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[[File:Bobdobbs.png|thumb|[[J. R. "Bob" Dobbs]], the prophet of the Church of the SubGenius]]
[[File:Bobdobbs.png|thumb|[[J. R. "Bob" Dobbs]], the prophet of the Church of the SubGenius]]
The '''Church of the SubGenius''' is an American organization that promotes [[ironic]] beliefs which are often considered to parody established faiths. It teaches a complex belief system that focuses on faith in [[J.R. "Bob" Dobbs]], a fictional character whom the group reveres as a prophet. The church has developed detailed narratives about Dobbs and his relationship with various deities and conspiracies. Its central deity, "Jehovah-1", is accompanied by other gods drawn from ancient mythology and popular fiction. SubGenius literature describes a grand conspiracy that has brainwashed most of the world and seeks to oppress Dobbs' followers. In its narratives, the church presents a blend of cultural references in an elaborate remix of the sources.
The '''Church of the SubGenius''' is an American religious (or [[Pseudoreligion|pseudoreligious]]) organization that promotes [[ironic]] beliefs which are often considered to parody established faiths. It teaches a complex belief system that focuses on faith in [[J.R. "Bob" Dobbs]], a fictional character whom the group reveres as a prophet. The church has developed detailed narratives about Dobbs and his relationship with various deities and conspiracies. Its central deity, "Jehovah-1", is accompanied by other gods drawn from ancient mythology and popular fiction. SubGenius literature describes a grand conspiracy that has brainwashed most of the world and seeks to oppress Dobbs' followers. In its narratives, the church presents a blend of cultural references in an elaborate remix of the sources.


[[Ivan Stang]], who co-founded the organization in the 1970s, serves as its highest-profile leader and publicist. He and other SubGenius leaders have imitated actions of other religious leaders, using the tactic of [[culture jamming]] against better known religions. Church leaders instruct their followers to avoid mainstream commercialism and the belief in [[absolute truth]]s. The group holds that the quality of "Slack" is of utmost importance—it is never clearly defined, but attaining it involves the avoidance of hard work and the embrace of leisure. It is unknown how many converts the church has drawn, although its message has been welcomed by college students and artists in the United States. The church is often compared to [[Discordianism]]; the two groups' ideologies are similar in many ways, but there are clear differences as well. Journalists often consider the church to be an elaborate joke, although a few academics have defended it as an honest system of deeply held beliefs.{{sfn|Cusack|2010|p=84}} The group's culture jamming and creative use of cultural [[Trope (literature)|trope]]s have been applauded by a few commentators.
[[Ivan Stang]], who co-founded the organization in the 1970s, serves as its highest-profile leader and publicist. He and other SubGenius leaders have imitated actions of other religious leaders, using the tactic of [[culture jamming]] against better known religions. Church leaders instruct their followers to avoid mainstream commercialism and the belief in [[absolute truth]]s. The group holds that the quality of "Slack" is of utmost importance—it is never clearly defined, but attaining it involves the avoidance of hard work and the embrace of leisure. It is unknown how many converts the church has drawn, although its message has been welcomed by college students and artists in the United States. The church is often compared to [[Discordianism]]; the two groups' ideologies are similar in many ways, but there are clear differences as well. Journalists often consider the church to be an elaborate joke, although a few academics have defended it as an honest system of deeply held beliefs.{{sfn|Cusack|2010|p=84}} The group's culture jamming and creative use of cultural [[Trope (literature)|trope]]s have been applauded by a few commentators.

Revision as of 17:20, 23 October 2012

J. R. "Bob" Dobbs, the prophet of the Church of the SubGenius

The Church of the SubGenius is an American religious (or pseudoreligious) organization that promotes ironic beliefs which are often considered to parody established faiths. It teaches a complex belief system that focuses on faith in J.R. "Bob" Dobbs, a fictional character whom the group reveres as a prophet. The church has developed detailed narratives about Dobbs and his relationship with various deities and conspiracies. Its central deity, "Jehovah-1", is accompanied by other gods drawn from ancient mythology and popular fiction. SubGenius literature describes a grand conspiracy that has brainwashed most of the world and seeks to oppress Dobbs' followers. In its narratives, the church presents a blend of cultural references in an elaborate remix of the sources.

