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<ref>{{cite book |last= Gaster |first= Moses |title= The Asatir: the Samaritan book of Moses |url= http://archive.org/stream/MN40245ucmf_0#page/n271/mode/2up |quote= Nabateans ruled from Nile to Euphrates |year= 1927 |publisher=THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY |location=London |oclc=|pages=262, 71}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book |last= Gaster |first= Moses |title= The Asatir: the Samaritan book of Moses |url= http://archive.org/stream/MN40245ucmf_0#page/n271/mode/2up |quote= Nabateans ruled from Nile to Euphrates |year= 1927 |publisher=THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY |location=London |oclc=|pages=262, 71}}</ref>


==Historical records of the Ishmaelites==
==Historical Records of the Ishmaelites==


Assyrian and Babylonian Royal Inscriptions and North Arabian inscriptions from 9th to 6th century B.C, mention the king of Qedar as king of the Arabs and King of the Ishmaelites<ref>{{cite book |last= Delitzsche |first= |title= Assyriesche Lesestuche |url= |year= 1912 |publisher= |location=Leipzig |oclc=2008786}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Montgomry |first= |title= Arabia and the Bible |url= |year= 1934 |publisher= U of Pensylvania|location=Philadelphia |oclc=639516}}</ref><ref>{{ cite book |last=Winnet |title=Ancient Records from North Arabia |url= http://books.google.com/books?ei=omCoUbaKJYX5ygHO34DoAw&id=uEFjAAAAMAAJ&dq=qedar#search_anchor |year=1970 |quote=king of kedar (Qedarites) is named alternatively as king of Ishmaelites and king of Arabs in Assyrian Inscriptions |oclc=79767 |pages=51, 52}}</ref><ref>{{ cite web |last=Stetkevychc |title=Muhammad and the Golden Bough |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=OVXC72Td6CsC&pg=PA76 |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0253332087 |quote=Assyrian records document Ishmaelites as Qedarites and as Arabs |page=}}</ref>
Assyrian and Babylonian Royal Inscriptions and North Arabian inscriptions from 9th to 6th century B.C, mention the king of Qedar as king of the Arabs and King of the Ishmaelites<ref>{{cite book |last= Delitzsche |first= |title= Assyriesche Lesestuche |url= |year= 1912 |publisher= |location=Leipzig |oclc=2008786}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Montgomry |first= |title= Arabia and the Bible |url= |year= 1934 |publisher= U of Pensylvania|location=Philadelphia |oclc=639516}}</ref><ref>{{ cite book |last=Winnet |title=Ancient Records from North Arabia |url= http://books.google.com/books?ei=omCoUbaKJYX5ygHO34DoAw&id=uEFjAAAAMAAJ&dq=qedar#search_anchor |year=1970 |quote=king of kedar (Qedarites) is named alternatively as king of Ishmaelites and king of Arabs in Assyrian Inscriptions |oclc=79767 |pages=51, 52}}</ref><ref>{{ cite web |last=Stetkevychc |title=Muhammad and the Golden Bough |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=OVXC72Td6CsC&pg=PA76 |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0253332087 |quote=Assyrian records document Ishmaelites as Qedarites and as Arabs |page=}}</ref>
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In accounts tracing the [[Family tree of Shaiba ibn Hashim|ancestry of Mohammed]] back to [[Ma'ad]] (and from there to [[Adam]]), Arab scholars alternate, with some citing the line as through Nebaioth, others Qedar.<ref name=Mousawip219>al-Mousawi in Boudreau et al., 1998, p. 219.</ref> Many Muslim scholars see Isaiah 42 (21:13-17) as predicting the coming of a servant of [[God]] who is associated with Qedar and interpret this as a reference to Mohammed.<ref name=Zepp>Zepp et al., 2000, p. 50.</ref>
In accounts tracing the [[Family tree of Shaiba ibn Hashim|ancestry of Mohammed]] back to [[Ma'ad]] (and from there to [[Adam]]), Arab scholars alternate, with some citing the line as through Nebaioth, others Qedar.<ref name=Mousawip219>al-Mousawi in Boudreau et al., 1998, p. 219.</ref> Many Muslim scholars see Isaiah 42 (21:13-17) as predicting the coming of a servant of [[God]] who is associated with Qedar and interpret this as a reference to Mohammed.<ref name=Zepp>Zepp et al., 2000, p. 50.</ref>

