-bid contract]] |
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*[[Pacific scandal]] |
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*[[Party finance in Germany]] |
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*[[Political donations in Australia]] |
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*[[Political finance]] |
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*[[Political funding in Japan]] |
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*[[Political funding in the United Kingdom]] |
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*[[Federal political financing in Canada|Political financing in Canada]] |
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==References== |
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===Notes=== |
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{{Reflist|1}} |
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===Sources=== |
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*{{Cite journal |
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|last=Ansolabehere |
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|first=Stephen |
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|authorlink= |
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|coauthors=John de Figueiredo, James M. Snyder, Jr. |
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|title=Why Is There So Little Money in U.S. politics? |
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|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |
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|volume=17 |
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|issue=1 |
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|pages=105–130 |
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|year=2003 |
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|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
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|url=http://web.mit.edu/polisci/research/representation/CF_JEP_Final.pdf |
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|format=[[PDF]] |
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|accessdate=2007-03-12 |
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|doi=10.1257/089533003321164976 }} |
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*{{Cite book |last1 = Heard | first1 = Alexander| title = The Costs of Democracy| publisher = [[The University of North Carolina Press]] |year = 1960| isbn = not available in the book or in the Library of Congress catalogue | location = Chapel Hill, NC}} |
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*{{Cite book |last1 = Ohman | first1 = Magnus| last2 = Zainulbhai| first2 = Hani| title =Political Finance Regulation: The Global Experience| publisher = [[International Foundation for Electoral Systems]] |year = 2009| url = http://www.ifes.org/files/Political_Finance_Regulation_The_Global_Experience.pdf | isbn = 1-931459-42-8 | location = Washington, DC}} |
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*{{Cite news |last=Will |first=George |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/09/AR2005120901716.html |title='Don't Ask, Don't Tell' Hypocrisy |publisher=The Washington Post |date=2005-12-11 |accessdate=2007-03-12}} |
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===Further reading=== |
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*{{Cite book |author=Abramoff, Jack|title=Capitol Punishment: The Hard Truth About Washington Corruption From America's Most Notorious Lobbyist|publisher=WND Books|date=November 7, 2011|isbn=978-1936488445}} |
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*{{Cite book |author=Ackerman, Bruce and Ian Ayres|title=Voting with Dollars|publisher=Yale University Press|date=February 10, 2004|isbn=0-300-10149-X}} |
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*Alexander, Herbert E. "Campaign Financing in International Perspective" in {{cite book |author=Michael J. Malbin, ed. |title=Parties Interest Groups and Campaign Finance Laws |publisher=American Enterprise Institute |year=1980 |isbn=0-8447-2167-0 }} |
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*{{Cite book |author=Birnbaum, Jeffrey |title=The Money Men : The Real Story of Fund-raising's Influence on Political Power in America|publisher=Crown|date=June 6, 2000|isbn=0-8129-3119-X}} |
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*{{Cite book |author=Clawson, Dan ; Alan Neustadtl; Mark Weller |title=Dollars and Votes: How Business Campaign Contributions Subvert Democracy |publisher=Temple University Press|date=May 1998|isbn=1-56639-626-3}} |
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*{{Cite book |author=Coate, Steven |title=Pareto Improving Campaign Finance Policy |url=http://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/9601.html |publisher=American Economic Review|year=2004}} |
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*{{Cite book |author=Gill, David & Lipsmeyer, Christine |title=Soft Money and Hard Choices: Why Political Parties Might Legislate Against Soft Money Donations |ssrn=1422616 |publisher=Public Choice|year=2005}} |
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*Goodliffe, Jay {{cite web |title=BYU Syllabus for Money in Politics |work=Reading List |url=http://fhss.byu.edu/PolSci/Goodliffe/410/syllabus.htm#Readings |accessdate=Fall 2003}} Extensive list of articles on Money in Politics |
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*{{Cite book |author=Green, Mark|title=Selling Out: How Big Corporate Money Buys Elections, Rams Through Legislation, and Betrays Our Democracy|publisher=Regan Books|year=2004|isbn=0-06-073582-1}} New York mayoral candidate who lost to Bloomberg. |