Ivan Stang, who co-founded the organization in the 1970s, serves as its highest-profile leader and publicist. He and other SubGenius leaders have imitated actions of other religious leaders, using the tactic of culture jamming against better known religions. Church leaders instruct their followers to avoid mainstream commercialism and the belief in absolute truths. The group holds that the quality of "Slack" is of utmost importance—it is never clearly defined, but attaining it involves the avoidance of hard work and the embrace of leisure. It is unknown how many converts the church has drawn, although its message has been welcomed by college students and artists in the United States. The church is often compared to Discordianism; the two groups' ideologies are similar in many ways, but there are clear differences as well. Journalists often consider the church to be an elaborate joke, although a few academics have defended it as an honest system of deeply held beliefs.[1] The group's culture jamming and creative use of cultural tropes have been applauded by a few commentators.

Origins

Ivan Stang in 2007

The Church of the SubGenius was founded by Ivan Stang and Philo Drummond, who initially established the SubGenius foundation. The organization's first recorded activity was the publication of a photocopied pamphlet disseminated in Dallas, Texas, in 1979 that was known as the Sub Genius Pamphlet #1. The document announced the impending end of the world and the possible deaths of its readers.[2]

Church leaders dispute that the group was founded in the 1970s, maintaining that a man named J.R. "Bob" Dobbs founded the group in 1953.[2] They assert that he telepathically contacted Drummond in 1972, before meeting him in person the next year, and that Drummond persuaded Ivan Stang to join shortly afterwards.[3] Stang describes himself as the "sacred scribe" of Dobbs and a "professional maven of weirdness".[4][5]

Beliefs

Deities

Jehovah-1

The Church of the SubGenius' ostensible beliefs defy categorization into a simple narrative, often striking outside observers as bizarre and convoluted.[4] The group has developed an intricate mythology, involving deities, aliens, and mutants, which is often considered by observers to satirize other religions.[2] Their primary deity, generally known as "Jehovah-1",[1] is cast as an extraterrestrial that contacted Dobbs in the 1940s. Various accounts state that the encounter occurred while Dobbs was building a television or watching late-night television.[6][7] The deity gave him supernatural knowledge of the past and future, in addition to incredible power.[6] Dobbs then posed deep questions to Jehovah-1, receiving mysterious answers.[8] Some of their discussion centered around a powerful conspiracy, to which the church attributes command of the world.[1]

Jehovah-1 and his spouse Eris, regarded by the church as "relatively evil", are classified as "rebel gods".[9] The church teaches that there are "Elder gods", who are committed to human pain, and that Jehovah-1 is "relatively good" in comparison. Yog-Sothoth, a character from H. P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos, is the leader of the Elder gods. In her 2010 study of the Church of the SubGenius, religious scholar Carole Cusack of the University of Sydney states that Lovecraft's work is a "model for the Church of the SubGenius' approach to scripture", in that aspects of his fiction were treated as real by some within paganism, as the church appropriates aspects of popular culture in its spirituality.[10]

Dobbs

Ward Cleaver, to whom Dobbs' appearance is often compared

SubGenius leaders teach that the nature of "Bob" is ineffable and consequently stylize his name with quotation marks.[11][12] They cast him as a "World Avatar"[3] and hold that he has died and been reborn many times.[4] The church's primary symbol is an icon of his face in which he smokes a pipe.[1] Stang states that the image was taken from Yellow Pages clip art,[11] and it has been likened to Ward Cleaver,[4] Mark Trail,[7] or a 1950s-era salesman.[1] The church's canon contains references to aspects of the culture of the United States in the 1950s;[13] religious scholar Danielle Kirby of RMIT University argues that this type of reference "simultaneously critiques and subverts" the concept of the American dream.[14]

