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[[File:Map of Sunken Battlecruisers version 2.png|right|500px|thumb|Map of the location of sunken battlecruisers]]
[[File:Map of Sunken Battlecruisers version 2.png|right|500px|thumb|The location of sunken battlecruisers]]


The listed [[battlecruiser]]s are grouped according to causes of the sinking. Within groups, they are listed in chronological order by date sunk.
The listed [[battlecruiser]]s are grouped according to causes of the sinking. Within groups, they are listed in chronological order by date sunk.


The first losses of battlecruisers occurred during [[World War I]] as a result of the [[Battle of Jutland]] between the Royal Navy and the [[Imperial German Navy]] on 31 May 1916. The three British ships, {{HMS|Invincible|1907|2}}, {{HMS|Indefatigable|1909|2}}, and {{HMS|Queen Mary||2}} were all sunk by [[magazine (artillery)|magazine]] explosions with heavy loss of life.<ref>Campbell, pp. 368–69</ref> {{SMS|Lutzow||6}} had been hit several times below the [[waterline]] by British shells during the battle and she took on a lot of water after the battle. Later that night she had so much water aboard that she threatened to [[capsize]]; her crew was ordered to abandon ship and a German [[destroyer]] finished her off with two [[torpedo]]es.<ref name=t9/> The next losses were a quarter century later during World War when the British intercepted a German force attempting to breakout into the Atlantic to attack supply convoys. Shortly after the beginning of the [[Battle of the Denmark Strait]] on 24 May 1941, a shell from the {{ship|German battleship|Bismarck||2}} hit {{HMS|Hood|51|2}} and caused its magazine to explode with massive loss of life. Six months later, the battleship {{HMS|Prince of Wales|53|2}} and {{HMS|Repulse|1916|2}} attempted to intercept Japanese troop convoys approaching the [[Malay Peninsula]]. They were spotted by Japanese aircraft en route and sunk by [[torpedo bomber]]s on 10 December.<ref>Stephen, pp. 70–80, 104–14</ref>
The first losses of battlecruisers occurred during [[World War I]], as a result of the [[Battle of Jutland]] between the Royal Navy and the [[Imperial German Navy]] on 31 May 1916. The three British ships—{{HMS|Invincible|1907|2}}, {{HMS|Indefatigable|1909|2}}, and {{HMS|Queen Mary||2}}—were all sunk by [[magazine (artillery)|magazine]] explosions, with heavy loss of life.<ref>Campbell, pp. 368–69</ref> {{SMS|Lutzow||6}} had been hit several times below the [[waterline]] by British shells during the battle and took on a lot of water after the battle. Later that night, ''Lutzow'' had so much water aboard that she threatened to [[capsize]]; the crew was ordered to abandon ship and a German [[destroyer]] finished her off with two [[torpedo]]es.<ref name=t9/> The next losses were a quarter century later during World War, when the British intercepted a German force attempting to break out into the Atlantic to attack supply convoys. Shortly after the [[Battle of the Denmark Strait]] began on 24 May 1941, a shell from the {{ship|German battleship|Bismarck||2}} hit {{HMS|Hood|51|2}}, causing its magazine to explode with massive loss of life. Six months later, the battleship {{HMS|Prince of Wales|53|2}} and the relatively old battlecruiser {{HMS|Repulse|1916|2}} attempted to intercept Japanese troop convoys approaching the [[Malay Peninsula]]. They were spotted by Japanese aircraft en route and sunk by [[torpedo bomber]]s on 10 December.<ref>Stephen, pp. 70–80, 104–14</ref>