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*{{Cite book |author=Malbin, Michael J. |title=The Election After Reform: Money, Politics, and the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.|date=March 2006|isbn=0-7425-3870-2 }} |
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*{{Cite book |author=John Samples |title=The Fallacy of Campaign Finance Reform |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0226734507 |year=2006}} |
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* [[Joseph Sandler|Sandler, Joseph]] [http://www.sandlerreiff.com/publications/Sandler_Reiff_Campaign_Finance_Minefield.html "The Campaign Finance Minefield."] An analysis of the impact of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act on state and local party committees. [[Campaigns & Elections Magazine]], May 2004 |
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*{{Cite book |author=Smilov, Daniel and Jurij Toplak|title=Political Finance and Corruption in Eastern Europe|publisher=Ashgate Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7546-7046-9}} |
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*{{Cite book |author=Smith, Bradley A. |title=Unfree Speech : The Folly of Campaign Finance Reform|publisher=Princeton University Press|date=March 1, 2001 |isbn=0-691-07045-8}} |
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*{{Cite video | people= Talbot, Stephen |date=1992|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/programs/info/1104.html |title=The Best Campaign Money Can Buy | medium= TV-Series|location=United States | publisher= Frontline (PBS Video); Center for Investigative Reporting}} |
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*{{Cite book |author=Ward, Gene |title=Transparency in Money in Politics: A Comparison of the United States and Canada |url=http://www.idea.int/publications/pp_can_usa/upload/Freedom_Chap2.pdf |publisher= }} PDF |
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*{{Cite book |author=Van Treuren, Phil |title=How to Build a Political Campaign Fundraising Donor List |url=http://www.killercampaigning.com/how-to-build-a-political-campaign-fundraising-donor-list/ |publisher=Killer Campaigning|year=2009}} |
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==External links== |
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*[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/campaignfinance.htm Campaign Finance] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' |
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*[http://www.campaignfreedom.org Center for Competitive Politics] |
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*[http://www.polisource.com/campaigns-elections.shtml#campaign-law More on United States campaign law] |
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*[http://www.cfinst.org/ Campaign Finance Institute] |
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*[http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?q=campaign+finance&search_crit=title&search=Search&date1=Anytime&date2=Anytime&type=form Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding campaign finance] |
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*[http://www.PoliticalMoneyLine.com/ PoliticalMoneyLine] |
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*[http://www.opensecrets.org/ OpenSecrets] |
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*[http://www.iqelections.com/ IQElections - Complete Election Database] |
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*[http://www.campaignmoney.com/ Campaign Money Search] |
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*[http://www.followthemoney.org/ The National Institute on Money in State Politics] |
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*[http://www.politicslaw.org/ Institute for Law and Politics at the University of Minnesota Law School] |
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*[http://www.moneyandpolitics.net Money and Politics - Political Finance & Public Ethics (IFES)] - links to news articles, resources and handbooks on political corruption, political finance and campaign finance issues around the world |
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*{{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Society_and_Culture/Politics/Issues/Election_Reform/Campaign_Finance|United States Campaign Finance Issues}} |
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*[https://wcd.coe.int/wcd/ViewDoc.jsp?id=2183&Site=CM&BackColorInternet=C3C3C3&BackColorIntranet=EDB021&BackColorLogged=F5D383 Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on common rules against corruption in the funding of political parties and electoral campaigns] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Campaign Finance}} |
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[[Category:Campaign finance]] |
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[[de:Parteienfinanzierung]] |
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[[fr:Financement des partis politiques et campagnes électorales]] |
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[[ko:정치자금]] |
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[[id:Dana kampanye]] |
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[[ja:政治資金]] |
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[[ru:Избирательный фонд]] |
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[[fi:Vaalirahoitus]] |
Revision as of 11:06, 20 December 2011
![]() | This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. (October 2011) |
![]() | The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (August 2010) |
