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→‎False reporting: Thanks for the source, but you can't make definitive statements like "most rigorous" as an objective fact; I've changed it to reflect the sources' opinion. I also restored a study that was deleted for no reason yesterday.
→‎False reporting: In addition to featuring grammar and spelling mistakes, this entire paragraph is blatant POV pushing. Let's avoid using an Encyclopedia article for bashing the police on their supposed callous attitudes towards rape victims, ok?
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===False reporting===
===False reporting===
{{Main|False accusation of rape}}
{{Main|False accusation of rape}}
FBI reports consistently put the number of "unfounded" rape accusations around 8%.<ref>[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/1996/96sec2.pdf "Section II: Crime Index Offenses Reported"]. FBI, 1996.</ref> However, critics have argued that "unfounded" is not synonymous with "false" allegation.<ref>[http://oregonsatf.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Position-Paper-False-Alleg3.pdf "False Allegations, Recantations, and Unfounding in the Context of Sexual Assault"]. Attorney General's Sexual Task Force, SATF Oregon.</ref> A much criticized<ref name="SAR">{{Cite journal |journal=Sexual Assault Report |volume=11 |issue=1 |first=David |last=Lisak |authorlink = David Lisak |date=September/October 2007 |title=False allegations of rape: a critique of Kanin}}</ref><ref name=rumney>Rumney, Philip N.S. (2006). [http://journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=430300 "False Allegations of Rape"], ''Cambridge Law Journal'', 65, pp. 128-158. [[doi:10.1017/S0008197306007069]].</ref><ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_go1613/is_1_18/ai_n31607869/ False Rape Allegations: An Assault On Justice]</ref> 1994 article describing 109 rape complaints made between 1978 and 1987 alleged that 41% were "false allegations."<ref>Kanin, Eugene J., "[http://web.archive.org/web/20061229091333/http://www.sexcriminals.com/library/doc-1002-1.doc False Rape Allegations]", ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', Vol. 23, No. 1, Feb 1994, p. 81. (MS Word document at the Internet Archive)</ref> A study Kelly, Lovett, and Regan in 2005, based on 2,643 sexual assault cases, found 22% of cases recorded by police as "no crime" and 3% as "possible" or "probable" flase allegations. <ref>Kelly. L., Lovett, J., Regan, L. (2005). [http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/hors293.pdf "A gap or a chasm? Attrition in reported rape cases"]. Home Office Research Study 293.</ref> This was called "the largest" and "most rigorous" by researcher David Lisak, <ref>Lonsway, Kimberley A.; Aschambault, Joanne; [[David Lisak|Lisak, David]] (2009). [http://www.ndaa.org/pdf/the_voice_vol_3_no_1_2009.pdf "False Reports: Moving Beyond the Issue to Successfully Investigate and Prosecute Non-Stranger Sexual Assault"]. ''The Voice'' '''3''' (1): 1&ndash;11.</ref><ref name="Sexual assault: key issues">{{Cite journal|author=Cybulska, B. |title=Sexual assault: key issues |journal=J R Soc Med |volume=100 |issue=7 |pages=321–4 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17606752 |pmc=1905867 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.100.7.321 |url=}}</ref> who himself found a figure of 5.9% of false reports in a 2010 study. <ref name="VAW">{{Cite journal |journal=Violence Against Women |url=http://vaw.sagepub.com/content/16/12/1318.full.pdf+html |volume=16 |issue=12 |title=False Allegations of Sexual Assualt: An Analysis of Ten Years of Reported Cases |first=David |last=Lisak |first2=Lori |last2=Gardinier |last3=Nicksa |first3=Sarah C. |first4=Ashley M. |last4=Cote |year=2010 | doi = 10.1177/1077801210387747 | pages = 1318&ndash;1334}}</ref>
FBI reports consistently put the number of "unfounded" rape accusations around 8%.<ref>[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/1996/96sec2.pdf "Section II: Crime Index Offenses Reported"]. FBI, 1996.</ref> However, critics have argued that "unfounded" is not synonymous with "false" allegation.<ref>[http://oregonsatf.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Position-Paper-False-Alleg3.pdf "False Allegations, Recantations, and Unfounding in the Context of Sexual Assault"]. Attorney General's Sexual Task Force, SATF Oregon.</ref> A much criticized<ref name="SAR">{{Cite journal |journal=Sexual Assault Report |volume=11 |issue=1 |first=David |last=Lisak |authorlink = David Lisak |date=September/October 2007 |title=False allegations of rape: a critique of Kanin}}</ref><ref name=rumney>Rumney, Philip N.S. (2006). [http://journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=430300 "False Allegations of Rape"], ''Cambridge Law Journal'', 65, pp. 128-158. [[doi:10.1017/S0008197306007069]].</ref><ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_go1613/is_1_18/ai_n31607869/ False Rape Allegations: An Assault On Justice]</ref> 1994 article describing 109 rape complaints made between 1978 and 1987 alleged that 41% were "false allegations."<ref>Kanin, Eugene J., "[http://web.archive.org/web/20061229091333/http://www.sexcriminals.com/library/doc-1002-1.doc False Rape Allegations]", ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', Vol. 23, No. 1, Feb 1994, p. 81. (MS Word document at the Internet Archive)</ref> A study Kelly, Lovett, and Regan in 2005, based on 2,643 sexual assault cases, found 22% of cases recorded by police as "no crime" and 3% as "possible" or "probable" flase allegations. <ref>Kelly. L., Lovett, J., Regan, L. (2005). [http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/hors293.pdf "A gap or a chasm? Attrition in reported rape cases"]. Home Office Research Study 293.</ref> This was called "the largest" and "most rigorous" by researcher David Lisak, <ref>Lonsway, Kimberley A.; Aschambault, Joanne; [[David Lisak|Lisak, David]] (2009). [http://www.ndaa.org/pdf/the_voice_vol_3_no_1_2009.pdf "False Reports: Moving Beyond the Issue to Successfully Investigate and Prosecute Non-Stranger Sexual Assault"]. ''The Voice'' '''3''' (1): 1&ndash;11.</ref><ref name="Sexual assault: key issues">{{Cite journal|author=Cybulska, B. |title=Sexual assault: key issues |journal=J R Soc Med |volume=100 |issue=7 |pages=321–4 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17606752 |pmc=1905867 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.100.7.321 |url=}}</ref> who himself found a figure of 5.9% of false reports in a 2010 study. <ref name="VAW">{{Cite journal |journal=Violence Against Women |url=http://vaw.sagepub.com/content/16/12/1318.full.pdf+html |volume=16 |issue=12 |title=False Allegations of Sexual Assualt: An Analysis of Ten Years of Reported Cases |first=David |last=Lisak |first2=Lori |last2=Gardinier |last3=Nicksa |first3=Sarah C. |first4=Ashley M. |last4=Cote |year=2010 | doi = 10.1177/1077801210387747 | pages = 1318&ndash;1334}}</ref>