The five German battlecruisers that survived World War I, {{SMS|Von der Tann||2}}, {{SMS|Moltke||2}}, {{SMS|Seydlitz||2}}, {{SMS|Derfflinger||2}}, {{SMS|Hindenburg||2}}, were [[interned]] at [[Scapa Flow]] pending the signing of a peace treaty between Germany and the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]]. The commander of the German ships in Scapa, [[Rear Admiral]] [[Ludwig von Reuter]], thought that the British were going to seize the ships immediately after the expiration of the [[Armistice with Germany|Armistice]] and preemptively ordered his ships [[scuttled]] on the morning of 21 June 1919 to keep them out of British hands.<ref>Herwig, p. 256</ref> The [[Royal Australian Navy]] scuttled {{HMAS|Australia|1911|2}} in 1924 to comply with the terms of the [[Washington Naval Treaty]].<ref>Duncan, p. 32</ref>
The five German battlecruisers that survived World War I—{{SMS|Von der Tann||2}}, {{SMS|Moltke||2}}, {{SMS|Seydlitz||2}}, {{SMS|Derfflinger||2}}, {{SMS|Hindenburg||2}}—were [[interned]] at [[Scapa Flow]] pending the signing of a peace treaty between Germany and the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]]. The commander of the German ships in Scapa, [[Rear Admiral]] [[Ludwig von Reuter]], thought the British were going to seize the ships immediately after the expiration of the [[Armistice with Germany|Armistice]], and preemptively ordered the ships be [[scuttled]] on the morning of 21 June 1919 to keep them out of British hands.<ref>Herwig, p. 256</ref> The [[Royal Australian Navy]] scuttled {{HMAS|Australia|1911|2}} in 1924 to comply with the terms of the [[Washington Naval Treaty]].<ref>Duncan, p. 32</ref>


All three of the {{sclass-|Courageous|battlecruiser|2}}s were converted into aircraft carriers during the 1920s. {{HMS|Courageous|50|2}}'s aircraft were hunting for submarines shortly after the beginning of [[World War II]] when she was sunk by the {{GS|U-29}} on 17 September 1939. The following year, {{HMS|Glorious||2}} was returning to Britain when she was spotted and sunk by the German battleships {{ship|German battleship|Scharnhorst||2}} and {{ship|German battleship|Gneisenau||2}} in the North Sea on 8 June 1940.<ref>Burt, pp. 282–83, 297–98</ref> A clause in the Washington Naval Treaty allowed two ships per signatory to be converted to aircraft carriers and the [[United States Navy]] chose to convert two of its {{sclass-|Lexington|battlecruiser|4}}s during the 1920s because of their high speed. {{USS|Lexington|CV-2|2}} was hit by two bombs and two torpedoes during the [[Battle of the Coral Sea]] on 8 May 1942. They only moderately damaged the ship, but, more importantly, they cracked some of her [[avgas]] storage tanks. Fumes from these tanks later caught fire and could not be put out; the crew was forced to abandon ship and ''Lexington'' was torpedoed and sunk by an American destroyer.<ref>Polmar & Genda, pp. 50, 218, 220</ref> {{USS|Saratoga|CV-3|2}} survived the war, but was considered obsolete so she was used as a target for [[nuclear weapon]] tests during [[Operation Crossroads]]. The ship survived the first test with little damage, but was sunk by the second test on 25 July 1946.<ref name=f9/> {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Akagi||2}} was another battlecruiser converted into a carrier because of the Washington Naval Treaty during the 1920s. She was struck by three bombs during the [[Battle of Midway]] on 4 June 1942 that caused serious fires that forced the crew to abandon ship early that night. By the following morning, it was clear that the ship could not be repaired so she was torpedoed and sunk.<ref>Parshall and Tully, pp. 352–53, 463, 466</ref>
All three of the {{sclass-|Courageous|battlecruiser|2}}s were converted into aircraft carriers during the 1920s. The ship's aircraft were hunting for submarines shortly after the beginning of [[World War II]] when she was sunk by the {{GS|U-29}} on 17 September 1939. The following year, {{HMS|Glorious||2}} was returning to Britain when spotted and sunk by the German battleships {{ship|German battleship|Scharnhorst||2}} and {{ship|German battleship|Gneisenau||2}} in the North Sea on 8 June 1940.<ref>Burt, pp. 282–83, 297–98</ref> A clause in the Washington Naval Treaty allowed two ships per signatory to be converted to aircraft carriers, and the [[United States Navy]] had chosen to convert two of its {{sclass-|Lexington|battlecruiser|4}}s during the 1920s because of their high speed. {{USS|Lexington|CV-2|2}} was hit by two bombs and two torpedoes during the [[Battle of the Coral Sea]] on 8 May 1942. They only moderately damaged the ship, but, more importantly, they cracked some of her [[avgas]] storage tanks. Fumes from these tanks later caught fire and could not be put out; the crew was forced to abandon ship and ''Lexington'' was torpedoed and sunk by an American destroyer.<ref>Polmar & Genda, pp. 50, 218, 220</ref>