==Genetic Geneology of Ishmaelite Arabs==
{{expert}}
[[Haplogroup J1]] is particularly prevalent among Arab populations. J1-L147 is the lineage of the Arab exapsion of the 7th century and is the majority of J1-subclade of [[J1]]-[[P58]] (J1b2) which is by far the most widespread subclade of [[Haplogroup J1]].
J1-P58 is typically [[Semitic]] haplogroup making up most of the population of the Arabian Peninsula of male lineage. the dominant lineage in J1-P58 is its branch J1-L147 which corresponds to the demographic explosion that followed the Arab conquest in the 7th century. L147.1 is the [[Cohen Modal Haplotype]] ([[CMH]]) of J1-[[cohanim]] Jews who claim to be direct descendents of [[Aaron]]([[Y-chromosomal Aaron]]) now is called Abraham Modal Haplotype representing Y-chromosomal Abraham<ref>{{ cite web |url=http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_J1_Y-DNA.shtml |title= Haplogroup J1 |work= }}</ref>

Haplogroup J1 originated in the southern part of the Mesopotamia and is the only haplogroup that researchers consider “Semitic” in origin because it is restricted almost completely to Middle Eastern populations and drops sharply at the border of non-Arabic countries, The majority of [[Haplogroup J1]] Y chromosomes harbor the motif [[YCAIIa22-YCAIIb22]] a subset of L147 and associated with it (80% of J1-Arabs and J1-Jews have this motif) whereas this association is much less frequent in J1-haplogroup in Ethiopia and only sporadically found in Caucasus and Europe. The motif [[YCAIIa22-YCAIIb22]] (which is a very slow mutation STR last more than 9000 years at 22-22) potentially characterizes a [[monophyletic]] [[clade]] of J1-[[M267]] specific to Arabs. This clade includes the Galilee [[Modal Haplotype]] (now is part of CMH) found in Palestinians (Nebel et al. 2000) and of Moroccan Arabs (Bosch et al. 2001) and Yemen. It was concluded that this haplotype (was diffused in recent time by Arabs who, mainly from the 7th century A.D., expanded to northern Africa.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Semino|first=Ornella|title=Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area|journal=American Journal Human Genetics|date=04.06.2004|year=2004|month=April|volume=74|issue=5|issn=1023-1034|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1181965|accessdate=22 June 2013}}</ref>
Dr Nebel, discoverer of the [[Cohen Modal Haplotype]], refers to historical documents such from the book of Epha that Arabs were called Ishmaelites in the [[Assyrian]] records from the 9th to6 century B.C.,<ref>{{ cite web |last=Stetkevychc |title=Muhammad and the Golden Bough |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=OVXC72Td6CsC&pg=PA76 |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0253332087 |quote=Assyrian records document Ishmaelites as Qedarites and as Arabs |page=}}</ref> and the ancient claim of the Bible and Arabs that they are decendents of [[Ishmael]] and [[Abraham]]. Together with the finding of a particular J1 haplotype in Yemenis, Palestinians, and NW Africans as a result of the 7th century [[Arab conquest]], are suggestive of a recent common origin of these chromosomes.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nebel|first=Almut|title=Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|year=2002|issue=70|pages=1594-1596|url=http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC379148}}</ref>

The [[Most Recent Common Ancestor]] ([[TMRCA]]) is 4,125±525 years for Jews and Arabs who are [[Haplogroup J-M267|J1]] and CMH. This time period is close to that of the legendary Biblical split into the Jewish and the Arabic lineages ([[Abraham]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Klyosov|first=Anatoly|title=DNA Geneology, mutation rates, and some historical data|journal=Journal of Genetic Geneology|year=2009|volume=2|issue=5|pages=217-256|authorurl=http://aklyosov.home.comcast.net/~aklyosov/ |quote=Origin of peoples in a context of DNA genealogy is an assignment of each of them to a particular tribe or its branch (lineage) initiated in a genealogical sense by a particular ancestor who had a base (“ancestral”) haplotype. This also includes an estimation of a time span between the common ancestor and its current descendants. If information obtained this way can be presented in a historical context and supported, even arguably, by other independent archeological, linguistic, historical, ethnographic, anthropological and other related considerations, this can be called a success}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 23:06, 30 June 2013

See also: Historical Arabs

According to the Book of Genesis, Ishmaelites are the descendants of Ishmael, the elder son of Abraham.

