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North Korean children were taught in school that they were fed, clothed and nurtured in all aspects by the "grace of the Chairman."<ref name="KBS"/> The larger elementary schools in the country have a room set aside for lectures that deal specifically with Kim Il-sung (known as the ''Kim Il-sung Research Institute''). These rooms are well taken care of, are built of high quality materials, and have a model of his birthplace in [[Mangyongdae-guyok]].<ref name="Nothing To Envy">{{cite book |last=Demick |first=Barbara |authorlink=Barbara Demick |title=Nothing To Envy, Ordinary Lives in North Korea |year=2009 |publisher=Spiegel & Grau |location=United States of America |isbn=978-0-385-52391-2 |pages=120–123 |pages=315}}</ref> The size of the images of him which adorned public buildings are regulated to be in proportion to the size of the building on which they hang.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nothingtoenvy.com/nothing-to-envy-excerpt/|title=Nothing to Envy Excerpt|author=Barbara Demick|publisher=Nothingtoenvy.com|accessdate=Jan 8, 2013}}</ref> His place of birth has also become a place of pilgrimage.<ref name="KBS"/>
North Korean children were taught in school that they were fed, clothed and nurtured in all aspects by the "grace of the Chairman."<ref name="KBS"/> The larger elementary schools in the country have a room set aside for lectures that deal specifically with Kim Il-sung (known as the ''Kim Il-sung Research Institute''). These rooms are well taken care of, are built of high quality materials, and have a model of his birthplace in [[Mangyongdae-guyok]].<ref name="Nothing To Envy">{{cite book |last=Demick |first=Barbara |authorlink=Barbara Demick |title=Nothing To Envy, Ordinary Lives in North Korea |year=2009 |publisher=Spiegel & Grau |location=United States of America |isbn=978-0-385-52391-2 |pages=120–123 |pages=315}}</ref> The size of the images of him which adorned public buildings are regulated to be in proportion to the size of the building on which they hang.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nothingtoenvy.com/nothing-to-envy-excerpt/|title=Nothing to Envy Excerpt|author=Barbara Demick|publisher=Nothingtoenvy.com|accessdate=Jan 8, 2013}}</ref> His place of birth has also become a place of pilgrimage.<ref name="KBS"/>


The [[Kimilsungia]] is an orchid named after Kim Il-sung by Indonesian former president [[Sukarno]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2131577/North-Koreans-celebrate-100th-anniversary-founding-father-Kim-Il-Sungs-birth.html|title=Here's us with the Kims: North Koreans flock in their thousands to celebrate 100th anniversary of founding father's birth... with a happy snap in front of massive portrait|author=Jill Reilly|publisher=Daily Mail|date=April 18, 2012|accessdate=July 25, 2013}}</ref> According to a [[Pyongyang]]-published book (''Korea in the 20th Century: 100 Significant Events''), during a visit to the [[Indonesia]]n [[Bogor Botanical Gardens]] Kim Il-sung stopped in front of a particular flower which was unnamed and [[Sukarno]] "insisted earnestly"<ref>{{cite book|title=Korea in the 20th Century: 100 Significant Events|location=Pyongyang, North Korea}}</ref> that the flower be named after the North Korean leader, the ''Kimilsungia''.
The [[Kimilsungia]] is an orchid named after Kim Il-sung by Indonesian former president [[Sukarno]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2131577/North-Koreans-celebrate-100th-anniversary-founding-father-Kim-Il-Sungs-birth.html|title=Here's us with the Kims: North Koreans flock in their thousands to celebrate 100th anniversary of founding father's birth... with a happy snap in front of massive portrait|author=Jill Reilly|publisher=Daily Mail|date=April 18, 2012|accessdate=July 25, 2013}}</ref> It was named after him in 1965 during a visit to the [[Bogor Botanical Garden]]s. According to a 2005 speech by Kim Jong-il, Sukarno and the garden's director wanted to name the flower after Kim Il-sung, Kim Il-sung declined yet Sukarno insisted saying ''"No. You have rendered enormous services to mankind, so you deserve a high honour."''<ref>{cite web|url=http://photoblog.nbcnews.com/_news/2011/04/06/6417291-flowers-and-north-korea?lite|title=Flowers and North Korea|author=David R Arnott|publisher=NBC News|date=April 6, 2011|accessdate=July 25, 2013}}</ref>