In the church's mythology, Jehovah-1 had intended for Dobbs to lead the conspiracy, but Dobbs refused to do so; instead, he infiltrated it and organized a counter-movement. Church leaders teach that Dobbs was a very intelligent child and, as he grew older, studied several religious traditions, including Sufism, Rosicrucianism, and the Fourth Way. The only relative of his that they identify is his mother, Jane McBride Dobbs—church leaders cite his lack of resemblance to his mother's husband as the reason for not identifying his father.[3] Dobbs is married to a woman named Connie; SubGenius leaders identify the couple as archetypes of the genders in a belief that resembles Hindu doctrines about Shiva and Parvati.[6] Church literature has variously described Dobbs' occupation as "drilling equipment" or fluoride sales.[3][7] Subgenius leaders believe that he is capable of time travel, and that this ability results in occasional changes to doctrine, deemed the "Sacred Doctrine of Erasability" by the church. Consequently, members attempt to follow Dobbs by eschewing unchangeable plans.[13]

Conspiracy and "Slack"

The Church of the SubGenius' literature incorporates many aspects of conspiracy theories,[15] teaching that there is a grand conspiracy at the root of all lesser ones.[11] It states that there are many UFOs, most of which are used by the conspiracy leaders to monitor humans, although only a few contain extraterrestrials. In their view, this conspiracy uses a facade of empowering messages but manipulates people so that they become indoctrinated into its service.[3] SubGenius leaders teach that most cultural and religious mores are the organization's propaganda.[13] They maintain that their followers, but not those controlled by the conspiracy, are capable of developing an imagination; the church teaches that its members are empowered by Dobbs to see through the illusions of this conspiracy.[3] Culture studies scholar Solomon Davidoff states that the church develops a "satiric commentary" on religion, morality, and conspiracies.[15]

SubGenius members believe that those in the service of the conspiracy seek to bar them from "Slack",[15] a quality that the church promotes. Its teachings center on "Slack",[2] (always capitalized)[12] which is never concisely defined, except in the claim that Dobbs embodies the quality.[1][16] Church members seek to acquire "Slack", which they believe will allow them a free, comfortable life without hard work or responsibility, which they claim as an entitlement.[6][17] Sex and the avoidance of work are taught as two key ways to gain "Slack".[12] Davidoff defines "Slack" as "the ability to effortlessly achieve your goals".[15] Cusack states that the church's description of "Slack" as ineffable recalls the way that Tao is described,[3] and Kirby casts "Slack" as a "unique magical system".[18]

Members

Paul Reubens, who included references to the Church of the SubGenius in Pee-wee's Playhouse

SubGenius' founders were based in Dallas when they distributed the first document. The SubGenius foundation moved to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1999.[2] In 2009, Stang claimed that the church had 40,000 members, but the actual number may be much lower.[19] Becoming a minister in the church consists of paying a $30 fee; Stang has estimated that there are 10,000 ministers.[20] The church has a number of members to whom it has accorded the rank of "Pope" or "Popess".[7][21]

Most SubGenius members are male,[8] and, according to Stang, many of them are social outcasts.[5] The church experienced success converting college students,[4] particularly at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[22] It has also gained popularity in several American cities, including San Francisco, Little Rock, and Cleveland,[5][23] and have gained followers from outside the U.S.[11] A few church members have voiced concerns about converts who failed to practice the faith in an ironic spirit, fearing that they acted like serious cult-members.[7] Stang has expressed concern about the group's possible effects on mentally ill devotees, although he believes that the church genuinely helps most adherents.[5]

Notable associates of the church include Mark Mothersbaugh,[12] Mojo Nixon,[12] Paul Mavrides,[5] Paul Reubens,[24] R. Crumb,[25] and members of Negativland.[12] References to the church are present in several works of art,[26] including Ong's Hat, The Middleman, Sublime's 40oz. to Freedom, and Pee-wee's Playhouse.[27][28][29]

Instructions

Church leaders have issued specific instructions to their members;[30] Robert Latham of the University of California, Riverside, casts their ideology as "anarcholibertarian".[31] Five specific commands particularly embody the group's values. The first command is shun regular employment and instead stop working. This embodies the church's view that to repent is to "slack off",[30] in opposition to the idea of working for a living.[14] The second command is to purchase products that are sold by the Church of the SubGenius, which the church teaches was founded by Dobbs in an effort to gain wealth.[32] Unlike most religious groups, the church is for-profit.[12] Cusack sees the instruction to buy as an ironic parody of the "greed is good" mentality of the 1980s,[30] and Kirby notes that although the group emphasizes "the consumption of popular cultural artefacts", this consumption is "simultaneously de-emphasized by the processes of remix".[33] The third command is to rebel against "law and order": specifically, the church condemns security cameras and encourages computer hacking. The fourth command is to rid the world of everyone who did not descend from Yetis. SubGenius leaders teach that their followers have Yeti DNA and that they should eliminate those who do not,[30] because Dobbs hopes to rid the Earth of 90% of humanity.[32] The fifth command is to exploit fear, specifically that of individuals who are part of the conspiracy.[30]

