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Like other noblemen from Albania, Gjon also became Ottoman vassal after 1385.<ref>{{cite book|title=Historijski zbornik, Volumes 41-42|url= http://books.google.rs/books?ei=_3ORT7XPOcbHsgb09MmRBA&id=iaRnAAAAMAAJ&dq=kao+i+albanska+vlastela+Dimitrije+Jonima%2C+Koja+Zakarija%2C+Ivan+Kastriot+i+Tanu%C5%A1+Veliki+Duka%C4%91in.%22&q=%22kao+i+albanska+vlastela+Dimitrije+Jonima%2C+Koja+Zakarija%2C+Ivan+Kastriot+i+Tanu%C5%A1+Veliki+Duka%C4%91in.%22#search_anchor |year=1989|publisher=Nakladni zavod Hrvatske|location=Zagreb|isbn=1752136|author=Povijesno društvo Hrvatske|accessdate=20 April 2012|page=24|language=Croatian|quote=dok je tesalski car Anđeli postao vazal još 1386. godine.2* Osmanski vazali bili su tada i... kao i albanska vlastela Dimitrije Jonima, Koja Zakarija, Ivan Kastriot i Tanuš Veliki Dukađin.}}</ref> In 1402 together with other Ottoman vassals from Albania he supported [[Bayezid I]] in the [[Battle of Ankara]].<ref>The Late Medieval Balkans: [http://books.google.rs/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&pg=PA422&dq=%22Albanian+vassals+of+the+Ottomans+%E2%80%94+Koja+Zakarija,+Demetrius+Jonima,+John+Castriot,+and+probably+Tanush+Major+Dukagjin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5n_IT5XzHMSEOurhsPMP&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Albanian%20vassals%20of%20the%20Ottomans%20%E2%80%94%20Koja%20Zakarija%2C%20Demetrius%20Jonima%2C%20John%20Castriot%2C%20and%20probably%20Tanush%20Major%20Dukagjin%22&f=false A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest] Author John Van Antwerp Fine Edition reprint, illustrated Publisher University of Michigan Press, 1994 ISBN 0-472-08260-4, ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5 p. 422 "Albanian vassals of the Ottomans — Koja Zakarija, Demetrius Jonima, John Castriot, and probably Tanush Major Dukagjin"</ref> Gjon Kastrioti was made a citizen of Venice in 1413, along with his inheritors.<ref>Melchior Vogüé (marquis de), Charles Henri Auguste Schefer, [http://books.google.com/books?id=4jghAQAAIAAJ&q=%22dominus+partium+Bosine%22&dq=%22dominus+partium+Bosine%22&hl=en&ei=qWKXTYSsG4bvsgb0o42zCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA ''Revue de l'Orient latin''], Culture et Civilisation, 1964, volume 4, p. 528</ref>
Like other noblemen from Albania, Gjon also became Ottoman vassal after 1385.<ref>{{cite book|title=Historijski zbornik, Volumes 41-42|url= http://books.google.rs/books?ei=_3ORT7XPOcbHsgb09MmRBA&id=iaRnAAAAMAAJ&dq=kao+i+albanska+vlastela+Dimitrije+Jonima%2C+Koja+Zakarija%2C+Ivan+Kastriot+i+Tanu%C5%A1+Veliki+Duka%C4%91in.%22&q=%22kao+i+albanska+vlastela+Dimitrije+Jonima%2C+Koja+Zakarija%2C+Ivan+Kastriot+i+Tanu%C5%A1+Veliki+Duka%C4%91in.%22#search_anchor |year=1989|publisher=Nakladni zavod Hrvatske|location=Zagreb|isbn=1752136|author=Povijesno društvo Hrvatske|accessdate=20 April 2012|page=24|language=Croatian|quote=dok je tesalski car Anđeli postao vazal još 1386. godine.2* Osmanski vazali bili su tada i... kao i albanska vlastela Dimitrije Jonima, Koja Zakarija, Ivan Kastriot i Tanuš Veliki Dukađin.}}</ref> In 1402 together with other Ottoman vassals from Albania he supported [[Bayezid I]] in the [[Battle of Ankara]].<ref>The Late Medieval Balkans: [http://books.google.rs/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&pg=PA422&dq=%22Albanian+vassals+of+the+Ottomans+%E2%80%94+Koja+Zakarija,+Demetrius+Jonima,+John+Castriot,+and+probably+Tanush+Major+Dukagjin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5n_IT5XzHMSEOurhsPMP&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Albanian%20vassals%20of%20the%20Ottomans%20%E2%80%94%20Koja%20Zakarija%2C%20Demetrius%20Jonima%2C%20John%20Castriot%2C%20and%20probably%20Tanush%20Major%20Dukagjin%22&f=false A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest] Author John Van Antwerp Fine Edition reprint, illustrated Publisher University of Michigan Press, 1994 ISBN 0-472-08260-4, ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5 p. 422 "Albanian vassals of the Ottomans — Koja Zakarija, Demetrius Jonima, John Castriot, and probably Tanush Major Dukagjin"</ref> Gjon Kastrioti was made a citizen of Venice in 1413, along with his inheritors.<ref>Melchior Vogüé (marquis de), Charles Henri Auguste Schefer, [http://books.google.com/books?id=4jghAQAAIAAJ&q=%22dominus+partium+Bosine%22&dq=%22dominus+partium+Bosine%22&hl=en&ei=qWKXTYSsG4bvsgb0o42zCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA ''Revue de l'Orient latin''], Culture et Civilisation, 1964, volume 4, p. 528</ref>