The four Japanese {{sclass-|Kongō|battlecruiser|2}}s were reconstructed as [[fast battleship]]s during the 1930s. On 13 November 1942, during the [[First Naval Battle of Guadalcanal]], {{ship|Japanese battleship|Hiei||2}} stumbled across American [[cruiser]]s and destroyers at [[point-blank range]]. The ship was badly damaged in the encounter and has to be towed by her [[sister ship]] {{ship|Japanese battleship|Kirishima||2}}. She was spotted by American aircraft the following morning and ''Kirishima'' was forced to cast off her tow because of repeated aerial attacks. Further damaged, her captain ordered her crew to abandon ship and [[scuttled]] ''Hiei'' in the early evening of 14 November.<ref name=hiei/> On the night of 14/15 November, ''Kirishima'' returned to [[Ironbottom Sound]] during the [[Second Naval Battle of Guadalcanal]], but encountered the American battleships {{USS|South Dakota|BB-57|2}} and {{USS|Washington|BB-56|2}}. ''Kirishima'' failed to spot ''Washington'' and engaged ''South Dakota'' with some effect. ''Washington'' opened fire a few minutes later at short range and badly damaged ''Kirishima'', knocking out her aft turrets, jamming her rudding and hitting her below the waterline. The flooding proved to be uncontrollable and the ship capsized three and a half hours later.<ref name=kiri/> Returning to Japan after the [[Battle of Leyte Gulf]], ''Kongō'' was torpedoed and sunk by the American submarine {{USS|Sealion II|SS-315|2}} on 21 November 1944.<ref name=s20/> ''Haruna'' was based at [[Kure, Hiroshima|Kure]], Japan when the [[Bombing of Kure (July 1945)|naval base was attacked]] by British and American carrier aircraft on 24 and 28 July. The ship was only lightly damaged by a single bomb hit on 24 July, but she was hit a dozen more times on 28 July and sank at her [[pier]]. She was refloated after the war and [[ship breaking|scrapped]] beginning in 1946.<ref name=har/>
{{USS|Saratoga|CV-3|2}} survived the war, but was considered obsolete so she was used as a target for [[nuclear weapon]] tests during [[Operation Crossroads]]. The ship survived the first test with little damage, but was sunk by the second test on 25 July 1946.<ref name=f9/> {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Akagi||2}} was another battlecruiser converted into a carrier because of the Washington Naval Treaty during the 1920s. She was struck by three bombs during the [[Battle of Midway]] on 4 June 1942 that caused serious fires that forced the crew to abandon ship early that night. By the following morning, it was clear that the ship could not be repaired, and so was torpedoed and sunk.<ref>Parshall and Tully, pp. 352–53, 463, 466</ref>
The four Japanese {{sclass-|Kongō|battlecruiser|2}}s were reconstructed as [[fast battleship]]s during the 1930s. On 13 November 1942, during the [[First Naval Battle of Guadalcanal]], {{ship|Japanese battleship|Hiei||2}} stumbled across American [[cruiser]]s and destroyers at [[point-blank range]]. The ship was badly damaged in the encounter and had to be towed by her [[sister ship]] {{ship|Japanese battleship|Kirishima||2}}. Both were spotted by American aircraft the following morning and ''Kirishima'' was forced to cast off her tow because of repeated aerial attacks. Further damaged, her captain ordered her crew to abandon ship and [[scuttled]] ''Hiei'' in the early evening of 14 November.<ref name=hiei/> On the night of 14/15 November during the [[Second Naval Battle of Guadalcanal]], ''Kirishima'' returned to [[Ironbottom Sound]], but encountered the American battleships {{USS|South Dakota|BB-57|2}} and {{USS|Washington|BB-56|2}}. While failing to detect ''Washington'', ''Kirishima'' engaged ''South Dakota'' with some effect. ''Washington'' opened fire a few minutes later at short range and badly damaged ''Kirishima'', knocking out the aft turrets, jamming the rudding, and hitting the ship below the waterline. The flooding proved to be uncontrollable and ''Kirishima' capsized three and a half hours later.<ref name=kiri/> Returning to Japan after the [[Battle of Leyte Gulf]], ''Kongō'' was torpedoed and sunk by the American submarine {{USS|Sealion II|SS-315|2}} on 21 November 1944.<ref name=s20/> ''Haruna'' was based at [[Kure, Hiroshima|Kure]], Japan when the [[Bombing of Kure (July 1945)|naval base was attacked]] by British and American carrier aircraft on 24 and 28 July. The ship was only lightly damaged by a single bomb hit on 24 July, but was hit a dozen more times on 28 July and sank at her [[pier]]. She was refloated after the war and [[ship breaking|scrapped]] in early 1946.<ref name=har/>


