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It has been reported that the plant is used a traditional Ayurvedic treatment for [[epilepsy]] and [[asthma]].<ref name=rajani>Rajani, M., et al. "Brahmi (''Bacopa monnieri'' (L.) Pennell) - A ''Medhya Rasaayana'' Drug of Ayurveda" in Ramawat, K. G., Ed. (2004). ''Biotechnology of Medicinal Plants: Vitalizer and Therapeutic'' Enfield, New Hampshire: Science Publishers, Inc.</ref>
It has been reported that the plant is used a traditional Ayurvedic treatment for [[epilepsy]] and [[asthma]].<ref name=rajani>Rajani, M., et al. "Brahmi (''Bacopa monnieri'' (L.) Pennell) - A ''Medhya Rasaayana'' Drug of Ayurveda" in Ramawat, K. G., Ed. (2004). ''Biotechnology of Medicinal Plants: Vitalizer and Therapeutic'' Enfield, New Hampshire: Science Publishers, Inc.</ref>


Laboratory studies on rats indicate that extracts of the plant improve memory capacity.<ref>Morgan A, Stevens J"Does Bacopa monnieri improve memory performance in older persons? Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial." ''J Altern Complement'' Med. 2010 Jul;16(7):753-9 Authors: </ref> Recent studies suggest bacopa may improve intellectual activity.<ref name="Stough">{{cite journal|author=C. Stough, J. Lloyd, J. Clarke, L. Downey, C. Hutchison, T. Rodgers, P. Nathan|title=The chronic effects of an extract of Bacopa monniera (Brahmi) on cognitive function in healthy human subjects|year=2001|journal=Psychopharmacology (Berl)|pmid=11498727|volume=156|issue=4|pages=481–4|doi=10.1007/s002130100815}}</ref><ref name="Roodenrys">{{cite journal|author=S. Roodenrys, D. Booth, S. Bulzomi, A. Phipps, C. Micallef, J. Smoker|title=Chronic effects of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) on human memory|year=2002|journal=Neuropsychopharmacology (Wollongong)|doi=10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00419-5|volume=27|pages=279–81|pmid=12093601|issue=2}}</ref><ref>Stough C, Downey LA, Lloyd J et al. (2008). "Examining the nootropic effects of a special extract of Bacopa Monniera on human cognitive functioning: 90 day double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial." ''Phytother Res''. '''22''':1629-1634.</ref> The [[sulfhydryl]] and [[polyphenol]] components of ''Bacopa monniera'' extract have also been shown to impact the oxidative stress cascade by scavenging reactive oxygen species, inhibiting lipoxygenase activity and reducing [[divalent]] metals.<ref name=dhanasekaran>Dhanasekaran M, Tharakan B, Holcomb LA et al. (2007). "Neuroprotective mechanisms of [[ayurvedic]] antidementia botanical Bacopa monniera." ''Phytother Res''. '''21''':965-969.</ref> This mechanism of action may explain the effect of ''Bacopa monniera'' extract in reducing [[Beta amyloid|beta amyloid deposits]] in mice with [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref name=dhanasekaran/> ''B. monnieri'' has a demonstrated ability to reverse [[diazepam]]-induced [[amnesia]] in the [[Morris water maze]] test. The mechanism of this action is unknown.<ref>Saraf, K., et al. (2008). ''Bacopa monnieri'' ameliorates amnesic effects of diazepam qualifying behavioral- molecular partitioning. ''Neuroscience''. doi=10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.05.043</ref> In some trials, bacopacide extract did not restore or enhance memory formation, but improved retention.<ref name="Neuropsychopharmacology">{{Cite journal
Laboratory studies on rats indicate that extracts of the plant improve memory capacity.<ref>Morgan A, Stevens J"Does Bacopa monnieri improve memory performance in older persons? Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial." ''J Altern Complement'' Med. 2010 Jul;16(7):753-9 Authors: </ref> Recent studies suggest bacopa may improve intellectual activity.<ref name="Stough">{{cite journal|author=C. Stough, J. Lloyd, J. Clarke, L. Downey, C. Hutchison, T. Rodgers, P. Nathan|title=The chronic effects of an extract of Bacopa monniera (Brahmi) on cognitive function in healthy human subjects|year=2001|journal=Psychopharmacology (Berl)|pmid=11498727|volume=156|issue=4|pages=481–4|doi=10.1007/s002130100815}}</ref><ref name="Roodenrys">{{cite journal|author=S. Roodenrys, D. Booth, S. Bulzomi, A. Phipps, C. Micallef, J. Smoker|title=Chronic effects of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) on human memory|year=2002|journal=Neuropsychopharmacology (Wollongong)|doi=10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00419-5|volume=27|pages=279–81|pmid=12093601|issue=2}}</ref><ref>Stough C, Downey LA, Lloyd J et al. (2008). "Examining the nootropic effects of a special extract of Bacopa Monniera on human cognitive functioning: 90 day double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial." ''Phytother Res''. '''22''':1629-1634.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://examine.com/supplements/Bacopa+Monnieri/#main_clinical_results |title=Examine |accessdate=2012-04-04}}</ref> The [[sulfhydryl]] and [[polyphenol]] components of ''Bacopa monniera'' extract have also been shown to impact the oxidative stress cascade by scavenging reactive oxygen species, inhibiting lipoxygenase activity and reducing [[divalent]] metals.<ref name=dhanasekaran>Dhanasekaran M, Tharakan B, Holcomb LA et al. (2007). "Neuroprotective mechanisms of [[ayurvedic]] antidementia botanical Bacopa monniera." ''Phytother Res''. '''21''':965-969.</ref> This mechanism of action may explain the effect of ''Bacopa monniera'' extract in reducing [[Beta amyloid|beta amyloid deposits]] in mice with [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref name=dhanasekaran/> ''B. monnieri'' has a demonstrated ability to reverse [[diazepam]]-induced [[amnesia]] in the [[Morris water maze]] test. The mechanism of this action is unknown.<ref>Saraf, K., et al. (2008). ''Bacopa monnieri'' ameliorates amnesic effects of diazepam qualifying behavioral- molecular partitioning. ''Neuroscience''. doi=10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.05.043</ref> In some trials, bacopacide extract did not restore or enhance memory formation, but improved retention.<ref name="Neuropsychopharmacology">{{Cite journal
| journal = Neuropsychopharmacology
| journal = Neuropsychopharmacology
| volume = 27
| volume = 27