A review of studies of false reporting in the United States, New Zealand and the United Kingdom found that the police continue to misapply the "no-crime" or "unfounding" criteria and that "some officers continue to exhibit an unjustified scepticism of rape complainants".
Moreover, the review article found that many of the reviewed studies have adopted unreliable research methodologies, making it difficult to "discern with any degree of certainty the actual rate of false allegations".<ref name=rumney>Rumney, Philip N.S. (2006). [http://journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=430300 "False Allegations of Rape"], ''Cambridge Law Journal'', 65, pp. 128-158. [[doi:10.1017/S0008197306007069]].</ref>


==UN Statistics==
==UN Statistics==

Revision as of 02:56, 29 April 2012

Statistics on rape and sexual assault are commonly available in advanced countries and are becoming more common throughout the world. Inconsistent definitions of rape, different rates of reporting, recording, prosecution and conviction for rape create controversial statistical disparities, and lead to accusations that many rape statistics are unreliable or misleading. According to USA Today reporter Kevin Johnson "no other major category of crime – not murder, assault or robbery – has generated a more serious challenge of the credibility of national crime statistics" than rape.[1]

A United Nations statistical report compiled from government sources showed that more than 250,000 cases of male-female rape or attempted rape were recorded by police annually. The reported data covered 65 countries.[2]

In some jurisdictions, male-female rape is the only form of rape counted in the statistics.[3]

Under- and over-reporting

Under reporting

According to the American Medical Association (1995), sexual violence, and rape in particular, is considered the most under-reported violent crime.[4][5]

The most common reasons given by victims for not reporting rapes are the belief that it is a personal or private matter, and that they fear reprisal from the assailant. A 2007 government report in England says "Estimates from research suggest that between 75 and 95 percent of rape crimes are never reported to the police."[6]