==Sunk in combat==
==Sunk in combat==


The following ships were destroyed in battle, most of which are considered war graves.
The following ships were destroyed in battle; most of them are considered war graves.


{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"

Revision as of 06:25, 8 June 2013

The location of sunken battlecruisers

The listed battlecruisers are grouped according to causes of the sinking. Within groups, they are listed in chronological order by date sunk.

The first losses of battlecruisers occurred during World War I, as a result of the Battle of Jutland between the Royal Navy and the Imperial German Navy on 31 May 1916. The three British ships—Invincible, Indefatigable, and Queen Mary—were all sunk by magazine explosions, with heavy loss of life.[1] SMS Lutzow had been hit several times below the waterline by British shells during the battle and took on a lot of water after the battle. Later that night, Lutzow had so much water aboard that she threatened to capsize; the crew was ordered to abandon ship and a German destroyer finished her off with two torpedoes.[2] The next losses were a quarter century later during World War, when the British intercepted a German force attempting to break out into the Atlantic to attack supply convoys. Shortly after the Battle of the Denmark Strait began on 24 May 1941, a shell from the Bismarck hit Hood, causing its magazine to explode with massive loss of life. Six months later, the battleship Prince of Wales and the relatively old battlecruiser Repulse attempted to intercept Japanese troop convoys approaching the Malay Peninsula. They were spotted by Japanese aircraft en route and sunk by torpedo bombers on 10 December.[3]

The five German battlecruisers that survived World War I—Von der Tann, Moltke, Seydlitz, Derfflinger, Hindenburg—were interned at Scapa Flow pending the signing of a peace treaty between Germany and the Allies. The commander of the German ships in Scapa, Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter, thought the British were going to seize the ships immediately after the expiration of the Armistice, and preemptively ordered the ships be scuttled on the morning of 21 June 1919 to keep them out of British hands.[4] The Royal Australian Navy scuttled Australia in 1924 to comply with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty.[5]

All three of the Template:Sclass-s were converted into aircraft carriers during the 1920s. The ship's aircraft were hunting for submarines shortly after the beginning of World War II when she was sunk by the German submarine U-29 on 17 September 1939. The following year, Glorious was returning to Britain when spotted and sunk by the German battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau in the North Sea on 8 June 1940.[6] A clause in the Washington Naval Treaty allowed two ships per signatory to be converted to aircraft carriers, and the United States Navy had chosen to convert two of its Template:Sclass-s during the 1920s because of their high speed. Lexington was hit by two bombs and two torpedoes during the Battle of the Coral Sea on 8 May 1942. They only moderately damaged the ship, but, more importantly, they cracked some of her avgas storage tanks. Fumes from these tanks later caught fire and could not be put out; the crew was forced to abandon ship and Lexington was torpedoed and sunk by an American destroyer.[7]