Revision as of 15:12, 4 April 2012

Bacopa monnieri
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Asterids
Order:
Lamiales
Family:
Scrophulariaceae
Genus:
Bacopa
Species:
B. monnieri
Binomial name
Bacopa monnieri
Synonyms

Bacopa monniera
Indian Pennywort (L.) Pennell
Bramia monnieri (L.) Pennell
Gratiola monnieria L.
Herpestes monnieria (L.) Kunth
Herpestis fauriei H.Lev.
Herpestis monniera
Herpestris monnieria
Lysimachia monnieri L.
Moniera euneifolia

Bacopa monnieri (Waterhyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiola, Water hyssop) is a perennial, creeping herb whose habitat includes wetlands and muddy shores. Brahmi is also the name given to Centella asiatica, particularly in north India,[2][3] although that may be a case of mistaken identification that was introduced during the 16th century.[4]

Description

Bacopa monnieri in Hyderabad, India.

The leaves of this plant are succulent and relatively thick. Leaves are oblanceolate and are arranged oppositely on the stem. The flowers are small and white, with four or five petals. Its ability to grow in water makes it a popular aquarium plant. It can even grow in slightly brackish conditions. Propagation is often achieved through cuttings.

Ecology

It commonly grows in marshy areas throughout India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Taiwan, and Vietnam, and is also found in Florida, Hawaii and other southern states of the USA where it can be grown in damp conditions by the pond or bog garden.

Uses

Physiological Effects

It has been reported that the plant is used a traditional Ayurvedic treatment for epilepsy and asthma.[5]

Laboratory studies on rats indicate that extracts of the plant improve memory capacity.[6] Recent studies suggest bacopa may improve intellectual activity.[7][8][9][10] The sulfhydryl and polyphenol components of Bacopa monniera extract have also been shown to impact the oxidative stress cascade by scavenging reactive oxygen species, inhibiting lipoxygenase activity and reducing divalent metals.[11] This mechanism of action may explain the effect of Bacopa monniera extract in reducing beta amyloid deposits in mice with Alzheimer's disease.[11] B. monnieri has a demonstrated ability to reverse diazepam-induced amnesia in the Morris water maze test. The mechanism of this action is unknown.[12] In some trials, bacopacide extract did not restore or enhance memory formation, but improved retention.[13][14] In others including a randomized clinical trial of 98 healthy older people (over 55 years) Bacopa significantly improved memory acquisition and retention.[15]

Its many active compounds include: alkaloids (brahmine and herpestine), saponins (d-mannitol and hersaponin, acid A, and monnierin), flavonoids (luteolin and apigenin). Also in significant amounts: betulic acid, stigmastarol, beta-sitosterol, bacopasaponins (bacosides A, bacosides B, bacopaside II, bacopaside I, bacopaside X, bacopasaponin C, bacopaside N2 and the minor components were bacopasaponin F, bacopasaponin E, bacopaside N1, bacopaside III, bacopaside IV, and bacopaside V). In rats, bacosides A enhance antioxidant defenses, increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity.[16]

Brahmi, can enhance immune function by increasing immunoglobulin production. It may regulate antibody production by augmenting both Th1 and Th2 cytokine production.[17]

Toxicity

When a preparation of the plant was evaluated for safety and tolerability it showed no adverse effects but there were some reports of mild gastrointestinal symptoms.[18]

Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) has been reported to reversibly suppress spermatogenesis and fertility in male mice at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight/day for 28 and 56 days. Parameters of motility, viability, morphology, and number of spermatozoa in cauda epididymidis returned to baseline 56 days after treatment cessation. PMID: 19041444