Traditional (male-female) focused rape-related advocacy groups have suggested several tactics to encourage the reporting of sexual assaults, most of which aim at lessening the psychological trauma, often suffered by female rape victims following their assault by male rapists. Many police departments now assign female police officers to deal with rape cases. Advocacy groups also argue for the preservation of the victim's privacy during the legal process; it is standard practice among mainstream American news media not to divulge the names of alleged rape victims in news reports but this practice is becoming increasingly controversial due to well publicized cases of false rape accusations. Traditional rape-related advocacy groups are also beginning to support male-male rape victims as well as female-male rape victims. Other advocacy groups that support male victims of female rape encourage recognition of female-male rape as rape rather than as a 'love affair', a 'relationship', or as a beneficial form of sex 'education'. However, female-male and female-female rape is rarely recognized as a statistically significant form of rape despite research indicating otherwise. Thus reporting rape by females remains difficult or impossible especially in jurisdictions where rape by a female is considered no crime or where the false perception persists that rape of a male by a female is impossible.[7]

False reporting

Main article: False accusation of rape

FBI reports consistently put the number of "unfounded" rape accusations around 8%.[8] However, critics have argued that "unfounded" is not synonymous with "false" allegation.[9] A much criticized[10][11][12] 1994 article describing 109 rape complaints made between 1978 and 1987 alleged that 41% were "false allegations."[13] A study Kelly, Lovett, and Regan in 2005, based on 2,643 sexual assault cases, found 22% of cases recorded by police as "no crime" and 3% as "possible" or "probable" flase allegations. [14] This was called "the largest" and "most rigorous" by researcher David Lisak, [15][16] who himself found a figure of 5.9% of false reports in a 2010 study. [17]

UN Statistics

This list indicates the number of, and per capita cases of recorded rape. It does not include cases of rape which go unreported, or which are not recorded.[18] Nor does it specify whether recorded means reported, brought to trial, or convicted. Nor does it take the different definition of rape around the world into account.

Country 2008 Count 2009 Count 2008 Rate / 100,000 2009 Rate / 100,000
Argentina 3,276 8.3
Armenia 8 19 0.3 0.6
Azerbaijan 34 25 0.4 0.3
Bahrain 21 36 2.8 4.6
Belarus 336 240 3.5 2.5
Belgium 3,111 2,786 29.5 26.3
Bulgaria 225 262 2.9 3.5
Cameroon 447 2.4
Canada 528 491 1.6 1.5
Chile 1,980 2,233 11.9 13.3
Croatia 162 188 3.7 4.3
Cyprus 19 34 2.2 3.9
Czech Republic 637 529 6.2 5.1
Denmark 492 396 9.0 7.3
Egypt 63 87 0.1 0.1
Estonia 122 160 9.1 11.9
Finland 739 915 14.0 17.2
France 10,132 10,277 16.4 16.6
Germany 7,511 7,292 9.1 8.9
Greece 218 2.0
Guinea 92 1.0
Hungary 468 489 4.7 4.9
Iceland 87 68 28.2 21.6
Israel 1,270 1,243 18.3 17.6
Japan 1,766 1,582 1.4 1.2
Kazakhstan 1,518 1,298 9.9 8.4
Kenya 876 735 2.3 1.9
Korea 7,795 8,654 16 17.7
Kyrgyzstan 300 303 5.6 5.6
Latvia 93 100 4.1 4.4
Lesotho 1,797 1,878 88.4 91.6
Liechtenstein 1 3 2.8 8.4
Lithuania 200 164 6.0 4.9
Luxembourg 44 57 9.3 11.9
Maldives 5 9 1.7 3.0
Malta 10 19 2.5 4.7
Mauritius 77 69 6.1 5.4
Mongolia 355 354 13.6 13.4
Morocco 1,215 1,130 3.9 3.6
New Zealand 1,314 1,308 31.3 30.9
Norway 945 944 20.0 19.8
Oman 132 183 4.8 6.6
Philippines 2,409 2,585 2.7 2.9
Poland 1,827 1,611 4.8 4.2
Portugal 305 317 2.9 3.0
Republic of Moldova 231 262 6.3 7.2
Romania 1,047 1,016 4.9 4.8
Russian Federation 7,038 6,208 5.0 4.4
Sierra Leone 135 79 2.5 1.4
Slovakia 182 152 3.4 2.8
Slovenia 97 57 4.8 2.8
Solomon Islands 61 56 12.2 11.0
Spain 2,530 2,437 5.7 5.5
Sudan 1,189 2.9
Sweden 4,269 4,901 46.6 53.2
Switzerland 648 612 8.6 8.1
Syrian Arab Republic 125 156 0.6 0.7
Turkey 1,148 1,071 1.6 1.4
Trinidad and Tobago 670 642 60.9 58.4 [19]
Uganda 599 1,536 2.0 4.9
Ukraine 878 880 1.9 1.9
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 12,637 13,093 23.4 24.1
United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) 422 396 24.0 22.3
United States 90,427 89,000 29.3 28.6
Zimbabwe 4,762 3,186 38.3 25.6