After his death in 1994 he was referred to as the "[[Eternal President]]." In 1998 the [[Constitution of North Korea|national constitution]] was changed to reflect this.<ref>[[s:Constitution of North Korea (1972)|Constitution of North Korea (1988 amended)]] Wikisource</ref> When his father died, Kim Jong-il greatly expanded the nation's cult of personality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/kim-jongil-leader-of-north-korea-who-deepened-the-cult-of-personality-in-his-country-following-the-death-of-his-father-6279399.html|title=Kim Jong-Il: Leader of North Korea who deepened the cult of personality in his country following the death of his father|author=David McNeill|publisher=The Independent|date=December 20, 2011|accessdate=February 14, 2013}}</ref>
After his death in 1994 he was referred to as the "[[Eternal President]]." In 1998 the [[Constitution of North Korea|national constitution]] was changed to reflect this.<ref>[[s:Constitution of North Korea (1972)|Constitution of North Korea (1988 amended)]] Wikisource</ref> When his father died, Kim Jong-il greatly expanded the nation's cult of personality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/kim-jongil-leader-of-north-korea-who-deepened-the-cult-of-personality-in-his-country-following-the-death-of-his-father-6279399.html|title=Kim Jong-Il: Leader of North Korea who deepened the cult of personality in his country following the death of his father|author=David McNeill|publisher=The Independent|date=December 20, 2011|accessdate=February 14, 2013}}</ref>

Revision as of 04:07, 26 July 2013

The Mansudae Grand Monument in Pyongyang with Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il.

The North Korean cult of personality surrounding North Korea's ruling family, the Kims,[1] has existed in North Korea for decades and can be found in many examples of North Korean culture.[2] Although it is not officially recognized by the North Korean government, there are often stiff penalties for those who do not show "proper" respect for or criticize the regime.[3][4][5] The personality cult began soon after Kim Il-sung took power in 1948, and was greatly expanded after his death in 1994. North Korea is widely regarded as the world's only active imperial cult.[4]

Background

Kim Il-sung developed the political ideology of the Juche Idea, generally understood as self-reliance, and further developed it between the 1950s and 70s. It was the main guide of all forms of thought, education, culture and life throughout the nation[6] until Kim Jong-il introduced the Songun (military-first) policy which augments the Juche philosophy[7] and has a great impact on national economic policies.[8]

At the 4th Party Conference held in April 2012, Kim Jong-un further defined Juche as the comprehensive thought of Kim Il-sung, developed and deepened by Kim Jong-il, therefore terming it as "Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism".[9]

North Korean authorities have co-opted portions of various religions and adopted them to their own uses, while greatly restricting all religions in general. An example of this can be seen in the description of Kim Il-sung as a god,[10] and Kim Jong-il as the son of a god or "Sun of the Nation",[11] evoking the father-son imagery of Christianity.[10] There is even widespread belief that Kim-il Sung was an "almighty spirit" that "created the world" and that Kim Jong-il controlled the weather and performed miracles such as healing the blind and sick, which also mirrors Christianity.[12] Korean society is traditionally a Confucius society which places a strong emphasis on paternal hierarchy and loyalty. The Kims have taken these deeply held traditions and removed their spiritual component, replacing them with loyalty to the state and the ruling family in order to control the population.[13] Despite the suppression of religion, however, some have described that the state itself, under the political philosophy of Juche, is a sociological religion worshiped by the entire population of North Korea.[14]

According to a report by New Focus International, the two major North Korean news publications (Rodong Sinmun and the Korean Central News Agency) publish around 300 articles per month relating to the "cult of Kim."[15] The report goes further and suggests that with the death of Kim Jong-il, the average North Korean citizen is growing weary of the vast amount of propaganda surrounding the Kims;[15] although this view is not widely held.

The government claims there is no cult of personality but rather, genuine hero worship.[16]

Kim Il-sung

The personality cult surrounding Kim Il-sung is by far the most widespread, comprehensive, and generally heart-felt among the people.[17]

While the beginnings of a personality cult had taken roots earlier (the first statues were erected around 1949),[18] following a mass purge in 1953 the veneration of Kim Il-sung came into full effect.[19] In 1967, Kim Jong-il was appointed to the state propaganda and information department where he began to focus his energy on developing the veneration of Kim Il-sung.[20]: 39  It was around this time that the suryong (supreme leader) title came into habitual usage.[21]: 40 

According to legend, Kim Il-sung came from a long lineage of leaders and official North Korean modern history focuses on his life and activities.[19] He is credited with almost single-handedly defeating the Japanese at the end of the occupation of Korea[22] and with rebuilding the nation after the Korean War. Over the course of his life he was granted many titles of esteem such as "Sun", "Great Chairman", "Heavenly Leader" and others.[19][23] The Korean Central News Agency (the official government news agency) continually reported on the titles and perceived affection granted to Kim Il-sung by world leaders including, Mao Zedong, Fidel Castro and former US president, Jimmy Carter.[23]

