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The [[Greek alphabet]] has been adopted at various times and in various places to write other languages than Greek.{{sfn|Macrakis, Stavros M.|1996|p=}} For some languages, additional letters were introduced. |
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#REDIRECT [[Greek alphabet#Greek script]] |
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=== Antiquity === |
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*Most of the [[alphabets of Asia Minor]], in use c. 800-300 BC to write languages like [[Lydian language|Lydian]] and [[Phrygian language|Phrygian]], were the early Greek alphabet with only slight modifications — as were the original [[Old Italic alphabet]]s. |
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*Some [[Paleo-Balkan languages]], including [[Thracian language|Thracian]]. For other neighboring languages or dialects, such as [[Ancient Macedonian language|Ancient Macedonian]], isolated words are preserved in Greek texts, but no continuous texts are preserved. |
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*Some [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]] inscriptions (in modern France) use the Greek alphabet (c. 300 BC). |
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*The [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] text of the [[Bible]] was written in Greek letters in [[Origen]]'s [[Hexapla]]. |
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*The Bactrian alphabet adds the letter [[Sho (letter)|Sho]] and was used to write the [[Bactrian language]] under the [[Kushan Empire]] (65-250 AD).{{sfn|Sims-Williams|1997|p=}} |
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*The [[Coptic alphabet]] adds eight letters derived from [[Demotic (Egyptian)|Demotic]]. It is still used today, mostly in Egypt, to write the [[Coptic language]]. Letters usually retain an [[Uncial script|uncial form]] different from the forms used for Greek today (compare with the forms of the Latin letters used in [[Gaelic type|Gaelic script]]). |
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===Middle Ages=== |
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*An 8th-century [[Arabic language|Arabic]] fragment preserves a text in the Greek alphabet. |
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*An [[Ossetic language|Old Ossetic]] inscription of the 10-12c AD found in [[Arxyz]], the oldest known attestation of an Ossetic language. |
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*The [[Old Nubian language]] of [[Makuria]] (modern Sudan) adds three Coptic letters, two letters derived from [[Meroitic script]], and a digraph of two Greek gammas used for the [[velar nasal]] sound. |
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*Various [[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]] dialects, similar to the modern [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] and [[Macedonian language]]s, have been written in Greek script.{{sfn|Miletich|1920|p=}}{{sfn|Mazon|Vaillant|1938|p=}}{{sfn|Kristophson|1974|p=11}}{{sfn|Peyfuss|1989|p=}} The modern South Slavic languages now use modified [[Cyrillic alphabets]].<!--see footnote in Macrakis 1996--> |
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===Early modern=== |
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*[[Turkish language|Turkish]] spoken by [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]] (''[[Karamanlides]]'') was often written in Greek script, and called ''[[Karamanli Turkish|Karamanlidika]]''. |
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*[[Tosk language|Tosk]] [[Albanian language|Albanian]] was often written using the Greek alphabet, starting in about 1500{{sfn|Elsie|1991|p=}}. The printing press at [[Moschopolis]] published several Albanian texts in Greek script during the 18th century. It was only in 1908 that the [[Bitola|Monastir]] conference standardized a [[Albanian alphabet|Latin orthography]] for both Tosk and [[Gheg language|Gheg]]. Greek spelling is still occasionally used for the local Albanian dialects ([[Arvanitika]]) in Greece. |
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*[[Aromanian language|Aromanian]] (Vlach) has been written in Greek characters. There is not yet a standardized orthography for Aromanian, but it appears that one based on the [[Romanian language|Romanian]] orthography will be adopted. |
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*[[Gagauz language|Gagauz]], a [[Turkic language]] of the northeast Balkans. |
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*[[Surguch]], a [[Turkic language]] spoken by a small group of [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]] in northern Greece. |
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*[[Urum language|Urum]] or Greek Tatar. |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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[[Category:Greek script]] |
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Revision as of 17:55, 30 June 2012
The Greek alphabet has been adopted at various times and in various places to write other languages than Greek.[1] For some languages, additional letters were introduced.
Antiquity
- Most of the alphabets of Asia Minor, in use c. 800-300 BC to write languages like Lydian and Phrygian, were the early Greek alphabet with only slight modifications — as were the original Old Italic alphabets.
- Some Paleo-Balkan languages, including Thracian. For other neighboring languages or dialects, such as Ancient Macedonian, isolated words are preserved in Greek texts, but no continuous texts are preserved.
- Some Gaulish inscriptions (in modern France) use the Greek alphabet (c. 300 BC).
- The Hebrew text of the Bible was written in Greek letters in Origen's Hexapla.
- The Bactrian alphabet adds the letter Sho and was used to write the Bactrian language under the Kushan Empire (65-250 AD).[2]
- The Coptic alphabet adds eight letters derived from Demotic. It is still used today, mostly in Egypt, to write the Coptic language. Letters usually retain an uncial form different from the forms used for Greek today (compare with the forms of the Latin letters used in Gaelic script).
Middle Ages
- An 8th-century Arabic fragment preserves a text in the Greek alphabet.
- An Old Ossetic inscription of the 10-12c AD found in Arxyz, the oldest known attestation of an Ossetic language.
- The Old Nubian language of Makuria (modern Sudan) adds three Coptic letters, two letters derived from Meroitic script, and a digraph of two Greek gammas used for the velar nasal sound.
- Various South Slavic dialects, similar to the modern Bulgarian and Macedonian languages, have been written in Greek script.[3][4][5][6] The modern South Slavic languages now use modified Cyrillic alphabets.
Early modern
- Turkish spoken by Orthodox Christians (Karamanlides) was often written in Greek script, and called Karamanlidika.
- Tosk Albanian was often written using the Greek alphabet, starting in about 1500[7]. The printing press at Moschopolis published several Albanian texts in Greek script during the 18th century. It was only in 1908 that the Monastir conference standardized a Latin orthography for both Tosk and Gheg. Greek spelling is still occasionally used for the local Albanian dialects (Arvanitika) in Greece.
- Aromanian (Vlach) has been written in Greek characters. There is not yet a standardized orthography for Aromanian, but it appears that one based on the Romanian orthography will be adopted.
- Gagauz, a Turkic language of the northeast Balkans.
- Surguch, a Turkic language spoken by a small group of Orthodox Christians in northern Greece.
- Urum or Greek Tatar.