In period 1419—1426 Gjon was ally of [[Stefan Lazarević]], Ottoman vassal and despot of [[Serbian Despotate]]. When Lazarevic besieged Scutari, probably in June 1422, he was supported by forces of Gjon Kastrioti, who after his defeat by local Albanian volunteers and the Venetian garrison, allied himself with the Venice.<ref>The Late Medieval Balkans: [http://books.google.rs/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&pg=PA517&dq=serbian+despot+besieged++1422&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-h78T7m2I6iK4gSFzPmKBw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=serbian%20despot%20besieged%20%201422&f=false A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest] Author John Van Antwerp Fine, University of Michigan Press, 1994 ISBN 0-472-08260-4, ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5 p. 517 "Stefan's troops returned to Zeta, probably in June 1422, and besieged Skadar."</ref><ref>{{cite book
In period 1419—1426 Gjon was ally of [[Stefan Lazarević]], Ottoman vassal and despot of [[Serbian Despotate]]. When Lazarevic besieged Scutari, probably in June 1422, he was supported by forces of Gjon Kastrioti, whose men left despot's forces after being defeated by the Venetian garrison supported by some local Albanian volunteers.<ref>The Late Medieval Balkans: [http://books.google.rs/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&pg=PA517&dq=serbian+despot+besieged++1422&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-h78T7m2I6iK4gSFzPmKBw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=serbian%20despot%20besieged%20%201422&f=false A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest] Author John Van Antwerp Fine, University of Michigan Press, 1994 ISBN 0-472-08260-4, ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5 p. 517 "Stefan's troops returned to Zeta, probably in June 1422, and besieged Skadar."</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = Ćorović
| last = Ćorović
| first = Vladimir
| first = Vladimir

Revision as of 13:19, 10 July 2012

Gjon Kastrioti
Lord of the part of Albania (Latin: dominus partium Albanie)[1]
Died4 May 1437
BuriedSerbian Orthodox monastery Hilandar in Mount Athos[2][3]
Noble familyKastrioti
SpouseVojsava Tripalda
Issue1385—1407: Ottoman vassal
1407—1410: Venetian ally
1419—1426: ally of Stefan Lazarević, despot of Serbian Despotate
until 1437: Ottoman suzerainty
FatherPal Kastrioti

Gjon Kastrioti or John Castriota[a] (died 4 May 1437[4]) was an Albanian nobleman, member of the Kastrioti family, and the father of Skanderbeg.

Life

Like other noblemen from Albania, Gjon also became Ottoman vassal after 1385.[5] In 1402 together with other Ottoman vassals from Albania he supported Bayezid I in the Battle of Ankara.[6] Gjon Kastrioti was made a citizen of Venice in 1413, along with his inheritors.[7]

In period 1419—1426 Gjon was ally of Stefan Lazarević, Ottoman vassal and despot of Serbian Despotate. When Lazarevic besieged Scutari, probably in June 1422, he was supported by forces of Gjon Kastrioti, whose men left despot's forces after being defeated by the Venetian garrison supported by some local Albanian volunteers.[8][9]