All major publications (newspapers, textbooks etc.) were to include "words of instruction" from Kim Il-sung.[19] Additionally, his name must be written as a single word in one line, it may not be split into two parts if there is a page break or the line of text runs out of room (example: Kim Il-sung, not Kim Il-...sung).[24] North Korean children were taught in school that they were fed, clothed and nurtured in all aspects by the "grace of the Chairman."[19] The larger elementary schools in the country have a room set aside for lectures that deal specifically with Kim Il-sung (known as the Kim Il-sung Research Institute). These rooms are well taken care of, are built of high quality materials, and have a model of his birthplace in Mangyongdae-guyok.[25] The size of the images of him which adorned public buildings are regulated to be in proportion to the size of the building on which they hang.[26] His place of birth has also become a place of pilgrimage.[19]

The Kimilsungia is an orchid named after Kim Il-sung by Indonesian former president Sukarno.[27] It was named after him in 1965 during a visit to the Bogor Botanical Gardens. According to a 2005 speech by Kim Jong-il, Sukarno and the garden's director wanted to name the flower after Kim Il-sung, Kim Il-sung declined yet Sukarno insisted saying "No. You have rendered enormous services to mankind, so you deserve a high honour."[28]

After his death in 1994 he was referred to as the "Eternal President." In 1998 the national constitution was changed to reflect this.[29] When his father died, Kim Jong-il greatly expanded the nation's cult of personality.[30]

In 1997, the Juche Era dating system was introduced and replaced the Gregorian calendar, which begins with the birth of Kim Il-sung (April 15, 1912) as year 1.[31] The year 2013 would thus correspond to Juche 102 (there is no year 0).

Kim Jong-il

Murals of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il at Jangdae Hill in Pyongyang.

In keeping with the modern mythologies that pervade North Korea's version of history, it is alleged that Kim Jong-il was born on Mount Paektu at his father's secret base in 1942 (his actual birth was in 1941 in the Soviet Union) and that his birth was heralded by a swallow, caused winter to change to spring, a star to illuminate the sky, and a double rainbow spontaneously appeared.[32]

Prior to 1996, Kim Jong-il forbade the erection of statues of himself and discouraged portraits.[33] However, in 1996, schools were required to build a separate room for lectures dealing specifically with Kim Jong-il known as the Kim Jong-il Research Institute. They include a model of his birthplace.[25] There are approximately 40,000 "research institutes" (total includes both Kim Il-Sung's and Kim Jong-il's) throughout the country.[34]

Between 1973 and 2012, Jong-il accumulated no fewer than 54 titles, most of which had little to do with real political or military accomplishments since he never had any military training.[11][35]

Over the course of his life, the government issued numerous propaganda reports of the great accomplishments achieved by Kim Jong-il, such as that he could walk and talk before the age of six-months;[36] the Rodong Sinmun reported that an "unidentified French fashion expert" said of Kim's fashion, "Kim Jong-il mode, which is now spreading expeditiously worldwide, is something unprecedented in the world's history";[37] and that he could control the weather based on his mood.[36]

To commemorate Kim Jong-il's 46th birthday, Japanese botanist Kamo Mototeru cultivated a new perennial begonia named "Kimjongilia" (literally, "flower of Kim Jong-il").[38]

After his death, the Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) said that layers of ice ruptured with an unprecedentedly loud crack at Chon Lake on Mount Paektu and a snowstorm with strong winds hit the area.[39] A political paper by his son, Kim Jong-un sought to solidify his father as the "Eternal General Secretary of our Party."[40] Although many had been seen weeping during the 100-day mourning period, which is typical of Korean Confucian society, others have accused North Korea of hiring actors and paid mourners.[41] Those alleged or caught breaking the mourning rules were subject to punishment or, in the case of some high-ranking officials, executed.[42]

Kim Jong-un

Kim Jong-un, the grandson of North Korea's founder, was largely absent from the public and government service until the mid-2000s (decade). In 2010 he began being referred to as the "Young General" and by late 2011 as "Respected General".[43] Like his father, he lacks any formal military training or service. With the death of his father, state media began to refer to him as the "Great Successor."[44] Although he is still a new ruler the development of his own personality cult is well underway.[45] Some commentators have noted that his striking likeness in appearance to Kim Il-sung has helped solidify him as the undisputed ruler in the minds of the people.[43]