Traditional origins

According to the Book of Genesis, Abraham's first wife was named Sarah and her handmaid was named Hagar. However Sarah could not conceive. According to Genesis 16:3 Sarah (then Sarai) gave her maid Hagar in marriage to Abraham, in order that Abraham might have an heir. Genesis 16: 3 states, "And Sarai Abram's wife took Hagar her maid....and gave her to her husband Abram to be his wife”. Hagar conceived Ishmael from Abraham, and the Ishmaelites descend from him.

After Abraham pleaded with God for Ishmael to live under his blessing, Genesis 17:20 states, "But as for Ishmael, I have heard thee: behold I have blessed him, and will make him fruitful, and will multiply him exceedingly; twelve princes shall he beget, and I will make him a great nation."

The third century BCE Samaritan book The Secrets of Moses says in chapter viii " 1. And after the death of Abraham, Ishmael reigned twenty seven years 2. And all the children of Nebaot ruled for one year in the lifetime of Ishmael, 3.And for thirty years after his death from the river of Egypt to the river Euphrates; and they built Mecca. 4. For thus it is said(in genesis 25 16) "As thou goest towards Ashur before all his brethren he lay." Josephus states "were born to Ismael twelve sons Nabaioth Kedar Abdeel Mabsam Idumas Masmoas Massaos Chodad Theman Jetur Naphesus Cadmas. These inhabited all the country from Euphrates to the Red Sea,and called it Nabatene. [1] Palestinian Targum futher explain Genesis 25:16:"And they (children of Ishmael) dwelled from Hindikia (IndianOcean) toPalusa (Pelusiumt which is before Egypt as thou goest to Atur(Assyria)." The 14th century CE Kebra Nagast says in Ch.83: "Many countries are enumerated over which Ishmael ruled [2]

Historical Records of the Ishmaelites

Assyrian and Babylonian Royal Inscriptions and North Arabian inscriptions from 9th to 6th century B.C, mention the king of Qedar as king of the Arabs and King of the Ishmaelites[3][4][5][6] .Of the names of the sons of Ishmael the names “nabat kedar abdeel dumah massa and teman” were mentioned in the Assyrian Royal Inscriptions as tribes of the Ishmaelites. Jesur was mentioned in greek inscriptions in the First Century B.C.[7]. But the Qedarite kingdom continued long after the demise of the last Neo Babylonian king Nabonidus but Nabataean kingdom emerged out of the Qedarite kingdom because of the continuty in geographical and language between the two tribes some two hundred and fifty years later.[8][9][10]. Many Arabic tribes names of the time of Muhammad (and Now) such as Asad, Madhhij, and the ancestor tribes of Muhammad: Ma'ad and Nizar[11] were found in the Namara inscription dated 325 AD in the Nabatean script.[12][13]


Maqrizi says that Moses wiped out almost all non-Ishmaelite Arabs such as Amaleq and Midianites[14], and by the time of Muhammad all Arabs were descendents of Ishmael according to historians Hisham Ibn Al-Kalbi and al-Sharqi who believed that all Arabs were descendents of Ishmael including the Qahtanites [15].

Muhammad said that all Arabs are descendents of ishmael even the Qahtanite tribes [16] [17]

Genealogical attempt to trace the ancestry of the Arabs

Medieval Arab genealogists divided Arabs into three groups:

  • "Ancient Arabs", tribes that had vanished or been destroyed, such as ʿĀd and Thamud, often mentioned in the Qur'an as examples of God's power to destroy those who did not believe and follow their prophets and messengers.
  • "Pure Arabs" of South Arabia, descending from Qahtan. The Qahtanites (Qahtanis) are said to have migrated from the land of Yemen following the destruction of the Ma'rib Dam (sadd Ma'rib).
  • The "Arabized Arabs" (musta`ribah) of center and North Arabia, descending from Ishmael the elder son of Abraham.

Abu Ja'far al-Baqir (676–743 AD) wrote that his father Ali ibn Husayn informed him that Mohammed had said: "The first whose tongue spoke in clear Arabic was Ishmael, when he was fourteen years old."[18] Hisham Ibn Muhammad al-Kalbi (737–819 AD) established a genealogical link between Ishmael and Mohammed using writings that drew on biblical and Palmyran sources, and the ancient oral traditions of the Arabs. His book, Jamharat al-Nasab ("The Abundance of Kinship"), seems to posit that the people known as "Arabs" are all descendants of Ishmael.[19] Ibn Kathir (1301–1373) writes, "All the Arabs of the Hijaz are descendants of Nebaioth and Qedar."[18] Medieval Jewish sources also usually identified Qedar with Arabs and/or Muslims.[20][21][d] According to author and scholar Irfan Shahîd, Western scholars viewed this kind of "genealogical Ishmaelism" with suspicion, seeing it as,