Events

Devivals

Klaatu, a character from the 1951 American science fiction film The Day the Earth Stood Still, who is celebrated by the Church of the SubGenius

Local groups of members of the Church of the SubGenius are known as "clenches". These groups host periodic events known as "Devivals", which include sermons, music, and other art forms.[2] The leaders take comical names and give angry rants,[34] and many occur in bars or similar venues.[19] Cusack compares the style of the services to Pentecostal revivalism;[34] David Giffels of the Akron Beacon Journal casts them as "campy preaching sessions".[5] Cusack posits that these events are examples of Peter Lamborn Wilson's concept of Temporary Autonomous Zones, spaces in which the ordinary constraints of social control are suspended.[35] On one occasion, the presence of the wife of a church leader at a SubGenius meeting that included public nudity and a goat costume contributed to her loss of custody of her children in a court case. The publicity surrounding the event was ultimately a boon to the church's recruitment efforts.[36]

The church also celebrates several holidays in honor of fictional characters, such as Monty Python, Dracula, and Klaatu.[37] The Association for Consciousness Exploration and pagan groups have occasionally assisted the church in its events.[12][19] Some SubGenius members put little emphasis on meetings, citing the church's focus on individualism, although the Book of the SubGenius discusses community, as well.[38]

X-day

In early SubGenius literature, July 5, 1998, was introduced as a significant date, later becoming known as "X-day";[30] the church held that Dobbs identified the date's significance in the 1950s,[21] and they claimed the world was to experience a massive change on that date when Xists, beings from planet X, arrived on Earth.[20] Church leaders declared that their paying members were to be transported onto spaceships for union with goddesses as the world was destroyed,[39] although a few posited that they would be sent to a joyful hell.[5]

In July 1998, the church held a large devival at a "clothing-optional" campground in Sherman, New York,[20][22] attended by about 400 members.[21] The event was ostensibly intended to celebrate the arrival of aliens. After it became clear that they would not arrive, Stang speculated that they might arrive in 8661, an inversion of 1998;[20] this has been interpreted as a satire of the way that religious groups have revised prophecies after their failures.[39] Many critics have dismissed the event as a prank or "performance art".[20] Steve Bevilacqua, the church's business manager, drew a parallel between their group's predictions and aspects of well-established religions.[22] X-day celebrations have been held annually since 1998;[40] at these events, the non-appearance of the promised aliens is celebrated.[18] Cusack casts the productions as carnivalesque[40] or an echo of ancient Greek satyr plays.[20]

Publishing

The Church of the SubGenius emerged on the internet in May 1993,[41] and its members were very active on Usenet in the 1990s.[4] Although it has gained a significant online presence, it was successful before the advent of internet communities.[42] The church was a pioneer in the religious use of zines;[43] Cusack notes that its use of the medium can be seen as a rejection of the alienation of labor practices.[44] The group has also been promoted by Stang's radio program and a video he produced in 1992.[2][18]

The SubGenius foundation has published several official teachings of the church, as well as non-doctrinal works by Stang.[2] The Book of the SubGenius, which discusses "Slack" at length, was published by Simon & Schuster and sold 30,000 copies in its first five years in print.[23][45] Kirby casts the book as a "call to arms for the forces of absurdity".[18] The juxtaposition, visual style, and content of the book mirror the group as a whole.[46] It draws themes from fiction, as well as established and new religions, parodying a number of topics, including the Church of the SubGenius itself.[18]