After Kim Jong-il's death the president of the Presidium announced the following:

"Respected Comrade Kim Jong-un is our party, military and country’s supreme leader who inherits great comrade Kim Jong-il’s ideology, leadership, character, virtues, grit and courage."[46]

A new ₩70 ($0.50 US) stamp has been issued depicting him with his father.[43]

Shortly after coming to power a 560 metres (1,840 ft) long propaganda sign was erected in his honor near a lake in Ryanggang Province which is visible from space. The sign reads "Long Live General Kim Jong-un, the Shining Sun!”[47] According to the Korean Broadcasting System, North Korean overseas embassies have been replacing photos of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il with photos of Kim Jong-un.[48]

Others

The personality cult extends to other members of the Kim family, although to a lesser degree.

Kim Hyong-jik

Kim Hyong-jik, the father of Kim Il-sung, is often described as a leading figure of the Korean independence movement,[49] a claim which most outside scholars do not hold.[50]: 18 : 727 

Kang Pan-sok

Kang Pan-sok, the mother of Kim Il-sung, has been given the title "Mother of Korea" and has had songs and articles written in praise of her.[21]: 40 

Kim Jong-suk

Kim Jong-suk

Kim Jong-suk (Kim Jong-il's mother) is described as “a revolutionary immortal" and "an anti-Japanese war hero [who] upheld the original idea and policy of Kim Il Sung and performed distinguished feats in the development of the movement for the women's emancipation in Korea."[51] She is typified as a model revolutionary, wife, and maternal figure, and North Korean society looks to stories of her as examples of how to live life.[52] There is a wax replica of her in the International Friendship Exhibition.[53]

Monuments, images and cost

There are an estimated 34,000 statues of Kim Il-sung throughout the country, and with his death in 1994 the government began erecting 3,200 obelisks, called Towers of Eternal Life, in every town and city.[54] These obelisks espouse the virtues of the "Great Marshal" and, like the other monuments, citizens (and tourists) are required to present flowers and other tokens of respect to the statues during certain holidays and when they visit them.[55][56] There are legal requirements associated with photographing statues of the Kims including one that states you must photograph the entire statue (you may not photograph the head or any other individual part).[24]

The Kumsusan Palace of the Sun was built as the official residence of Kim Il-sung in 1976. After his death it was converted into his mausoleum (and then that of his son's).[57] It is reported to have cost between $100–900 million.[58][59] Kumsusan is the largest mausoleum dedicated to a Communist leader.[60]

After the death of Kim Jong-il the government began to inscribe his name on each of the obelisks and build new statues in his image.[61]

Images of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il are prominent in places associated with public transportation, hanging at every North Korean train station and airport.[35][62] Every North Korean household is required to have a picture of both Kims hanging on a wall. Nothing else may hang on that wall and they are given special cloths to clean the images daily.[63] Party cadres and military officials must keep three portraits, that of the two deceased leaders and one of Kim Il-sung's wife, Kim Jong-suk.[35] The images are only allowed to be made by government approved artists at specific Mansudae workshops.[35] Images found within newspapers or other publications are to be respected and you may not throw away, deface or otherwise misuse a page that contains an image.[24] They are to be collected and returned. Adult North Koreans are also required to wear a lapel pin that features their image on the left side, above their heart.[63]

There have been sporadic stories of people risking their lives to save the portraits from various disasters but few accounts have been verified.[64][65] In 2012, a 14-year old girl drowned while trying to save the images from her family's home during a flash-flood. The North Korean government bestowed upon her the posthumous "Kim Jong-Il Youth Honor Award" and her school will be renamed after her.[66][67]

Marriages are usually performed in front of a statue or image of the Kim's and the newlyweds will bow to them, in a sense receiving the blessings of their leaders.[41][68]

Costs

The costs for maintaining the personality cult have increased over time. In 1990 the estimated cost was 19% of the State's budget; in 2004 it rose to 38.5%.[34] By 2012, the annual cost of promoting the personality cult surrounding the Kims was estimated at over $40 million.[69]

Holidays

The birthdays of Kim Il-sung (April 15), Kim Jong-il (Feb 16) and Kim Jong-suk (Dec 24)[70] are celebrated as national holidays with citizens receiving time off work or school and gifts, such as cookies, from the Party.[71]

International

Between 60,000-220,000 gifts to Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il from foreign leaders, businesspersons and others are housed in the International Friendship Exhibition.[72] The museum is a source of pride for the North Korean government and is used as evidence of the "greatness" of their leaders.[73] The North Korean government places a large emphasis on international recognition in order to legitimize their rule in the minds of the population.[74]