On February 25, 1420 Gjon Kastriot wrote a letter in the Serbian language to merchants from Ragusa (Dubrovnik). Based on the order of the despot of Serbia, when they would travel from Ragusa to Prizren they had to use the route trough Shkodër in Albania Veneta and the Kastriot's land instead of the previous route trough the land under control of the small feudal lords and highland tribes of Montenegro.[10] With that letter Gjon informed merchants from Dubrovnik that they were granted safe conduct when passing the land under his control, on their way from Shufadaj to Prizren.[11]

From time to time one or more of Gjon's sons were sent as a hostages to Ottoman court. This way Kastrioti, blackmailed through his sons would be faithful to the Empire. In 1426 he donated the right to the proceeds from taxes collected from the two villages (Rostuša and Trebište in Macedonia) and from the church of Saint Mary, which was in one of them, to the Serbian Orthodox Monastery of Hilandar in Mount Athos where his son Reposh retired and died in 25 July 1431: in his honor the Saint George tower of Monastery of Hilandar was known as the Albanian tower (Serbian: Arbanaški pirg).[12][13][14] In 1928 Gjon Kastrioti had to seek forgiveness from the Venetian Senate because of Skanderbeg's participation in Ottoman military campaigns against Christians.[15] At the beginning of the 15th century Šufaday (important former marketplace on the Adriatic sea, near Lezhe) was possesion of Jonima family and in 1428 it was under Gjon's control.[16] At that time Šufadaj was rich with forests and the wood was transported trough its port to Ragusa.[17]

In 1430's Gjon Kastrioti joined an unsuccessful uprising against the Ottoman Empire led by Gjergj Arianiti. Gjon was again defeated by the Ottoman forces of Isak-Beg.

After Gjon's death in 1437[4] his son Skanderbeg was appointed as subaşi of Kruja in 1438. The territory previously controlled by Gjon Kastrioti was annexed by the Ottomans and listed in their registers as land of Yuvan-ili (Yuvan was Gjon's name on Turkish language).[18] Until 1438 a part of Gjon Kastrioti's estates comprising nine villages was awarded to Skanderbeg as his timar and in May 1438 those nine villages had been awarded to André Karlo.[19] The granting of these villages to André Karlo must have upset Skanderbeg[20] who requested to be granted with control over the zeamet in Misia consisting of his father's former domain.[21] Sanjakbey (probably of the Sanjak of Ohrid) objected Skanderbeg's request.[22]

Personal

Family

Gjon's father was Pal Kastrioti. At the end of 14th century Pal had the title "segnior de Signa et de Gardi-ipostesi" (Sina (Albanian: Sinë) and Lower Gardi (Albanian: Gardhi i Poshtëm)) because he ruled over those two villages.[23][24] Two villages he governed were located on the mountain of Qidhna northwest of Debar.[25]

He married Vojsava Tripalda[26] from Lower Polog (area around present day Tetovo,[citation needed] Macedonia) and had nine children with her: four sons and five daughters. The sons' names were Stanisha, Reposh, Kostandin, and George (Skanderbeg). The oldest daughter of Gjon Kastrioti, Maria Kastrioti, also called Mamica, married Muzakë Topia. Gjon Kastrioti was also the name of the grandson through George Kastrioti.

Religion

His religion was directly influenced by the international balance of political powers. It is believed that a popular saying in southern Albania "Where the sword is, there lies religion" (Albanian: Ku është shpata, është feja) have originated from Gjon Kastrioti.[27] When he was an ally of Venice, in period 1407—1410, he was Roman Catholic. After he allied himself with Stefan Lazarević, despot of Serbian Despotate in period 1419—1426, he converted to Orthodoxy, and in 1431 he was converted to Islam because of he was a vassal of the Ottoman Empire.[28] According to Noli, he died Roman Catholic.[29] According to the archives of the Hilandar monastery on Mount Athos, he took monastic vows there and received the name Joachim, becoming an Orthodox monk, where he died.[30]

Notes

  1. ^
    In the documentary acts of the time, Scanderbeg's father is variously called Iohannes, Janus, Iouan, Ioannis, Yuan, Ivan, Yuvan, etc.[31] Gjon Muzaka – or Giovanni Musachi, who by the way knew him and his family well – in his Breve memoria de li discendenti de nostra casa Musachi, written in Italian, calls him Giovanni. Giovanni is also used by Demetrio Franco. Barleti, who wrote in Latin, calls him Iohannes. In the few acts of his own chancellery, his name results Ivan or Ivanъ. It is possible that these acts were written by Ninac Vukosalić.[32][33] Besides the acts in Slavonic, Ivan is used by some Byzantine chroniclers, like Laonicus Chalcocondyles[34] and many works written by the contemporary scholars. Also, interesting is a testimony from Franciscus Blancus, who lived and wrote two centuries after Gjon Kastrioti's time: In his Apology, he writes about two "heroes" of his own time from the Kastrati family, one Muslim called Isuf bey, and the other Gjon "i.e. in Latin Iohannis Kastrati".[35] This same author, knowing the difference Gjon/Iohannis, specifically calls Skanderbeg's father by his Latin name.