United States

Main article: Rape in the United States

Koss, Gidycz & Wisniewski published a study in 1987 where they interviewed approximately 6,000 college students on 32 college campuses nationwide. They asked several questions covering a wide range of behaviors. From this study 15% of college women answered “yes” to questions about whether they experienced something that met the definition of rape. An additional 12% of women answered “yes” to questions about whether they experienced something that met the definition of attempted rape, thus the statistic one in four.[20]

In 1995 the CDC replicated part of this study. They examined rape only, and did not look at attempted rape. They found that 20% of approximately 5,000 women on 138 college campuses experienced rape during the course of their lifetime. Had they asked about attempted rape, it is surely likely that they would have reached the one in four proportion. [21]

In 2000 and again in 2006, the US Dept of Justice published a study called The Sexual Victimization of College Women. [6] At page 11, it can be seen that 3.1% of undergraduate women reported surviving rape or attempted rape during a 6-7 month academic year. Exhibit 7, page 18 of the report suggests that 10.1% of college women reported experiencing rape prior to entering college. 10.9% reported attempted rape prior to college. Note by reading the report that there is no overlap between these numbers. By adding 3%, 10% and 11% the 24% or the proportion one in four figure is obtained. That is a main source the one in four statistic. [22]

In a different section of the report, the authors speculate about whether statistics during an academic year generalize to an entire college experience. For a full discussion, read more on page 10 of the report, stating that "... the percentage of completed or attempted rape victimization among women in higher educational institutions might climb to between one-fifth and one-quarter" and further acknowledging in the corresponding footnote, #18, that "These projections are suggestive. To assess accurately the victimization risk for women throughout a college career, longitudinal research following a cohort of female students across time is needed." What is known definitively is that one in four college women have survived rape or attempted rape in their lifetime. What is speculative is whether one can generalize annual during-college statistics to the entire college experience.

Other studies of the annual incidence of rape find it to be closer to 5%. For example, Mohler-Kuo, Dowdall, Koss & Weschler (2004)[23] found in a study of approximately 25,000 college women nationwide that 4.7% experienced rape or attempted rape during a single academic year. This study did not measure lifetime incidence of rape or attempted rape. Similarly, Kilpatrick, Resnick, Ruggiero, Conoscenti, & McCauley (2007) found in a study of 2,000 college women nationwide that 5.2% experienced rape every year. [24]

Other research has found that about 80,000 American children are sexually abused each year.[9] It has been estimated that one in six American women has been or will be sexually assaulted during her life.[10] Largely because of child and prison rape, approximately ten percent of reported rape victims are male.[11]

According to United States Department of Justice document Criminal Victimization in the United States, there were overall 191,670 victims of rape or sexual assault reported in 2005.[25] 1 of 6 U.S. women and 1 of 33 U.S. men have experienced an attempted or completed rape. (according to Colorado Coalition Against Sexual Assault)[26] The U.S. Department of Justice compiles statistics on crime by race, but only between and among people categorized as black or white. The statistics for whites include hispanic and non hispanic whites combined. There were 194,270 white and 17,920 black victims of rape or sexual assault reported in 2006.[27]

However, the report does give a note that for the instances of white-on-black rape the statistic is based on 10 or fewer sample cases.[28] According to the RAINN about 3.3% of rapes in the US are black-on-white and 3.4% are white-on-black.[29] Some types of rape are excluded from official reports altogether; the FBI's definition for example excludes all rapes except forcible rapes of females, a significant number of rapes go unreported even when they are included as reportable rapes, and a significant number of rapes reported to the police do not advance to prosecution.[30]