See also

References

  1. ^ Lucy Williamson (Dec 27, 2011). "Delving into North Korea's mystical cult of personality". BBC News. Retrieved Jan 9, 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  2. ^ Choe, Yong-ho., Lee, Peter H., and de Barry, Wm. Theodore., eds. Sources of Korean Tradition, Chichester, NY: Columbia University Press, p. 419, 2000.
  3. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Explore North Korea. Retrieved Jan 9, 2013.
  4. ^ a b Ben Forer (Jan 12, 2012). "North Korea Reportedly Punishing Insincere Mourners". ABC News. Retrieved Jan 9, 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  5. ^ "DPRK, Criminal Penalties". US State Dept. Dec 02, 2011. Retrieved Jan 9, 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
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  16. ^ Jason LaBouyer "When friends become enemies — Understanding left-wing hostility to the DPRK" Lodestar. May/June 2005: pp. 7–9. Korea-DPR.com. Retrieved 18 December 2007.
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  28. ^ {cite web|url=http://photoblog.nbcnews.com/_news/2011/04/06/6417291-flowers-and-north-korea?lite%7Ctitle=Flowers and North Korea|author=David R Arnott|publisher=NBC News|date=April 6, 2011|accessdate=July 25, 2013}}
  29. ^ Constitution of North Korea (1988 amended) Wikisource
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  38. ^ Melissa Bell (December 20, 2011). "Kimjongilia: the flower of a fallen dictator". Washington Post. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
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  40. ^ Kim Jong-un (2012). "Let us brilliantly accomplish the revolutionary cause of Juche". Naenara. p. 1. Retrieved Jan 8, 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  41. ^ a b Choe Sang-hun, Norimitsu Onishi (December 20, 2011). "North Korea's Tears: A Blend of Cult, Culture and Coercion". New York Times. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
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  44. ^ David Chance, Jack Kim (Dec 19, 2011). "North Korea mourns dead leader, son is Great Successor". Reuters. Retrieved Jan 9, 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  45. ^ "Slogan Hailing Kim Jong-un Carved into Hillside". The Chosun Ilbo. Nov 22, 2012. Retrieved Feb 14, 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  46. ^ "Kim Jong Un Named N. Korea 'Supreme Leader'". CBN.com. Dec 29, 2011. Retrieved Jan 9, 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  47. ^ Staff (Nov 23, 2012). "Half-kilometre long Kim Jong-un propaganda message visible from space". National Post. Retrieved Feb 14, 2013.
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  52. ^ http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01300&num=67
  53. ^ "Wax Replica of Kim Jong Suk Displayed." KCNA. 26 April 2012. http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2012/201204/news26/20120426-27ee.html
  54. ^ Demick, Barbara (2010). Nothing to Envy:Ordinary Lives in North Korea. United States of America: Spiegel & Grau. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-385-52391-2.
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  56. ^ Robert L, Worden (2009). North Korea: A Country Study. United States of America: Government Printing Office. p. 76. ISBN 9780160814228.
  57. ^ Burdick 2010, p. 100
  58. ^ Hassig 2009, p. 53
  59. ^ Kim 2001, p. 20
  60. ^ Mark Johanson (January 23, 2013). "Kim Jong-il's Mausoleum, As Described By Its First Western Visitors". International Business Times. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
  61. ^ Staff (Aug 25, 2012). "Kim Jong-il personality cult costs $40 million". The Chosun Ilbo. Retrieved 01/07/13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  62. ^ Andrei Lankov (May 3, 2012). "Potent portraits in North Korea". Asia Times Online. Retrieved 01/09/13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  63. ^ a b Demick, Barbara (2010). Nothing to Envy:Ordinary Lives in North Korea. United States of America: Spiegel & Grau. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-385-52391-2.
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  73. ^ Kim, Byoung-lo Philo (1992). Two Koreas in development: a comparative study of principles and strategies of capitalist and communist Third World development. Transaction Publishers. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-88738-437-0.
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Bibliography

  • Burdick, Eddie (2010), Three Days in the Hermit Kingdom: An American Visits North Korea, McFarland, ISBN 978-0-7864-4898-2
  • Hassig, Ralph (2009), The Hidden People of North Korea: Everyday Life in the Hermit Kingdom, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0-7425-6718-4
  • Kim, Samuel S (2001), The North Korean System in the Post-Cold War Era, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-312-23974-9
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