References

  1. ^ Studi storici, Issues 125-131. Istituto storico italiano per il medio evo. p. 292. Retrieved 23 March 2012. Nei documenti veneziani Giovanni è detto ora « dominus partium Albanie»
  2. ^ Sindik, Dušan (1990), "Dve povelje u Hilandaru o Ivanu Kastriotu i sinovima", Stanovništvo slovenskog porijekla u Albaniji : zbornik radova sa međunarodnog naučnog skupa održanog u Cetinju 21, 22. i 23. juna 1990 (in Serbian), Titograd: Istorijski institut SR Crne Gore ; Stručna knj., OCLC 29549273, Pretpostavka da je kao monah u Hilandaru umro i sam Ivan Kastriot zasniva se na podacima jednog zapisa u kojem se kaže da je umro Kastriot... Ioakim monah. Po sličnosti imena Ioakim i Ivan, zatim po datumu u tome zapisu 2. maj, i po jednom drugom zapisu u kojem je pod 2. majem zabeležena smrt Ivana Kastriota, može se sa dosta sigurnosti podržati navedena pretpostavka. {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Savez društava arhivskih radnika Jugoslavije, Savez društava arhivskih radnika FNRJ., Glavni arhivski savet FNRJ. (1952). Arhivist, Томови 2-4. Savez društava arhivskih radnika FNRJ. p. 73. Retrieved 25 March 2012. Ту је белешка да се 2 маја преставио „господин Иван Кастриот, Монах Јов, ктитор светаго места сего"{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ a b History of the Albanian people 2002 edition from the Academy of Sciences of Albania Tome I, p. 335
  5. ^ Povijesno društvo Hrvatske (1989). Historijski zbornik, Volumes 41-42 (in Croatian). Zagreb: Nakladni zavod Hrvatske. p. 24. ISBN 1752136. Retrieved 20 April 2012. dok je tesalski car Anđeli postao vazal još 1386. godine.2* Osmanski vazali bili su tada i... kao i albanska vlastela Dimitrije Jonima, Koja Zakarija, Ivan Kastriot i Tanuš Veliki Dukađin. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help)
  6. ^ The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest Author John Van Antwerp Fine Edition reprint, illustrated Publisher University of Michigan Press, 1994 ISBN 0-472-08260-4, ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5 p. 422 "Albanian vassals of the Ottomans — Koja Zakarija, Demetrius Jonima, John Castriot, and probably Tanush Major Dukagjin"
  7. ^ Melchior Vogüé (marquis de), Charles Henri Auguste Schefer, Revue de l'Orient latin, Culture et Civilisation, 1964, volume 4, p. 528
  8. ^ The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest Author John Van Antwerp Fine, University of Michigan Press, 1994 ISBN 0-472-08260-4, ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5 p. 517 "Stefan's troops returned to Zeta, probably in June 1422, and besieged Skadar."
  9. ^ Ćorović, Vladimir (2001) [1997]. Istorija srpskog naroda (PDF) (in Serbian). Belgrade: Ars Libri. Уз Стевана се борило и нешто Арбанаса ИванаКастриота, који је пришао деспоту одмах по доласку овог у Зету. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ^ Jireček, Konstantin (1952). Politička istorija Srba (Political history of Serbs) (in Serbian). Belgrade: Naučna Knjiga. p. 335. Retrieved 25 July 2011. Забрани деспот дубровчанима да иду тим путем, и нагна их да путују кроз млетачку скадарску област и кроз земљу Ивана Кастриота... Види српско писмо Ивана Кастриота од 25. фебруара 1420 за дубровачке трговце кроз његову земљу за Призрен (Despot forbid to Dubrovnik merchants to use that way, and ordered them to