Phytoremediation

Bacopa monnieri is a reputed hyperaccumulator of cadmium, chromium, lead and mercury, and as such can be used for phytoremediation.[19]

International naming

The plant is known by many names in many international languages, including:

  • நீர்ப்பிரமி (Niirpirami) in Tamil
  • ผักมิ  (Phak mi), พรมมิ (Phrommi) in Thai
  • Lunuwila in Sinhalese (Sri Lanka)
  • ae' ae' in Hawaiian (Hawaii)
  • Rau Đắng in Vietnamese
  • פְּשֵטָה שרועה ("psheta sru'a") in Hebrew

References

  1. ^ "Bacopa monnieri information from NPGS/GRIN". www.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2008-03-13.
  2. ^ "In north India, however, brāhmī is commonly identified as Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban, which in Malayalam is known as muttil. It seems that this identification of brāhmī as C. asiatica has been in use for long in northern India, as Hēmādri's 'Commentary on Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayaṃ (Āyuṛvēdarasāyanaṃ) treats maṇḍūkapaṛṇī (C. asiatica) as a synonym of brahmi." Warrier, P K (1996). Indian Medicinal Plants: A Compendium of 500 Specie. Orient Blackswan. p. 238. ISBN 9788125003014. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Daniel, M. (2005). Medicinal plants: chemistry and properties. Science Publishers. p. 225. ISBN 9781578083954.
  4. ^ Khare, C. P. (2003). Indian Herbal Remedies: Rational Western Therapy, Ayurvedic, and Other Traditional Usage, Botany. Springer. p. 89. ISBN 9783540010265.
  5. ^ Rajani, M., et al. "Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell) - A Medhya Rasaayana Drug of Ayurveda" in Ramawat, K. G., Ed. (2004). Biotechnology of Medicinal Plants: Vitalizer and Therapeutic Enfield, New Hampshire: Science Publishers, Inc.
  6. ^ Morgan A, Stevens J"Does Bacopa monnieri improve memory performance in older persons? Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial." J Altern Complement Med. 2010 Jul;16(7):753-9 Authors:
  7. ^ C. Stough, J. Lloyd, J. Clarke, L. Downey, C. Hutchison, T. Rodgers, P. Nathan (2001). "The chronic effects of an extract of Bacopa monniera (Brahmi) on cognitive function in healthy human subjects". Psychopharmacology (Berl). 156 (4): 481–4. doi:10.1007/s002130100815. PMID 11498727.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ S. Roodenrys, D. Booth, S. Bulzomi, A. Phipps, C. Micallef, J. Smoker (2002). "Chronic effects of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) on human memory". Neuropsychopharmacology (Wollongong). 27 (2): 279–81. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00419-5. PMID 12093601.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Stough C, Downey LA, Lloyd J et al. (2008). "Examining the nootropic effects of a special extract of Bacopa Monniera on human cognitive functioning: 90 day double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial." Phytother Res. 22:1629-1634.
  10. ^ "Examine". Retrieved 2012-04-04.
  11. ^ a b Dhanasekaran M, Tharakan B, Holcomb LA et al. (2007). "Neuroprotective mechanisms of ayurvedic antidementia botanical Bacopa monniera." Phytother Res. 21:965-969.
  12. ^ Saraf, K., et al. (2008). Bacopa monnieri ameliorates amnesic effects of diazepam qualifying behavioral- molecular partitioning. Neuroscience. doi=10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.05.043
  13. ^ Roodenrys, Steven Ph.D.; et al. (2002). "Chronic Effects of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) on Human Memory". Neuropsychopharmacology. 27 (2): 279–281. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00419-5. PMID 12093601. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help)
  14. ^ Nathan, PJ; et al. (2004). "Effects of a combined extract of Ginkgo biloba and Bacopa monniera on cognitive function in healthy humans". Hum. Psychopharmacol. 19 (2): 91–96. doi:10.1002/hup.544. PMID 14994318.
  15. ^ Morgan A, Stevens J "Does Bacopa monnieri improve memory performance in older persons? Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial" Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine - New York 2010 Jul;16(7):753-9.
  16. ^ Anbarsi, K., et al. (2006). Effect of bacoside A on brain antioxidant status in cigarette smoke exposed rats. Life Science 78:12.
  17. ^ Koji Yamada, Pham Hung, Tae Kyu Park, Pyo Jam Park and Beong Ou Limb,"A comparison of the immunostimulatory effects of the medicinal herbs Echinacea, Ashwagandha and Brahmi" Journal of Ethnopharmacology Volume 137, Issue 1, 1 September 2011, Pages 231-235
  18. ^ Pravina K, Ravindra KR, Goudar KS et al. (2007). Safety evaluation of BacoMind in healthy volunteers: a phase I study." Phytomedicine. 14:301-308.
  19. ^ McCutcheon & Schnoor 2003, Phytoremediation. New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons, page 898.
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