Saratoga survived the war, but was considered obsolete so she was used as a target for nuclear weapon tests during Operation Crossroads. The ship survived the first test with little damage, but was sunk by the second test on 25 July 1946.[8] Akagi was another battlecruiser converted into a carrier because of the Washington Naval Treaty during the 1920s. She was struck by three bombs during the Battle of Midway on 4 June 1942 that caused serious fires that forced the crew to abandon ship early that night. By the following morning, it was clear that the ship could not be repaired, and so was torpedoed and sunk.[9]

The four Japanese Template:Sclass-s were reconstructed as fast battleships during the 1930s. On 13 November 1942, during the First Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, Hiei stumbled across American cruisers and destroyers at point-blank range. The ship was badly damaged in the encounter and had to be towed by her sister ship Kirishima. Both were spotted by American aircraft the following morning and Kirishima was forced to cast off her tow because of repeated aerial attacks. Further damaged, her captain ordered her crew to abandon ship and scuttled Hiei in the early evening of 14 November.[10] On the night of 14/15 November during the Second Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, Kirishima returned to Ironbottom Sound, but encountered the American battleships South Dakota and Washington. While failing to detect Washington, Kirishima engaged South Dakota with some effect. Washington opened fire a few minutes later at short range and badly damaged Kirishima, knocking out the aft turrets, jamming the rudding, and hitting the ship below the waterline. The flooding proved to be uncontrollable and Kirishima' capsized three and a half hours later.[11] Returning to Japan after the Battle of Leyte Gulf, Kongō was torpedoed and sunk by the American submarine Sealion II on 21 November 1944.[12] Haruna was based at Kure, Japan when the naval base was attacked by British and American carrier aircraft on 24 and 28 July. The ship was only lightly damaged by a single bomb hit on 24 July, but was hit a dozen more times on 28 July and sank at her pier. She was refloated after the war and scrapped in early 1946.[13]

Sunk in combat

The following ships were destroyed in battle; most of them are considered war graves.

Name Navy Casualties Date sunk Location Condition Relics Image
HMS Invincible Royal Navy 1,026[14] 31 May 1916[15] North Sea[15] Invincible lies in two pieces[16] in 177 feet (54 m) of water[17]
—
HMS Indefatigable Royal Navy 1,017[18] Heavily salvaged, only large pieces of metal remain in 183 feet (56 m) of water[16] One of the ship's lifebelts that survived the sinking is on display at the Imperial War Museum North in Manchester[19]
HMS Queen Mary Royal Navy 1,266[20] Queen Mary lies upside down in two pieces in 196 feet (60 m) of water[16]
—
SMS Lützow Imperial German Navy 157[21] 1 June 1916[2] Lützow is relatively intact, upside down, in 144 feet (44 m) of water[16]
—
HMS Hood Royal Navy 1,415[22] 24 May 1941[23] Denmark Strait[23] In pieces in 9,200 feet (2,800 m) of water[24] Two of the Hood's 5.5-inch (140 mm) guns, removed earlier during a refit, were installed on Ascension Island where the battery still exists today in a largely intact condition.[25]
HMS Repulse Royal Navy 513[26] 10 December 1941[27] South China Sea[27] Almost upside down in 177 feet (54 m) of water[28]
—

Scuttled battlecruisers

Several battlecruisers were scuttled.