travel trough Venetian area in Scutari and trough land of Ivan Kastriot.... See serbian letter to merchants from Dubrovnik traveling trough his land to Prizren, written by Ivan Kastriot on February 25, 1420. {{cite book}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  11. ^ Archiv für slavische Philologie (in German), vol. 21, Weidmann, 1899, p. 95, 1420, 25. Februar. Geleitsbrief des Herrn Ivan (Kastriota) und seiner Sühne filr die Kaufleute von Ragusa auf dem Wege durch sein Land von Sufadaja (bei Alessio) nach Prizren, nebst Bestimmungen Uber die Zölle. {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |coauthors=, |editorn-link=, |nopp=, |separator=, |laysummary=, |month=, |editorn-first=, |doi_inactivedate=, |chapterurl=, |editorn=, |author-separator=, |lastauthoramp=, and |editorn-last= (help)
  12. ^ Frashëri, Kristo (1962), George Kastrioti-Scanderbeg: the national hero of the Albanians (1405–1468), s.n., pp. 86–92, OCLC 1339175
  13. ^ Anamali, Skënder (2002), Historia e popullit shqiptar në katër vëllime (in Albanian), vol. I, Botimet Toena, p. 342, OCLC 52411919
  14. ^ Slijepčević, Đoko M. (1983). Srpsko-arbanaški odnosi kroz vekove sa posebnim osvrtom na novije vreme (in Serbian). Himelstir. p. 45. Retrieved 7 July 2011. Заједно са синовима Константином, Репошем и Ђурђем приложио је Иван Кастриот манастиру Хиландару село Радосуше са црквом св. Богородице и село Требиште....Због тога је и пирг св. Ђорђа прозван »арбанашки пирг». Репош је умро у манастиру Хиландару 25. јула 1431. године и ту је сахрањен. (Together with his sons Konstantin, Repoš and Đurađ, Ivan Kastriot donated village Radosuše with church of saint Mary and village Trebište to the monastery Hilandar... Therefore the tower of Saint George was named "Albanian tower". Repoš died in Hilandar on July 25, 1431 and he was buried there. {{cite book}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
  15. ^ Elsie, Robert (2010), "Independent Albania (1912—1944)", Historical dictionary of Albania, Lanham: Scarecrow Press, p. 399, ISBN 978-0-8108-7380-3, OCLC 454375231, retrieved 4 February 2012, The young Iskander also participated in military campaigns against the Christians, for which his father was obliged to beg the pardon of Venetian senate in 1428 {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Detelić, Mirjana (2007), Dušan T. Bataković (ed.), Epski gradovi, leksikon (in Serbian), Belgrade: Balkanološki institut SANU, p. 253, ISBN 9788671790406, OCLC 298613010, U blizini Lješa postojalo je trgovište Šufadaj ili Sufade čiji položaj danas nije moguće tačno utvrditi. Taj strateški važan trg blizu mora (budući daje bio dostupan brodovima) Venecija nije kontrolisala, iako je držala zemljišni pojas od Skadra do Lješa, uz Dračsa okolinom. Šufadaj je početkom XV v. bio u vlasti porodice Jonima, a 1428. u vlasti Jovana Kastriota {{citation}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Povijesno društvo Hrvatske, Društvo za hrvatsku povjesnicu (1984), Historijski zbornik (in Croatian), vol. 37, Zagreb: Nakladni zavod Hrvatske, p. 68, Očigledno je da su tada Šufalaj i rt Rodoni kraj Drača raspolagali ne samo bogatim šumskim kompleksima nego i začecima brodogradnje... kao stanice za izvoz hrastovog drveta u pravcu Dubrovnika. {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  18. ^ İnalcık 1995, p. 77