![]() | It has been suggested that Political finance be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since September 2011. |
Part of the Politics series |
Political campaigning |
---|
![]() |
![]() |
Campaign finance refers to all funds that are raised and spent in order to promote candidates, parties or policies in some sort of electoral contest. In modern democracies such funds are not necessarily devoted to election campaigns. Issue campaigns in referendums, party activities and party organizations are additional items to be funded by political money. When James K. Pollock [1] and Louise Overacker [2] began to analyze the role of money in politics, they started in the United States, looking at the money that was spent in order to influence the outcome of a (federal) election. Their take-off point has dominated perception of the subject ever since. Campaign funds is the subject heading under which all books dealing with money in politics are catalogued by the Library of Congress. Other countries have a different experience and use other terms for the subject. All of these terms offer a broader perspective. Cross-national comparisons prefer the more comprehensive "political finance", researchers in continental Europe use "party finance". All of them deal with "the costs of democracy", a term that was coined by Alexander Heard for his famous analysis of campaign finance in the U.S.[3]
In the U.S. political action committee (PAC) and campaign are adequate terms to identify the units that raise and spend money for political purposes. Each campaign (for federal office) has to run a PAC that reports revenue and expenses to the Federal Election Commission (FEC). Political campaigns have many expenditures, such as the cost of travel for the candidate, professional advice on topics like message and voter turnout (see campaign consulting) and the direct costs of communicating with voters, such as billboards, television advertising, and other channels. The types and purposes of campaign spending will change with the legal and social landscape that the campaign operates in; for instance, in Great Britain, television advertising is provided to campaigning parties for free, while in the United States it is one of the biggest line items in the campaign budget, especially for statewide and national-level campaigns.
For most other democracies (including the European countries, Canada, Mexico, Japan, Australia, New Zealand and Israel) political party is a useful concept to identify and aggregate the multitude of entities that raise and spend political funds. Parties run national headquarters, constituency associations, regional branches and local chapters as well as offices in the field (on the ground). Each of these units collects revenue and incurs expenses that are used to fund political competition.
Although the political science literature indicates that most contributors give to support parties or candidates with whom they are already in agreement,[4] there is wide public perception that donors expect illegitimate government favors in return[5] (such as specific legislation being enacted or defeated), so some have come to equate campaign finance with political corruption and bribery [citation needed]. These views have led some governments to reform fundraising sources and techniques in the hope of eliminating perceived undue influence being given to monied interests. Another tactic is for the government, rather than private individuals and organizations, to provide funding for campaigns. Democratic countries have differing regulations on what types of donations to political parties and campaigns are acceptable.
The causes and effects of different campaign finance rules are studied in a number of disciplines including political science, economics and public policy.
Private financing
Some countries rely heavily on private donors to finance political campaigns. In these countries, fundraising is often a significant activity for the campaign staff and the candidate, especially in larger and more prominent campaigns. For example, one survey in the United States found that 23% of candidates for statewide office surveyed say that they spent more than half of their scheduled time raising money. Over half of all candidates surveyed spent at least 1/4 of their time on fundraising.[6] The tactics used can include direct mail solicitation, attempts to encourage supporters to contribute via the Internet, direct solicitation from the candidate, and events specifically for the purpose of fundraising, or other activities.
Most countries that rely on private donations to fund campaigns require extensive disclosure of donations, frequently including information such as the name, employer and address of donors. This is intended to allow for policing of undue donor influence by other campaigns or by good government groups, while preserving most benefits of private financing, including the right to make donations and to spend money for political speech, saving government the expense of funding campaigns, and keeping government from funding partisan speech that some citizens may find odious (see [1]). Supporters of private financing systems believe that, in addition to avoiding government limitations on speech, private financing fosters civic involvement, ensures that a diversity of views are heard, and prevents government from tilting the scales to favor those in power or with political influence.
These kind of donations can come from private individuals, as well as groups such as trade unions and for-profit corporations.
However, critics of this system claim that it leads to votes being "bought" and to large gaps between different parties in the money they have to campaign with.