A number of SubGenius writers have authored stories to build their mythology, which have been complied and published.[44] Their holy books are disordered: presented in the style of a collage.[47] Kirby notes that the group's texts are a bricolage of cultural artifacts, which is then remixed into a new creation.[14][46] In this process, Kirby states, they interweave and juxtapose a variety of concepts, which she describes as a "web of references".[14] She argues that the church is not an example of Jean Baudrillard's concept of hyperreality, arguing "they create, rather than consume, popular culture in the practice of their spirituality".[48] She describes their remixing of popular culture sources as an "explicitly creative process",[14] maintaining that it prompts the reader to adopt some of the group's views by forcing "the individual to reconsider normative methods of approaching the content".[14] She states that the group attempts to "strip references of their original meaning without necessarily losing their status as icons".[14]

Analysis and commentary

Comparative religion

The church's teachings are often perceived as satirizing Christianity and Scientology,[1] earning them a reputation as a "parody religion".[2] Church leaders have stated that Dobbs met L. Ron Hubbard, and SubGenius narratives echo extraterrestrial themes found in Scientology.[49] The church's rhetoric has also been seen as a satirical imitation of 1980s' televangelism.[25] Cusack sees the church's faux commercialism as culture jamming targeting prosperity theology;[37] she describes this as "a strikingly original innovation in contemporary religion".[26] Religious scholar Thomas Alberts of the University of London views the church as attempting to "subvert the idea of authenticity in religion" by mirroring other religions to create both a sense of similarity and alterity.[50]

Cusack compares the Church of the SubGenius to the Ranters, a radical 17th-century pantheist movement in England,[19] citing this as evidence that the new movement has "legitimate pedigree in the history of Western religion".[36] American journalist Michael Muhammad Knight likens them to the Moorish Orthodox Church of America, a 20th century American syncretic religious movement.[29]

There are a number of similarities between the Church of the SubGenius and Discordianism. Eris, the goddess of chaos who is worshiped by Discordians, is believed by members of the Church of the SubGenius to be the wife of Jehovah-1 and an ally to humans. Like Discordianism, the Church of the SubGenius rejects absolute truth and embraces contradictions and paradoxes.[13] Religious scholar David Chidester of the University of Cape Town views the church as a "Discordian offshoot",[51] and Kirby sees the group as "a child of the Discordians".[47] Kirby states that the two groups have elements of bricolage and absurdity in common, but the Church of the SubGenius more explicitly remixes pop culture.[18]

Categorization

Scholars often have difficulty defining the church.[52] Most commentators have placed the church in the category of "joke religions", which is usually seen as a pejorative description. Kirby sees this categorization as partially accurate because irony is an essential aspect of their faith.[53] Other terms used to describe the church include "faux cult",[25] "[post-modern] cult",[4] "satirical pseudoreligion",[45] "sophisticated joke religion",[52] "anti-religion religion",[21] and "high parody of cultdom".[7] Members of the church, however, have consistently maintained that they practice a religion.[40] Stang has described the group as both "satire and a real stupid religion", and he contends that it is more honest about its nature than are other religions.[36]

Cusack argues that the church "must be accorded the status of a functional equivalent of religion, at the very least, if not 'authentic' religion". She sees it as "arguably a legitimate path to liberation", citing its culture jamming and activism against commercialism.[1] Kirby argues that the church is a religion masquerading as a joke, rather than the reverse; in her view, it is a spiritual manifestation of a cultural shift toward irony.[53] Alberts states that there is broad agreement that the church is fundamentally a different type of group than religions that date to antiquity; he prefers to use the term "fake religion" to describe the group. He sees it, along with Discordianism, as part of a group of "popular movements that look and feel like religion, but whose apparent excess, irreverence and arbitrariness seem to mock religion".[54] Knight characterizes the church as "at once a postmodern spoof of religion and a viable system in its own right".[29]

Ideological analysis

Kirby sees the church's goal as deconstructing "normative modes of thought and behavior" in American culture;[42] she believes that it attempts to fight culturally ingrained thought patterns by shocking people.[18] She argues that traditional approaches to religion cast seriousness as a measure of devotion, an approach which she believes has failed in contemporary society. She feels that irony is a value of many people that has been ignored by religions. By embracing irony, she maintains, the Church of the SubGenius offers a more accessible worldview than many other groups.[53]