[...] a late Islamic fabrication because of the confusion in Islamic times which made it such a capacious term as to include the inhabitants of the south as well as the north of the Arabian Peninsula. But shorn of this extravagance, the concept is much more modest in its denotation, and in the sober sources it applies only to certain groups among the Arabs of pre-Islamic times. Some important statements to this effect were made by Muhammed when he identified some Arabs as Ishmaelites and others as not.[22]

Ishmaelism in this more limited definition holds that Ishmael was both an important religious figure and eponymous ancestor for some of the Arabs of western Arabia.[22] Prominence is given in Arab genealogical accounts to the first two of Ishmael's twelve sons, Nebaioth (Arabic: نبيت, Nabīt) and Qedar (Arabic: قيدار, Qaydār), who are also prominently featured in the Genesis account.[22] It is likely that they and their tribes lived in northwestern Arabia and were historically the most important of the twelve Ishamelite tribes.[22]

In accounts tracing the ancestry of Mohammed back to Ma'ad (and from there to Adam), Arab scholars alternate, with some citing the line as through Nebaioth, others Qedar.[23] Many Muslim scholars see Isaiah 42 (21:13-17) as predicting the coming of a servant of God who is associated with Qedar and interpret this as a reference to Mohammed.[24]

Genetic Geneology of Ishmaelite Arabs

Haplogroup J1 is particularly prevalent among Arab populations. J1-L147 is the lineage of the Arab exapsion of the 7th century and is the majority of J1-subclade of J1-P58 (J1b2) which is by far the most widespread subclade of Haplogroup J1. J1-P58 is typically Semitic haplogroup making up most of the population of the Arabian Peninsula of male lineage. the dominant lineage in J1-P58 is its branch J1-L147 which corresponds to the demographic explosion that followed the Arab conquest in the 7th century. L147.1 is the Cohen Modal Haplotype (CMH) of J1-cohanim Jews who claim to be direct descendents of Aaron(Y-chromosomal Aaron) now is called Abraham Modal Haplotype representing Y-chromosomal Abraham[25]

Haplogroup J1 originated in the southern part of the Mesopotamia and is the only haplogroup that researchers consider “Semitic” in origin because it is restricted almost completely to Middle Eastern populations and drops sharply at the border of non-Arabic countries, The majority of Haplogroup J1 Y chromosomes harbor the motif YCAIIa22-YCAIIb22 a subset of L147 and associated with it (80% of J1-Arabs and J1-Jews have this motif) whereas this association is much less frequent in J1-haplogroup in Ethiopia and only sporadically found in Caucasus and Europe. The motif YCAIIa22-YCAIIb22 (which is a very slow mutation STR last more than 9000 years at 22-22) potentially characterizes a monophyletic clade of J1-M267 specific to Arabs. This clade includes the Galilee Modal Haplotype (now is part of CMH) found in Palestinians (Nebel et al. 2000) and of Moroccan Arabs (Bosch et al. 2001) and Yemen. It was concluded that this haplotype (was diffused in recent time by Arabs who, mainly from the 7th century A.D., expanded to northern Africa.[26]

Dr Nebel, discoverer of the Cohen Modal Haplotype, refers to historical documents such from the book of Epha that Arabs were called Ishmaelites in the Assyrian records from the 9th to6 century B.C.,[27] and the ancient claim of the Bible and Arabs that they are decendents of Ishmael and Abraham. Together with the finding of a particular J1 haplotype in Yemenis, Palestinians, and NW Africans as a result of the 7th century Arab conquest, are suggestive of a recent common origin of these chromosomes.[28]

The Most Recent Common Ancestor (TMRCA) is 4,125±525 years for Jews and Arabs who are J1 and CMH. This time period is close to that of the legendary Biblical split into the Jewish and the Arabic lineages (Abraham).[29]