U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics (1999) estimated that 91% of rape victims are female and 9% are male, with 99% of the offenders being male.[31] Denov (2004) states that societal responses to the issue of female perpetrators of sexual assault "point to a widespread denial of women as potential sexual aggressors that could work to obscure the true dimensions of the problem."[32]

According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, the adjusted per-capita victimization rate of rape has declined from about 2.4 per 1000 people (age 12 and above) in 1980 to about 0.4 per 1000 people, a decline of about 85%.[33] But other government surveys, such as the Sexual Victimization of College Women study, critique the NCVS on the basis it includes only those acts perceived as crimes by the victim, and report a higher victimization rate.[34]

From 2000–2005, 59% of rapes were not reported to law enforcement.[35][36] One factor relating to this is the misconception that most rapes are committed by strangers.[37] In reality, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, 38% of victims were raped by a friend or acquaintance, 28% by "an intimate" and 7% by another relative, and 26% were committed by a stranger to the victim. About four out of ten sexual assaults take place at the victim's own home.[38]

Drug use, especially alcohol, is frequently involved in rape. In 47% of rapes, both the victim and the perpetrator had been drinking. In 17%, only the perpetrator had been. 7% of the time, only the victim had been drinking. Rapes where neither the victim nor the perpetrator had been drinking were 29% of all rapes.[39]

Contrary to widespread belief, rape outdoors is rare. Over two thirds of all rapes occur in someone's home. 30.9% occur in the perpetrators' homes, 26.6% in the victims' homes and 10.1% in homes shared by the victim and perpetrator. 7.2% occur at parties, 7.2% in vehicles, 3.6% outdoors and 2.2% in bars.[39]

According to a statistical average over the past 5 years, about 60% of all rapes or sexual assaults in the United States are never reported to the authorities. For college students, the figure is 95%, noted in the Fisher, Cullen and Turner study cited above.

Despite a decline of 60% since 1993, the US still has a relatively high rate of rape when compared to other developed countries.[40]

As well as the large number of rapes that go unreported, only 25% of reported rapes result in arrest. Many rape kits are not tested.[41]

Sweden

Sweden has the highest incidence of reported rapes in Europe and one of the highest in the world. According to a 2009 study, there were 46 incidents of rape per 100,000 residents. This figure is twice that of the UK which reports 23 cases, and four times that of the other Nordic countries, Germany and France. The figure is up to 20 times the figure for certain countries in southern and eastern Europe.[42]

The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention claims that it is not "possible to evaluate and compare the actual levels of violent crimes... between countries", but that in any case the high numbers are explained by a broader legal definiton of rape than in other countries, and an effort to register all suspected and repeated rapes. It asserts that comparisons based on victim surveys place Sweden at an average level among European nations.[43]

Another explanation to the high number of rapes and especially to the increase in recent years (700% increase from 1975 to 2008, ones with multiple attackers has quadrupled in the last decade) is that there is a correlation between the sharp increase of immigrants from Africa and the Middle-East into Sweden and the rise in reported rapes, especially ones in which violence is prevalent and the attacker is not known to the victim as well as incidents where there are several attackers.[44]

Which explanation is correct or if both contain truth, is debated politically in Sweden, what is known is that immigrants in Sweden are several times more likely to commit rape as opposed to a native Swede. [45]

United Kingdom

Main article: Sexual offences in the United Kingdom

According to a news report on BBC One presented in 12 November 2007, there were 85,000 women raped in the UK in the previous year, equating to about 230 cases every day. The 2006-07 British Crime Survey reports that 1 in every 200 women suffered from rape in that period. It also showed that only 800 people were convicted of rape crimes that same year, meaning that less than 1 in every 100 rape survivors were able to convict their attacker.[46][47] According to a study in 2009 by the NSPCC on young people aged between 13-18, a third of girls and 16% of boys have experienced sexual violence and that as many as 250,000 teenage girls are suffering from abuse at any one time.[48][49] 12% of boys and 3% of girls reported committing sexual violence against their partners.[50]

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Main article: Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

In eastern Congo, the prevalence and intensity of rape and other sexual violence is described as the worst in the world.[51] It is estimated that there are as many as 200,000 surviving rape victims living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo today.[52][53] Rape in the Democratic Republic of Congo has frequently been described as a "weapon of war" by commentators. Louise Nzigire, a local social worker, states that “this violence was designed to exterminate the population.” Nzigire observes that rape has been a "cheap, simple weapon for all parties in the war, more easily obtainable than bullets or bombs."

