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'''Anorgasmia''' is a type of [[sexual dysfunction]] in which a person cannot achieve [[orgasm]], even with adequate stimulation. In males, it is most closely associated with [[delayed ejaculation]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Nolen-Hoeksema|first=Susan|title=Abnormal Pyschology Sixth Edition|date=2014|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-07-803538-8|page=368}}</ref> Anorgasmia can often cause [[sexual frustration]]. Anorgasmia is far more common in females (4.7 percent) <ref>{{cite book|last=Nolen-Hoeksema|first=Susan|title=Abnormal Pyschology Sixth Edition|date=2014|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-07-803538-8|page=368}}</ref> than in males and is especially rare in younger men. The problem is greater in women who are post-menopause. <ref>{{cite book|last=Nolen-Hoeksema|first=Susan|title=Abnormal Pyschology Sixth Edition|date=2014|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-07-803538-8|page=368}}</ref>
'''Anorgasmia''' is a type of [[sexual dysfunction]] in which a person cannot achieve [[orgasm]], even with adequate stimulation. In males, it is most closely associated with [[delayed ejaculation]]. Anorgasmia can often cause [[sexual frustration]]. Anorgasmia is far more common in females (4.7 percent) <ref>{{cite book|last=Nolen-Hoeksema|first=Susan|title=Abnormal Pyschology Sixth Edition|date=2014|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-07-803538-8|page=368}}</ref> than in males and is especially rare in younger men. The problem is greater in women who are post-menopause. <ref>{{cite book|last=Nolen-Hoeksema|first=Susan|title=Abnormal Pyschology Sixth Edition|date=2014|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-07-803538-8|page=368}}</ref>


==Causes==
==Causes==

Revision as of 03:15, 21 April 2014

Anorgasmia
SpecialtyPsychiatry, psychotherapy, clinical psychology, gynaecology Edit this on Wikidata

Anorgasmia is a type of sexual dysfunction in which a person cannot achieve orgasm, even with adequate stimulation. In males, it is most closely associated with delayed ejaculation. Anorgasmia can often cause sexual frustration. Anorgasmia is far more common in females (4.7 percent) [1] than in males and is especially rare in younger men. The problem is greater in women who are post-menopause. [2]

Causes

The condition is sometimes classified as a psychiatric disorder. However, it can also be caused by medical problems such as diabetic neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, genital mutilation, complications from genital surgery, pelvic trauma (such as from a straddle injury caused by falling on the bars of a climbing frame, bicycle or gymnastics beam), hormonal imbalances, total hysterectomy, spinal cord injury, cauda equina syndrome, uterine embolisation, childbirth trauma (vaginal tearing through the use of forceps or suction or a large or unclosed episiotomy), vulvodynia and cardiovascular disease.[3]

A common cause of situational anorgasmia, in both men and women, is the use of anti-depressants, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Post-SSRI sexual dysfunction (PSSD) is a name given to a reported iatrogenic sexual dysfunction caused by the previous use of SSRI antidepressants. Though reporting of anorgasmia as a side effect of SSRIs is not precise, studies have found that 17–41% of users of such medications are affected by some form of sexual dysfunction.[4][5] Limited data has shown that the drug amantadine may help to relieve SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction.[6][7][8]

Another cause of anorgasmia is opiate addiction, particularly to heroin.[9] Beat icon William S. Burroughs chronicled this problem (amongst many others) in his novel Naked Lunch.

About 15% of women report difficulties with orgasm, and as many as 10% of women in the United States have never climaxed.[10][11] Only 29% of women always have orgasms with their partner.[12]

Primary anorgasmia

Primary anorgasmia is a condition where one has never experienced an orgasm. This is significantly more common in women, although it can occur in men who lack the gladipudendal (bulbocavernosus) reflex.[13] Women with this condition can sometimes achieve a relatively low level of sexual excitement. Frustration, restlessness, and pelvic pain or a heavy pelvic sensation may occur because of vascular engorgement. On occasion, there may be no obvious reason why orgasm is unobtainable. In such cases, women report that they are unable to orgasm even if they have a caring, skilled partner, adequate time and privacy, and an absence of medical issues which would affect sexual satisfaction. The attention and skill of one's partner are not inextricably linked to woman's internal, implicit comfort level.[citation needed] Thus, anorgasmia in a woman whose partner is adequately attentive and skilled should not be regarded as a clinical mystery.

Some social theorists believe that inability to orgasm may be related to residual psychosocial perceptions that female sexual desire is somehow 'wrong,' and that this stems from the age of Victorian repression. It is thought that this view may impede some women – perhaps those raised in a more repressed environment – from being able to experience natural and healthy sexual feeling.[14]

Secondary anorgasmia

Secondary anorgasmia is the loss of the ability to have orgasms (as opposed to primary anorgasmia which indicates a person who has never had an orgasm). The cause may be alcoholism, depression, grief, pelvic surgery (such as total hysterectomy) or injuries, certain medications, illness, estrogen deprivation associated with menopause, or rape.