Public financing
Other countries choose to use government funding to run campaigns. Funding campaigns from the government budget is widespread in South America and Europe.[7] The mechanisms for this can be quite varied, ranging from direct subsidy of political parties to government matching funds for certain types of private donations (often small donations) to exemption from fees of government services (e.g. postage) and many other systems as well. Supporters of government financing generally believe that the system decreases corruption; in addition, many proponents believe that government financing promotes other values, such as civic participation or greater faith in the political process. Not all government subsidies take the form of money; some systems require campaign materials (often air time on television) to be provided at very low rates to the candidates. Critics sometimes complain of the expense of the government financing systems. Libertarian critics of the system argue that government should not subsidize political speech. Other critics argue that government financing, with its emphasis on equalizing money resources, merely exaggerates differences in non-monetary resources.
In many countries, such as Germany and the United States, campaigns can be funded by a combination of private and public money.
In some electoral systems, candidates who win an election or secure a minimum number of ballots are allowed to apply for a rebate to the government. The candidate submits an audited report of the campaign expenses and the government issues a rebate to the candidate, subject to some caps such as the number of votes cast for the candidate or a blanket cap. For example, in the 2008 election, candidates for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong were entitled to a rebate up to HK$11 per vote.
Regulation
The concept of political finance can affect various parts of a society's institutions which support governmental and social success.[8] Correct handling of political finance impacts a country's ability to effectively maintain free and fair elections, effective governance, democratic government and regulation of corruption.[8] The United Nations convention against Corruption, recognizing this, encouraged its members to "enhance transparency in the funding of candidatures for elected public office and, when applicable, the funding of political parties."[9] Throughout the world countries have identified the problems which improper use of political finance could entail.[10] When conducting a study pursuing and understanding of what international civil society has determined integral to regulation of political finance, Magnus Öhman and Hani Zainulbhai identified several common understandings by these organizations:[10]
- Money is necessary for democratic politics, and political parties must have access to funds to play their part in the political process. Regulation must not curb healthy competition.
- Money is never an unproblematic part of the political system, and regulation is desirable
- The context and political culture must be taken into account when devising strategies for controlling money in politics
- Effective regulation and disclosure can help to control adverse effects of the role of money in politics, but only if well conceived and implemented
- Effective oversight depends on activities in interaction by several stakeholders (such as regulators, civil society and the media) and based on transparency.
Their study also affirmed the perspective laid down by the Council of Europe, when discussing the concept of effective regulation of campaign financing: "[We are] convinced that raising public awareness on the issues of prevention and fight against corruption in the field of funding of political parties is essential to the good functioning of democratic institutions."[10]
See also
- Campaign finance in the United States
- Campaign finance reform in the United States
- Clean elections
- Election promise
- Hatch Act of 1939
- Investment theory of party competition
- Money loop
- No-bid contract
- Pacific scandal
- Party finance in Germany
- Political donations in Australia
- Political finance
- Political funding in Japan
- Political funding in the United Kingdom
- Political financing in Canada
References
Notes
- ^ Pollock, James K., Party Campaign Funds. New York, NY: Knopf, 1926.
- ^ Overacker, Louise, Money in Elections. New York, NY:Macmillan, 1932.
- ^ Heard, Alexander, The Costs of Democracy. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1960.
- ^ http://web.mit.edu/polisci/research/representation/CF_JEP_Final.pdf
- ^ Gill, David & Lipsmeyer, Christine (2005). Soft Money and Hard Choices: Why Political Parties Might Legislate Against Soft Money Donations. Public Choice. SSRN 1422616.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Begging for Bucks". Campaigns and Elections. Retrieved 2007-03-12. [dead link]
- ^ Smilov, Daniel and Jurij Toplak (2007). Political Finance and Corruption in Eastern Europe. Ashgate Press. ISBN 978-0-7546-7046-9.