South Africa

Main article: Sexual violence in South Africa

It is estimated that a woman born in South Africa has a greater chance of being raped than learning how to read.[54] One in three of the 4,000 women questioned by the Community of Information, Empowerment and Transparency said they had been raped in the past year.[55]

South Africa has some of the highest incidences of child and baby rape in the world.[56] In a related survey conducted among 1,500 schoolchildren in the Soweto township, a quarter of all the boys interviewed said that 'jackrolling', a term for gang rape, was fun.[55] More than 25% of a sample of 1,738 South African men from the KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape Provinces admitted when anonymously questioned to raping someone; of those, nearly half said they had raped more than one person, according to a non-peer reviewed policy brief issued by the Medical Research Council (MRC).[57] Several news publications extrapolated these results to the rest of the South African population.[58][59][60] The humanitarian news organization IRIN claims that an estimated 500,000 rapes are committed annually in South Africa, but does not provide a source for this figure.[60]

More than 67,000 cases of rape and sexual assaults against children were reported in 2000 in South Africa.[61] Child welfare groups believe that the number of reported incidents represents merely a fraction of the actual number of incidents.[61]

A belief common to South Africa holds that sexual intercourse with a virgin will cure a man of HIV or AIDS.[61] South Africa has the highest number of HIV-positive citizens in the world. According to official figures, circa 11% of South Africans are infected with the virus.[62] Edith Kriel, a social worker who helps child victims in the Eastern Cape, said: "Child abusers are often relatives of their victims – even their fathers and providers."[61]

According to University of Durban-Westville anthropology lecturer and researcher Suzanne Leclerc-Madlala, the myth that sex with a virgin is a cure for AIDS is not confined to South Africa. "Fellow AIDS researchers in Zambia, Zimbabwe and Nigeria have told me that the myth also exists in these countries and that it is being blamed for the high rate of sexual abuse against young children."[63]