Prostatectomy

Secondary anorgasmia is close to 50% among males undergoing prostatectomy;[15] 80% among radical prostatectomies.[16] This is a serious adverse result because radical prostatectomies are usually given to younger males who are expected to live more than 10 years. At more advanced ages, the prostate is less likely to grow during that person's remaining lifetime.[17] This is generally caused by damage to the primary nerves serving the penile area, which pass near the prostate gland. Removal of the prostate frequently damages or even completely removes these nerves, making sexual response unreasonably difficult.[17]

Due to the existence of these nerves in the prostate, surgeons performing sex reassignment surgery on transsexual male to female patients avoid removing the prostate. This leaves the nerves that will then lead to the newly formed clitoris, and decreases the chances that the patient will not respond to clitoral stimulation after surgery. Additionally, by leaving the prostate in the patient, the surgeon allows it to be situated close to the wall of the newly formed vagina, which may potentially increase stimulation during vaginal intercourse after the procedure.

Situational anorgasmia

People who are orgasmic in some situations may not be in others. A person may have an orgasm from one type of stimulation but not from another, achieve orgasm with one partner but not another, or have an orgasm only under certain conditions or only with a certain type or amount of foreplay. These common variations are within the range of normal sexual expression and should not be considered problematic.

A person who is troubled by experiencing situational anorgasmia should be encouraged to explore alone and with his or her partner those factors that may affect whether or not he or she is orgasmic, such as fatigue, emotional concerns, feeling pressured to have sex when he or she is not interested, or a partner's sexual dysfunction. In the relatively common case of female situational anorgasmia during penile-vaginal intercourse, some sex therapists recommend that couples incorporate manual or vibrator stimulation during intercourse, or using the female-above position as it may allow for greater stimulation of the clitoris by the penis or pubic symphysis or both, and it allows the woman better control of movement.

Random anorgasmia

Some people are orgasmic but not in enough instances to satisfy their sense of what is appropriate or desirable. Therapy can help such people examine and realign their expectations of orgasm and of sexual activity. For some people, therapy can help people become more comfortable with momentarily giving up control to bodily responses.

Diagnosis

Effective treatment for anorgasmia depends on the cause. In the case of women suffering from psychological sexual trauma or inhibition, psychosexual counselling might be advisable and could be obtained through general practitioner (GP) referral.

Women suffering from anorgasmia with no obvious psychological cause would need to be examined by their GP to check for absence of disease. Blood tests would also need to be done (full blood count, liver function, oestradiol/estradiol, total testosterone, SHBG, FSH/LH, prolactin, thyroid function, lipids and fasting blood sugar) to check for other conditions such as diabetes, lack of ovulation, low thyroid function or hormone imbalances.[3] The normal thresholds for these tests and timing in a woman's menstrual cycle is detailed in Berman et al., 2005.

They would then need to be referred to a specialist in sexual medicine. The specialist would check the patient's blood results for hormonal levels, thyroid function and diabetes, evaluate genital blood flow and genital sensation, as well as giving a neurological work-up to determine the degree (if any) of nerve damage.

Recently, it has been proposed to add a subtype of FOD, called reduced orgasmic intensity, and field trials are underway to assess the suitability of this proposal.[18]

Treatment

Just as with erectile dysfunction in men, lack of sexual function in women may be treated with hormonal patches or tablets to correct hormonal imbalances, clitoral vacuum pump devices and medication to improve blood flow, sexual sensation and arousal.[3]

Over the years Hitachi Magic Wand has become a fixture in orgasm courses. In 2008 Danish research showed that more than 93% of a group of 465 chronic anorgasmic women could reach orgasm using Hitachi Magic Wand and the Betty Dodson Method.

In the case of nerve damage, research is currently being undertaken at Johns Hopkins University to make damaged nerves in the human body regrow using the enzyme sialidase.[19] It is possible that in the future pelvic nerve damage could be repaired in this way.

Many practitioners today treat both men and women who have SSRI-induced developed anorgasmia with Sildenafil, more commonly known as Viagra. While this approach is known to work well in men with sexual dysfunction, it is only recently that the effectiveness of sildenafil in women with sexual dysfunction is coming to light. A recent study by H. G. Nurnberg et al. showed a complete or very significant reversal of their sexual dysfunction upon taking sildenafil one hour prior to sexual activity.[20] In this study, eight out of the nine women required 50 mg of sildenafil while the 9th woman required 100 mg of sildenafil.

Another option for women who have SSRI-induce anorgasmia is the use of vardenafil. Vardenafil is a type 5 phosphodiesterase (PDE5) inhibitor that facilitates muscle relaxation and improves penile erection in men. However, there is much controversy about the efficiency of the drug used in the reversal of female sexual dysfunction.[21] Vardenafil is similar to sildenafil, but vardenafil is less expensive and may be covered under some insurance plans. A study by A.K. Ashton M.D. has shown that in the case of one particular woman, the effects of vardenafil as opposed to sildenafil have not only been comparable in the effectiveness, but that vardenafil is cheaper and reversal of sexual dysfunction requires a smaller dose.[22] So far, Vardenafil has been approved by the Food and Drug administration only for use in men.