Literature scholar Paul Mann of Pomona College is critical of the Church of the SubGenius. He notes that the church purports to present the truth through absurdity, but faults them for insufficiently examining the concept of truth itself.[55] In addition, he believes that the group undermines its attempts to take a radical perspective by their "hysterical, literal, fantastic embrace" of criticism.[56]

Anarchist writer Bob Black, a former member, has criticized the church, alleging that it is a cult. In 1992, similar allegations appeared in Bedfordshire on Sunday after a spate of SubGenius-themed vandalism struck the town.[12]

Publications of the Church of the SubGenius

Books

  • Subgenius Foundation (1987), Book of the SubGenius, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 978-0-671-63810-8
  • Ivan Stang (1988), High Weirdness by Mail, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 978-0-671-64260-0
  • Ivan Stang (1990), Three-fisted tales of "Bob": Short Stories in the SubGenius Mythos, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 978-0-671-67190-7
  • Ivan Stang; SubGenius Foundation (1994), Revelation X: the "Bob" Apocryphon: Appointed to be Read in Churches, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 978-0-671-77006-8
  • Ivan Stang (2006), The Subgenius Psychlopaedia of Slack: The Bobliographon, Running Press, ISBN 978-1-56025-939-8

Videos

  • Stang, Ivan; Holland, Cordt; Robins, Hal (2006) [1991], Arise!: the SubGenius Video, SubGenius Moving Pictures, OCLC 388112825 {{citation}}: |format= requires |url= (help)

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Cusack 2010, p. 84.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Cusack 2010, p. 83.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Cusack 2010, p. 86.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Batz 1995.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Giffels 1995.
  6. ^ a b c d Cusack 2010, p. 85.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Rea 1985.
  8. ^ a b Cusack 2010, p. 102.
  9. ^ Cusack 2010, pp. 86 & 101.
  10. ^ Cusack 2010, p. 101.
  11. ^ a b c d Hart 1992.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i Leiby 1994.
  13. ^ a b c d Cusack 2010, p. 88.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g Kirby 2012, p. 50.
  15. ^ a b c d Davidoff 2003, p. 170.
  16. ^ Duncombe 2005, p. 222.
  17. ^ Duncombe 2005, p. 226.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g Kirby 2012, p. 49.
  19. ^ a b c d Cusack 2010, p. 106.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Cusack 2010, p. 90.
  21. ^ a b c d Scoblionkov 1998.
  22. ^ a b c Yuen 1998.
  23. ^ a b Ashbrook 1988.
  24. ^ Cusack 2010, p. 94.
  25. ^ a b c Callahan 1996.
  26. ^ a b Cusack 2010, p. 111.
  27. ^ Kinsella 2011, p. 6.
  28. ^ Lloyd 2008.
  29. ^ a b c Knight 2012, p. 96.
  30. ^ a b c d e f Cusack 2010, p. 89.
  31. ^ Latham 2002, p. 94.
  32. ^ a b Cusack 2010, p. 87.
  33. ^ Kirby 2012, p. 52.
  34. ^ a b Cusack 2010, p. 93.
  35. ^ Cusack 2010, p. 97.
  36. ^ a b c Cusack 2010, p. 107.
  37. ^ a b Cusack 2010, p. 104.
  38. ^ Cusack 2010, pp. 98–9.
  39. ^ a b Gunn & Beard 2000, p. 269.
  40. ^ a b c Cusack 2010, p. 98.
  41. ^ Ciolek 2003, p. 800.
  42. ^ a b Kirby 2012, p. 44.
  43. ^ Kinsella 2011, p. 64.
  44. ^ a b Cusack 2010, p. 100.
  45. ^ a b Stein 1993, p. 179.
  46. ^ a b Kirby 2012, p. 51.
  47. ^ a b Kirby 2012, p. 48.
  48. ^ Kirby 2012, pp. 42–3.
  49. ^ Cusack 2010, p. 105.
  50. ^ Alberts 2008, p. 127.
  51. ^ Chidester 2005, p. 198.
  52. ^ a b Cusack 2010, p. 109.
  53. ^ a b c Kirby 2012, p. 43.
  54. ^ Alberts 2008, p. 126.
  55. ^ Mann 1999, p. 156.
  56. ^ Mann 1999, p. 158.

References

Books

Journals

Magazines

Newspapers