References

  1. ^ Josephus. "12". Complete Works of Josephus Volume 1. p. 42. Children of Ishmael
  2. ^ Gaster, Moses (1927). The Asatir: the Samaritan book of Moses. London: THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. pp. 262, 71. Nabateans ruled from Nile to Euphrates
  3. ^ Delitzsche (1912). Assyriesche Lesestuche. Leipzig. OCLC 2008786.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ Montgomry (1934). Arabia and the Bible. Philadelphia: U of Pensylvania. OCLC 639516.
  5. ^ Winnet (1970). Ancient Records from North Arabia. pp. 51, 52. OCLC 79767. king of kedar (Qedarites) is named alternatively as king of Ishmaelites and king of Arabs in Assyrian Inscriptions
  6. ^ Stetkevychc (2000). "Muhammad and the Golden Bough". Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253332087. Assyrian records document Ishmaelites as Qedarites and as Arabs
  7. ^ Hamilton, Victor P. (1990). The book of Genesis ([Nachdr.]. ed.). Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0802823092.
  8. ^ Ibrahim (1989). "Nabatean Origins". In Knauf (ed.). Arabian Studies in honour of Mahmud Gul. Wiesbaden. ISSN 0003-0279.
  9. ^ Marx, edited by Angelika Neuwirth, Nicolai Sinai, Michael (2010). The Qur'an in context historical and literary investigations into the Qur'anic milieu (PDF). Leiden: Brill. p. 211. ISBN 9789047430322. Archived from the original on 2010. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help); Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ "routes to Arabia" (PDF). p. 98.
  11. ^ Ibn Ishaq; Guillaume (1955). The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Isḥāq’s sīrat. London. p. 696. ISBN 0195778286. Nizar ancestor of Muhammad a descendent of Nebet son of Ishmael{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^ Shahid (1989). Byzantium and the Arabs in the 5th century. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. p. 344. ISBN 0884021521. Ma'ad son of Adnan and Nizar the Ancestors of Muhammad are mentioned in Namara inscritions of king of the Arabs Imru' al-Qays ibn 'Amr, an Adnanite and Nabataean according to Ibn Ishaq, dated to year 325 AD and written in the Nabataean script
  13. ^ Ibn Ishaq; Guillaume (1955). The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Isḥāq’s sīrat. London. p. 4. ISBN 0195778286. al-Nu'man of the kings of al-Hira was a survivor of the tribe of Qunus b. Ma'add. However, the rest of the Arabs assert that he belonged to the Lakhm of the Rabi'a b. NasrIshmael{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ^ Maqrizi (1995) [1350 AD]. Kitab al-Mawa'iz wa al-I'tibar: Book of wisdoms from Ancient writings and ruins. london: Al-Furqan. p. 89. ISBN 1873992165. Moses wiped out Midianites and Amaleq and Gurhumites etc. and left Ishmaelites
  15. ^ Baladhuri. Ansab al-Ashraf. p. 105.
  16. ^ "Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad". The Prophet said all Arabs are decendents of Ishmael except some Thaqif and Awza’.
  17. ^ "Hadith Bukhari Vol 4 book 52 num 148". Prophet say Aslam of Qahtan also from Ismael.
  18. ^ a b Wheeler, 2002, p. 110-111.
  19. ^ ""Arabia" in Ancient History". Centre for Sinai. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
  20. ^ Alexander, 1847, p. 67.
  21. ^ Alfonso, 2007, p. 137, note 36.
  22. ^ a b c d Shahîd, 1989, p. 335-336.
  23. ^ al-Mousawi in Boudreau et al., 1998, p. 219.
  24. ^ Zepp et al., 2000, p. 50.
  25. ^ "Haplogroup J1".
  26. ^ Semino, Ornella (04.06.2004). "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area". American Journal Human Genetics. 74 (5). ISSN 1023-1034. Retrieved 22 June 2013. {{cite journal}}: Check |issn= value (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  27. ^ Stetkevychc (2000). "Muhammad and the Golden Bough". Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253332087. Assyrian records document Ishmaelites as Qedarites and as Arabs
  28. ^ Nebel, Almut (2002). "Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa". American Journal of Human Genetics (70): 1594–1596.
  29. ^ Klyosov, Anatoly (2009). "DNA Geneology, mutation rates, and some historical data". Journal of Genetic Geneology. 2 (5): 217–256. Origin of peoples in a context of DNA genealogy is an assignment of each of them to a particular tribe or its branch (lineage) initiated in a genealogical sense by a particular ancestor who had a base ("ancestral") haplotype. This also includes an estimation of a time span between the common ancestor and its current descendants. If information obtained this way can be presented in a historical context and supported, even arguably, by other independent archeological, linguistic, historical, ethnographic, anthropological and other related considerations, this can be called a success {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authorurl= ignored (help)
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