The NIH states that yohimbine hydrochloride has been shown in human studies to be possibly effective in the treatment of male impotence resulting from erectile dysfunction or SSRI usage (i.e. Anorgasmia).[23] Published reports have shown it to be effective in the treatment of orgasmic dysfunction in men.[24]

The chemical cabergoline, which is an agonist of D2 receptors, which in turn decreases prolactin, has fully restored orgasm in 1/3rd of anorgasmic subjects, and partially restored orgasm in another 1/3rd of subjects.[25]

See also

References

  1. ^ Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan (2014). Abnormal Pyschology Sixth Edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-07-803538-8.
  2. ^ Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan (2014). Abnormal Pyschology Sixth Edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-07-803538-8.
  3. ^ a b c For Women Only, Revised Edition: A Revolutionary Guide to Reclaiming Your Sex Life by Berman, J. Bumiller, E. and Berman L. (2005), Owl Books, NY. ISBN 978-0-8050-7883-1
  4. ^ Hu XH, Bull SA, Hunkeler EM; et al. (July 2004). "Incidence and duration of side effects and those rated as bothersome with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment for depression: patient report versus physician estimate". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 65 (7): 959–65. doi:10.4088/JCP.v65n0712. PMID 15291685. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Landén M, Högberg P, Thase ME (January 2005). "Incidence of sexual side effects in refractory depression during treatment with citalopram or paroxetine". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 66 (1): 100–6. doi:10.4088/JCP.v66n0114. PMID 15669895.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Shrivastava RK, Shrivastava S, Overweg N, Schmitt M (1995). "Amantadine in the treatment of sexual dysfunction associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors". Journal of clinical psychopharmacology. 15 (1): 83–4. doi:10.1097/00004714-199502000-00014. PMID 7714234.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Balogh S, Hendricks SE, Kang J (1992). "Treatment of fluoxetine-induced anorgasmia with amantadine". The Journal of clinical psychiatry. 53 (6): 212–3. PMID 1607353.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Keller Ashton A, Hamer R, Rosen RC (1997). "Serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced sexual dysfunction and its treatment: a large-scale retrospective study of 596 psychiatric outpatients". Journal of sex & marital therapy. 23 (3): 165–75. doi:10.1080/00926239708403922. PMID 9292832.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ http://www.atforum.com/pdf/europad/HeroinAdd6-3.pdf
  10. ^ Frank JE, Mistretta P, Will J (March 2008). "Diagnosis and treatment of female sexual dysfunction". American family physician. 77 (5): 635–42. PMID 18350761.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Giustozzi AA. Sexual dysfunction in women. In: Ferri FF. Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2010. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby; 2009. [1]
  12. ^ http://www.iub.edu/~kinsey/resources/FAQ.html#orgasm
  13. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1192/bjp.140.4.351, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1192/bjp.140.4.351 instead.
  14. ^ Stern and Saunders "Psychosocial Sexual Impediment: a Victorian Legacy? (UNC Chapel Hill, 2007)[citation not found]
  15. ^ Dunsmuir WD, Emberton M, Neal DE, on behalf of the steering group of the National Prostatectomy Audit. "There is significant sexual dissatisfaction following TURP". British Journal of Urology (77): 161A.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Koeman M, Van Driel MF, Weijmar Schultz WCM, Mensink HJA. "Orgasm after radical prostatectomy". British Journal of Urology (77): 861–864.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ a b "Radical Prostatectomy". WebMD. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
  18. ^ Brotto, L. A., Bitzer, J., Laan, E., Leiblum, S., & Luria, M. (2010). Women’s Sexual Desire and Arousal Disorders. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 7, 586-614.
  19. ^ http://www.sci-info-pages.com/2006/07/re-growing-nerves-after-spinal-cord.html.
  20. ^ H. Geore Nurnberg, M.D.; et al. (1999). "Sildenafil for Women Patients with Anitdepressant-Induced Sexual Dysfunction". Psychiatric Services. 50 (8): 1076–1078. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  21. ^ J. Angulo; et al. (2003). "Vardenafil enhances clitoral and vaginal blood flow responses to pelvic nerve stimulation in female dogs". International Journal of Impotence Research. 15: 137–141. doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3900985. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  22. ^ A.K. Ashton (2004). "Vardenafil Reversal of Female Anorgasmia". Psychiatry. 161 (11): 2133.
  23. ^ "Yohimbe: MedlinePlus Supplements". nlm.nih.gov. 19 November 2010. Archived from the original on 20 December 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Adeniyi AA, Brindley GS, Pryor JP, Ralph DJ (May 2007). "Yohimbine in the treatment of orgasmic dysfunction". Asian Journal of Andrology. 9 (3): 403–7. doi:10.1111/J.1745-7262.2007.00276.x. PMID 17486282.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ http://www.everydayhealth.com/sexual-health/0524/drug-restores-normal-orgasm-in-men.aspx
  • The original text for this article is taken from public domain CDC text.
  • Berman, J. Bumiller, E. and Berman L. (2005) For Women Only, Revised Edition: A Revolutionary Guide to Reclaiming Your Sex Life, Owl Books, NY

External links

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