Name Navy Date sunk Location Condition Relics Image
Von der Tann Imperial German Navy 21 June 1919[29] Scapa Flow[29] Raised and salvaged at Scapa Flow, 7 December 1930, broken up for scrap[30] Ship's bell in the Laboe Naval Memorial[31]
Moltke Imperial German Navy 21 June 1919[32] Scapa Flow[32] Raised 10 June 1927, broken up for scrap[33]
—
Seydlitz Imperial German Navy 21 June 1919[34] Scapa Flow[34] Raised November 1928, broken up for scrap[34] Ship's bell in the Laboe Naval Memorial[35]
Derfflinger Imperial German Navy 21 June 1919[36] Scapa Flow[36] Raised in 1939, broken up for scrap[36] Ship's bell outside the Church of St Michael on the Outer Hebrides island of Eriskay[37]
Hindenburg Imperial German Navy 21 June 1919[38] Scapa Flow[38] Raised 22 July 1930, broken up for scrap[35] Ship's bell in the Laboe Naval Memorial[35]
Australia Royal Australian Navy 12 April 1924[39] Off Sydney Heads[40] At a depth of 1,332 feet (406 m)[41] Various artifacts, including a propeller and torpedo tube at the Australian War Memorial[42]

Converted battlecruisers

Several battlecruisers were converted into other ship types either during construction or after entering service; many of these ships were sunk in combat during World War II.

Name Navy Conversion Casualties Date sunk Location Condition Image
Courageous Royal Navy Aircraft carrier 519[43] 17 September 1939[43] Western Approaches[43] Unknown
Glorious Royal Navy Aircraft carrier 1,207[44] 8 June 1940[45] North Sea[45] Unknown
Lexington US Navy Aircraft carrier 216 [46] 8 May 1942[46] Coral Sea[46] Unknown
Akagi Imperial Japanese Navy Aircraft carrier 267[47] 5 June 1942[48] Off Midway Island[48] Unknown
Hiei Imperial Japanese Navy Battleship 188[10] 14 November 1942[48] Ironbottom Sound[48] Unknown
Kirishima Imperial Japanese Navy Battleship 212[11] 15 November 1942[48] Ironbottom Sound[48] Upside down in 4,000 feet (1,200 m) of water[16]
Kongō Imperial Japanese Navy Battleship 1,250[12] 21 November 1944[48] Formosa Strait[48] Unknown
Haruna Imperial Japanese Navy Battleship 65[13] 24 July 1945[48] Kure[48] Scrapped, 1946[48]
Saratoga US Navy Aircraft carrier 0[8] 25 July 1946[8] Bikini Atoll[8] Saratoga is upright, at 50 feet (15 m) from the surface[49]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Campbell, pp. 368–69
  2. ^ a b Tarrant 2001, p. 249
  3. ^ Stephen, pp. 70–80, 104–14
  4. ^ Herwig, p. 256
  5. ^ Duncan, p. 32
  6. ^ Burt, pp. 282–83, 297–98
  7. ^ Polmar & Genda, pp. 50, 218, 220
  8. ^ a b c d Fry, pp. 158–59
  9. ^ Parshall and Tully, pp. 352–53, 463, 466
  10. ^ a b Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander; Ahlberg, Lars (2010). "IJN Hiei: Tabular Record of Movement". Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  11. ^ a b Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander; Ahlberg, Lars (2010). "IJN Kirishima: Tabular Record of Movement". Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  12. ^ a b Stille, p. 20
  13. ^ a b Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander; Ahlberg, Lars (2012). "IJN Haruna: Tabular Record of Movement". Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  14. ^ Campbell, p. 159
  15. ^ a b Roberts, pp. 122–23
  16. ^ a b c d e Duncan, p. 71
  17. ^ Tarrant 1986, p. 114
  18. ^ Campbell, p. 61
  19. ^ "Equipment, Lifebelt (HMS Indefatigable), British". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  20. ^ Williams, p. 132
  21. ^ Tarrant 2001, p. 298
  22. ^ "HMS Hood Association: Frequently Asked Questions". HMS Hood Association. Retrieved 6 June 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  23. ^ a b Stephen, p. 80
  24. ^ Mearns and White, pp. 195–96
  25. ^ "HMS Hood's 5.5" Guns on Ascension Islands". HMS Hood Association. 4 April 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  26. ^ Stephen, p. 114
  27. ^ a b Stephen, p. 108
  28. ^ Denlay, p. 6
  29. ^ a b Staff, p. 11
  30. ^ Gröner, p. 54
  31. ^ yetdark (3 September 2005). "Schiffsglocke von Schlachtkreuzer SMS Von der Tann". flickr.com. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
  32. ^ a b Staff, p. 17
  33. ^ Gröner, p. 55
  34. ^ a b c Staff, p. 33
  35. ^ a b c Gröner, p. 57
  36. ^ a b c Staff, p. 17
  37. ^ "Eriskay St Michael's R.c. Church, South Uist". British Listed Buildings. http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. Retrieved 7 June 2013. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  38. ^ a b Staff, p. 42
  39. ^ Duncan, p. 34
  40. ^ Sears, in Stevens, The Royal Australian Navy, p. 65
  41. ^ Duncan, p. 73
  42. ^ Duncan, pp. 93–95
  43. ^ a b c Burt, pp. 289–90
  44. ^ Winton, p. 200
  45. ^ a b Rohwer, p. 26
  46. ^ a b c Polmar and Genda, pp. 218, 220
  47. ^ Parshall and Tully, p. 476
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Jentschura, Jung and Mickel, p. 35
  49. ^ "Bikini Atoll Dive Tourism Information". Bikini Atoll Divers. Retrieved 26 November 2012.