- ^ a b Ohman and Zainulbhai 13-14
- ^ Quoted in Ohman and Zainulbhai 13
- ^ a b c Ohman and Zainulbhai
Sources
- Ansolabehere, Stephen (2003). "Why Is There So Little Money in U.S. politics?" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 17 (1). Massachusetts Institute of Technology: 105–130. doi:10.1257/089533003321164976. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - Heard, Alexander (1960). The Costs of Democracy. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN not available in the book or in the Library of Congress catalogue.
{{cite book}}
: Check|isbn=
value: invalid character (help) - Ohman, Magnus; Zainulbhai, Hani (2009). Political Finance Regulation: The Global Experience (PDF). Washington, DC: International Foundation for Electoral Systems. ISBN 1-931459-42-8.
- Will, George (2005-12-11). "'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' Hypocrisy". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
Further reading
- Abramoff, Jack (November 7, 2011). Capitol Punishment: The Hard Truth About Washington Corruption From America's Most Notorious Lobbyist. WND Books. ISBN 978-1936488445.
- Ackerman, Bruce and Ian Ayres (February 10, 2004). Voting with Dollars. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10149-X.
- Alexander, Herbert E. "Campaign Financing in International Perspective" in Michael J. Malbin, ed. (1980). Parties Interest Groups and Campaign Finance Laws. American Enterprise Institute. ISBN 0-8447-2167-0.
{{cite book}}
:|author=
has generic name (help) - Birnbaum, Jeffrey (June 6, 2000). The Money Men : The Real Story of Fund-raising's Influence on Political Power in America. Crown. ISBN 0-8129-3119-X.
- Clawson, Dan ; Alan Neustadtl; Mark Weller (May 1998). Dollars and Votes: How Business Campaign Contributions Subvert Democracy. Temple University Press. ISBN 1-56639-626-3.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Coate, Steven (2004). Pareto Improving Campaign Finance Policy. American Economic Review.
- Gill, David & Lipsmeyer, Christine (2005). Soft Money and Hard Choices: Why Political Parties Might Legislate Against Soft Money Donations. Public Choice. SSRN 1422616.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Goodliffe, Jay "BYU Syllabus for Money in Politics". Reading List. Retrieved Fall 2003.
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(help) Extensive list of articles on Money in Politics - Green, Mark (2004). Selling Out: How Big Corporate Money Buys Elections, Rams Through Legislation, and Betrays Our Democracy. Regan Books. ISBN 0-06-073582-1. New York mayoral candidate who lost to Bloomberg.
- Malbin, Michael J. (March 2006). The Election After Reform: Money, Politics, and the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-7425-3870-2.
- John Samples (2006). The Fallacy of Campaign Finance Reform. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226734507.
- Sandler, Joseph "The Campaign Finance Minefield." An analysis of the impact of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act on state and local party committees. Campaigns & Elections Magazine, May 2004
- Smilov, Daniel and Jurij Toplak (2007). Political Finance and Corruption in Eastern Europe. Ashgate Press. ISBN 978-0-7546-7046-9.
- Smith, Bradley A. (March 1, 2001). Unfree Speech : The Folly of Campaign Finance Reform. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07045-8.
- Talbot, Stephen (1992). The Best Campaign Money Can Buy (TV-Series). United States: Frontline (PBS Video); Center for Investigative Reporting.
- Ward, Gene. Transparency in Money in Politics: A Comparison of the United States and Canada (PDF). PDF
- Van Treuren, Phil (2009). How to Build a Political Campaign Fundraising Donor List. Killer Campaigning.
External links
- Campaign Finance from UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Center for Competitive Politics
- More on United States campaign law
- Campaign Finance Institute
- Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding campaign finance
- PoliticalMoneyLine
- OpenSecrets
- IQElections - Complete Election Database
- Campaign Money Search
- The National Institute on Money in State Politics
- Institute for Law and Politics at the University of Minnesota Law School
- Money and Politics - Political Finance & Public Ethics (IFES) - links to news articles, resources and handbooks on political corruption, political finance and campaign finance issues around the world
- United States Campaign Finance Issues at Curlie
- Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on common rules against corruption in the funding of political parties and electoral campaigns