    Ces neuf villages, toujours selon le registre en question, étaient situés dans les terres de Jean (Yuvan-ili), c'est-à-dire qu'ils appartenaient aux domaines de Jean Kastriote, le père de Skanderbeg. ( These nine villages, according to the register in question, were located in the land of John (Yuvan-ili), that is to say they were part of John Kastrioti's property.)
  19. ^ İnalcık 1995, p. 77

    La note en question, datée 1438, ne laisse subsister aucun doute que c'est autour de cette date que ces terres avaient été cadastrées. Les neuf villages en question, compte tenu qu'ils se trouvaient sur le Registre de Yuvan-ili (Jean Kastriote), sont du domaine du père de Skanderbeg. L'octroi de ces villages à André Karlo doit avoir fâché Skanderbeg. Quoique l'Etat ottoman considérât ces terres des domaines d'Etat attribuables en timar, pour Skanderbeg il s'agissait des domaines seigneuriaux de son père. (The note, dated 1438, leaves no doubt that it is around this date that the land had been surveyed and registered. As the nine villages were listed on the Register of Yuvan-ili (John Kastrioti), they were definitely part of Skanderbeg's father's land. The granting of these villages to André Karlo must have upset Skanderbeg. Although the Ottoman state regarded these as areas of state land as Skanderbeg's Timar holding, these were in fact the fiefs of his father.)
  20. ^ İnalcık 1995, p. 77

    L'octroi de ces villages à André Karlo doit avoir fâché Skanderbeg.
  21. ^ Alexander Rosskeen Gibb, Sir Hamilton (1954), The Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. 4, Brill, p. 139, In the same year nine villages of his in Yuvan-eii were made over to Andre Karlo (ibid., no. 335). His father's centre ol Mus (Mysja) was made a xi'amet, and Isken- der asked for it to be granted to himself (Topkapi Sarayi Archives {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ Alexander Rosskeen Gibb, Sir Hamilton (1954), The Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. 4, Brill, p. 139, ...but sanjakbegi (? of Ohrid) objected to the granting of this important... {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ Hopf, Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann (1873), Chroniques Gréco-Romanes Inédites ou peu Connues, Berlin, Germany: Librairie de Weidmann, p. 236, Paolo, segneur de Signa et de Gardi-ipostesi
  24. ^ Buda, Aleks, Shkrime historike, vol. 3, Tiranë: Shtëpia Botuese 8 Nëntori, p. 239, ISBN 978-99927-1-651-9, OCLC 163395350, Në fund të shek. XIV Pal Kastrioti kishte këtu dy fshatra. Sinjën dhe Gardhin e Poshtëm. {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
  25. ^ Recherches albanologiques: Série historique, Volume 12 (in French). Priština: Albanološki institut u Prištini. 1982. p. 67. Retrieved 27 March 2012. Le grand-pére de Scanderbeg s'appelait Pal Kastrioti, qui au cours de la Ile moitié du XlVe siècle était un petit féodal-maître de Sina et de Gardhi i Poshtëm. Ces deux villages se trouvent à la montagne de Qidhna dans le nord-ouest de Dibra.
  26. ^ Jov. Radonić: or. cit., str. 1—2.
  27. ^ Licursi, Emiddio Pietro (2011), Empire of Nations: The Consolidation of Albanian and Turkish National Identities in theLate Ottoman Empire, 1878 – 1913, New York: Columbia University, p. 22, A popular saying in southern Albanian is said to have originated fromSkanderbeg's father, Gjon Kastrioti, "Ku është shpata, është feja." (Where the sword is,there lies religion). {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |editorn-last=, |coauthors=, |separator=, |editorn-link=, |nopp=, |laysummary=, |editorn=, |month=, |editorn-first=, |doi_inactivedate=, |chapterurl=, |author-separator=, and |lastauthoramp= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |firstn= ignored (help)
  28. ^ Egro, Dritan (2010), Oliver Jens Schmitt (ed.), Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa, vol. 4, Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Wien, p. 20, ISBN 978-3-631-60295-9, Gjon Kastrioti...was a Roman Catholic from 1407-1410, as an ally of Venice ... he converted to Orthodoxy from 1419-1426, accepting the alliance of Stephen Lazarevic of Serbia ... From 1431 to 1438 he was converted into Islam, because politically he was a vassal of the Ottomans {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |editorn-link=, |editorn=, |editorn-first=, |coauthors=, and |editorn-last= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  29. ^ Noli 1989, pp. 244-245
  30. ^ [http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/Article.aspx?ID=0350-76530637081B Bojović Boško (2006) Mount Athos, Wallachian princes (Voyvodes), John Kastriotis, and the Albanian tower, a dependency of Hilandar, Balcanica, 2006 Volume , Issue 37, Pages: 81-87. doi:10.2298/BALC0637081B. Full text in French, Abstract in English
  31. ^ Thalloczy & Jireček, Zwei Urkunden, 146.
  32. ^ Korablev, Actes, II, 561, 562
  33. ^ Petković, Arbanaški Pirg, 196-197
  34. ^ Historiarum Libri Decem, II, 23-25, 119, 123, 192, etc.
  35. ^ Blancus, Georgius Castriotus, 73: "Gion (id est Iohannis Latine) Castrati nuncupatus

Sources

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