References

  • Burt, R. A. (2012) [1993]. British Battleships, 1919–1939. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-052-8.
  • Campbell, John (1998). Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting. New York: Lyons Press. ISBN 1-55821-759-2.
  • Denlay, Kevin (2007). "Expedition Job 74" (PDF). explorers.org. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  • Duncan, Brad (July 2011). Battlecruiser HMAS Australia (1): Wreck Inspection Report (PDF) (Report). Parramatta, NSW: Heritage Branch, NSW Office of Environment and Heritage. OCLC 754127975. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
  • Fry, John (1996). USS Saratoga CV-3: An Illustrated History of the Legendary Aircraft Carrier 1927–1946. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 0-7643-0089-X.
  • Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6.
  • Herwig, Holger (1998) [1980]. "Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918. Amherst, New York: Humanity Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-286-9.
  • Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter; Mickel, Peter (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.
  • Mearns, David (2001). Hood and Bismarck: The Deep Sea Discovery of an Epic Battle. London: Channel 4. ISBN 0-7522-2035-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Parshall, Jonathan; Tully, Anthony (2007). Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway. Washington: Potomac Books. ISBN 1-57488-924-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Polmar, Norman; Genda, Minoru (2006). Aircraft Carriers: A History of Carrier Aviation and Its Influence on World Events. Vol. Volume 1, 1909–1945. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. ISBN 1-57488-663-0. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  • Roberts, John (1997). Battlecruisers. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-068-1.
  • Rohwer, Jurgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.
  • Sears, Jason (2001). "An Imperial Service". In Stevens, David (ed.). The Royal Australian Navy. The Australian Centenary History of Defence. Vol. III. South Melbourne, VIC: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-555542-2. OCLC 50418095.
  • Staff, Gary (2006). German Battlecruisers: 1914–1918. Oxford, UK: Osprey Books. ISBN 978-1-84603-009-3.
  • Stephen, Martin (1988). Sea Battles in Close-Up: World War 2. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-556-6.
  • Stille, Mark (2008). Imperial Japanese Navy Battleships 1941-45. New Vanguard. Vol. 146. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84603-280-6.
  • Tarrant, V. E. (1986). Battlecruiser Invincible: The History of the First Battlecruiser, 1909–16. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-147-1.
  • Tarrant, V. E. (2001) [1995]. Jutland: The German Perspective. London: Cassell Military Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-304-35848-9.
  • Williams, M. W. (1996). "The Loss of HMS Queen Mary at Jutland". Warship 1996. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 111–32. ISBN 0-85177-685-X.
  • Winton, John (1986). Carrier Glorious. London, UK: Leo Cooper, Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0-436-57806-9.
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