Other

Most rape research and reporting to date has been limited to male-female forms of rape. Research on male-male and female-male is beginning to be done. However, almost no research has been done on female-female rape, though women can be charged with rape.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Rape statistics not crystal clear" by Kevin Johnson, USA Today, November 19, 1998
  2. ^ The Eighth United Nations Survey on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (2001–2002) – Table 02.08 Total recorded rapes
  3. ^ Tim, By. (2004-08-08) Statistics can be misleading 08/08/04. Cjonline.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-01.
  4. ^ American Medical Association (1995) Sexual Assault in America. AMA.
  5. ^ "A gap or a chasm? Attrition in reported rape cases" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-12-31.
  6. ^ Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary, Without consent: A report on the joint review of the investigation and prosecution of rape offences, January 2007 accessed at [1] April 6, 2012 – p.8
  7. ^ CASE STUDIES OF FEMALE SEX OFFENDERS IN THE CORRECTIONAL SERVICE OF CANADA. Correctional Service Canada
  8. ^ "Section II: Crime Index Offenses Reported". FBI, 1996.
  9. ^ "False Allegations, Recantations, and Unfounding in the Context of Sexual Assault". Attorney General's Sexual Task Force, SATF Oregon.
  10. ^ Lisak, David (September/October 2007). "False allegations of rape: a critique of Kanin". Sexual Assault Report. 11 (1). {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ Rumney, Philip N.S. (2006). "False Allegations of Rape", Cambridge Law Journal, 65, pp. 128-158. doi:10.1017/S0008197306007069.
  12. ^ False Rape Allegations: An Assault On Justice
  13. ^ Kanin, Eugene J., "False Rape Allegations", Archives of Sexual Behavior, Vol. 23, No. 1, Feb 1994, p. 81. (MS Word document at the Internet Archive)
  14. ^ Kelly. L., Lovett, J., Regan, L. (2005). "A gap or a chasm? Attrition in reported rape cases". Home Office Research Study 293.
  15. ^ Lonsway, Kimberley A.; Aschambault, Joanne; Lisak, David (2009). "False Reports: Moving Beyond the Issue to Successfully Investigate and Prosecute Non-Stranger Sexual Assault". The Voice 3 (1): 1–11.
  16. ^ Cybulska, B. (2007). "Sexual assault: key issues". J R Soc Med. 100 (7): 321–4. doi:10.1258/jrsm.100.7.321. PMC 1905867. PMID 17606752. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ^ Lisak, David; Gardinier, Lori; Nicksa, Sarah C.; Cote, Ashley M. (2010). "False Allegations of Sexual Assualt: An Analysis of Ten Years of Reported Cases". Violence Against Women. 16 (12): 1318–1334. doi:10.1177/1077801210387747.
  18. ^ [2] (XLS file)
  19. ^ http://ttps.gov.tt/Statistics/tabid/141/Default.aspx
  20. ^ Koss, M. P. (1987). "The scope of rape: Incidence and prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a national sample of higher education students" (PDF). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 55: 162-170. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ Douglas, K. A. (1997). "Results from the 1995 national college health risk behavior survey". Journal of American College Health. 46: 55-66. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ Fisher, Bonnie. "The Sexual Victimization of College Women" (PDF). The U.S. Department of Justice.
  23. ^ Mohler-Kuo, M. (2004). "Correlates of Rape while Intoxicated in a National Sample of College Women" (PDF). Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 65: 37-45. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Kilpatrick, Dean. "Drug Facilitated, Incapacitated, and Forcible Rape: A National Study" (PDF).
  25. ^ United States Department of Justice document, (table 26)[dead link]
  26. ^ Colorado Coalition Against Sexual Assault: Statistics
  27. ^ United States Department of Justice document, (table 42). (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-10-01.
  28. ^ United States Department of Justice document, (table 42). (PDF). Table 30 footnote.
  29. ^ Rape Myths. Page 2.
  30. ^ Dick Haws, "The Elusive Numbers on False Rape," Columbian Journalism Review (November/December 1997).[3]
  31. ^ "UCSC Rape Prevention Education: Rape Statistics". www2.ucsc.edu. Retrieved 2008-01-01. The study was conducted in Detroit, USA.
  32. ^ Myriam S. Denov, Perspectives on Female Sex Offending: A Culture of Denial (Ashgate Publishing 2004) – ISBN.
  33. ^ Anthony D'Amato. Porn Up, Rape Down. Northwestern Public Law Research Paper No.
  34. ^ Bonnie S. Fisher, Francis T. Cullen, Michael G. Turner. Sexual Victimization of College Women
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  36. ^ Tjaden P, Thoennes N. Extent, nature, and consequences of intimate partner violence: findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey. Washington (DC): Department of Justice (US); 2000. Publication No.: NCJ 181867. Available from: URL: www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/ 181867.htm.
  37. ^ Alberto R. Gonzales et al. Extent, Nature, and Consequences of Rape Victimization: Findings From the National Violence Against Women Survey. U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs. January 2006
  38. ^ Bureau of Justice Statistics Home page. Ojp.usdoj.gov. Retrieved on 2011-10-01.
  39. ^ a b Abbey, A., BeShears, R., Clinton-Sherrod, A. M., & McAuslan, P. (2004). Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28, 323–332."Similarities and differences in women's sexual assault experiences based on tactics used by the perpetrator". Accessed 9 July 2008.
  40. ^ How often does sexual assault occur? | RAINN | Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network. RAINN. Retrieved on 2011-10-01.
  41. ^ Rape in America: Justice Denied
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  43. ^ "How common is rape in Sweden compared to other European countries?". The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention. 2011-01-18. Retrieved 2011-09-07.
  44. ^ "Brottslighet bland personer födda i Sverige och i utlandet Rapport 2005:17" (PDF). Brottsförebyggande rådet. 2005-01-10. Retrieved 2012-04-17.
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  46. ^ Easton, Mark (2008-07-09). "Rape: A complex crime". BBC. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
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  48. ^ "Teen rape tackled in Home Office advertising campaign" BBC News. 5 March, 2011. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
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  51. ^ Prevalence of Rape in E.Congo Described as Worst in World. Washingtonpost.com (2007-09-09). Retrieved on 2011-10-01.
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Further reading

  • Macdonalds, J. (2007). Rape. In The World Book Encyclopedia. United States of America: World Book Inc.
  • Rape (2007). In The New Encyclopædia Britannica (Vol. 9). Chicago, Il.: Britannica.
  • Howard, Angela & Kavenik Francis. (2000). Handbook of American Women's History. CA: Sage Publications Inc.
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