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{{About|a ballistic missile warning [[system of systems]] that incorporated the "U.S. PAVE PAWS network" and replaced<ref name=FASclear> https://fas.org/spp/military/program/nssrm/initiatives/eldorad.htm </ref> [[BMEWS]]|disambiguation|missile warning system}}
{{About|a ballistic missile warning [[system of systems]] that incorporated the "U.S. PAVE PAWS network" and replaced<ref name=FASclear> https://fas.org/spp/military/program/nssrm/initiatives/eldorad.htm </ref> [[BMEWS]]|disambiguation|missile warning system}}
[[File:PAVE PAWS&BMEWS.svg|thumb|300px|[[PAVE PAWS]] and [[BMEWS]] coverage]]
[[File:PAVE PAWS&BMEWS.svg|thumb|300px|Coverage of the original [[PAVE PAWS]] and [[BMEWS]] systems, later upgraded to SSPARS and eventually to UEWR]]
The '''Solid State Phased Array Radar System'''{{r|Chapman}} (SSPARS, [[colloquialism|colloquially]] "BMEWS radar network'" as late as 2004)<ref>{{Cite report |editor=Carter, Master Sgt. Austin; & Mattorano, Tech. Sgt. Gino |year=2004 |title=Space Command Almanac 2004-2005 |url=http://www.afspc.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-060316-011.pdf |publisher=HQ AFSPACECOMM Public Affairs }}</ref> is a USAF radar, computer, and communications system for missile warning and space surveillance "at five (5) geographically separated units worldwide including [[Beale AFB]], CA, [[Cape Cod Air Force Station|Cape Cod, AFS]], MA, [[Clear AFS]], AK, [[RAF Fylingdales]], UK, and [[Thule AB]], Greenland."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Operations, Maintenance and Support for the Solid State Phased Array Radar System (SSPARS) at 5 Geographically Separated Units WorldWide |url=https://www.fbo.gov/?s=opportunity&mode=form&tab=core&id=caf2eb4dbcca881980fb2e403a8e3194&_cview=0 |number=FA2517-04-R-0016 |publisher=FedBizOpps.gov |accessdate=2014-03-13}}</ref> SSPARS completed replacement of the [[Ballistic Missile Early Warning System|RCA 474L Ballistic Missile Early Warning System]] when the last SSPAR (phased array radar with 2500 "solid state transmitter" modules)<ref> http://www.geo.uzh.ch/microsite/rsl-documents/research/SARlab/GMTILiterature/PDF/Skolnik90.pdf </ref> was operational at Clear in 2001,{{r|Chapman}} the year SSPARS equipment included:
The '''Solid State Phased Array Radar System'''{{r|Chapman}} (SSPARS, [[colloquialism|colloquially]] "BMEWS radar network'" as late as 2004)<ref>{{Cite report |editor=Carter, Master Sgt. Austin; & Mattorano, Tech. Sgt. Gino |year=2004 |title=Space Command Almanac 2004-2005 |url=http://www.afspc.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-060316-011.pdf |publisher=HQ AFSPACECOMM Public Affairs }}</ref> is a USAF radar, computer, and communications system for missile warning and space surveillance "at five (5) geographically separated units worldwide including [[Beale AFB]], CA, [[Cape Cod Air Force Station|Cape Cod, AFS]], MA, [[Clear AFS]], AK, [[RAF Fylingdales]], UK, and [[Thule AB]], Greenland."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Operations, Maintenance and Support for the Solid State Phased Array Radar System (SSPARS) at 5 Geographically Separated Units WorldWide |url=https://www.fbo.gov/?s=opportunity&mode=form&tab=core&id=caf2eb4dbcca881980fb2e403a8e3194&_cview=0 |number=FA2517-04-R-0016 |publisher=FedBizOpps.gov |accessdate=2014-03-13}}</ref> SSPARS completed replacement of the [[Ballistic Missile Early Warning System|RCA 474L Ballistic Missile Early Warning System]] when the last SSPAR (phased array radar with 2500 "solid state transmitter" modules)<ref> http://www.geo.uzh.ch/microsite/rsl-documents/research/SARlab/GMTILiterature/PDF/Skolnik90.pdf </ref> was operational at Clear in 2001,{{r|Chapman}} the year SSPARS equipment included:


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After the Fylingdales BMEWS radars had been replaced by Raytheon/[[Cossor AeroSpace]] and [[Control Data Corporation]] (embedded CDC-Cyber computer) at a cost of US $100M,{{Citation needed|reason=This claim was in the BMEWS article.date=March 2014|date=March 2014}} in February 1995 the "missile warning center at [[Cheyenne Mountain Air Station|Cheyenne Mountain AS]] [was] undergoing a $450 million upgrade program".<ref name=Orban1995>{{cite news|last=Orban|first=SSgt. Brian|date=February 1995|title=The trip wire|newspaper=Guardian|publisher=Air Force Space Command|page=6|quote=North American Aerospace Defense Command and U.S. Space Command command center. ... For more than 30 years, the crews operating the missile warning center inside Cheyenne Mountain have maintained an early warning trip line [for] incoming ballistic missiles}}</ref> The entire SSPARS became operational on January 31, 2001 when the "[http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/clear-air-force-station-alaska/ SSPARS Site"] at Clear AFS (separate from the BMEWS site) had [[Initial Operational Capability]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clear AFS, AK |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/facility/clear.htm |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |accessdate=2014-03-05}}</ref> The Clear AN/FPS-120 was subsequently "upgraded to the AN/FPS-123 model" SSPA Radar,<ref> http://www.radomes.org/museum/equip/fps-115.html </ref> and the SSPARS was modified in the '''Early Warning Radar Service Life Extension Program'''<ref name=Chapman>{{Cite book |last=Chapman |first=Bert |title=Space Warfare and Defense: A Historical Encyclopedia and Research Guide |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ae9f-7bV5w4C&pg=PA153&lpg=PA153&dq=%22Early+Warning+Radar%22+SSPARS&source=bl&ots=X4Ovg2YUnV&sig=9Vjgn3VAFgH9QDEuqfDtLinhceE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Ws0hU-b0EcfmkAfIoIDYCA&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22Early%20Warning%20Radar%22%20SSPARS&f=false |format=Google books |accessdate=2014-03-13 |quote=BMEWS was replaced by the Solid State Phased Array Radar System (SSPARS) in 2001. ... CINCAD (Command in Chief, Aerospace Defense Command)}}</ref> The US approved sale of an{{Which|reason=Was the Robins AFB PAVE PAWS the one sold to Taiwan?|date=March 2014}} AN/FPS-115 to Taiwan in 2000 [http://www.mda.mil/global/documents/pdf/uewr1.pdf] and it was introduced in 2006.[http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20130730000090&cid=1101]
After the Fylingdales BMEWS radars had been replaced by Raytheon/[[Cossor AeroSpace]] and [[Control Data Corporation]] (embedded CDC-Cyber computer) at a cost of US $100M,{{Citation needed|reason=This claim was in the BMEWS article.date=March 2014|date=March 2014}} in February 1995 the "missile warning center at [[Cheyenne Mountain Air Station|Cheyenne Mountain AS]] [was] undergoing a $450 million upgrade program".<ref name=Orban1995>{{cite news|last=Orban|first=SSgt. Brian|date=February 1995|title=The trip wire|newspaper=Guardian|publisher=Air Force Space Command|page=6|quote=North American Aerospace Defense Command and U.S. Space Command command center. ... For more than 30 years, the crews operating the missile warning center inside Cheyenne Mountain have maintained an early warning trip line [for] incoming ballistic missiles}}</ref> The entire SSPARS became operational on January 31, 2001 when the "[http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/clear-air-force-station-alaska/ SSPARS Site"] at Clear AFS (separate from the BMEWS site) had [[Initial Operational Capability]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clear AFS, AK |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/facility/clear.htm |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |accessdate=2014-03-05}}</ref> The Clear AN/FPS-120 was subsequently "upgraded to the AN/FPS-123 model" SSPA Radar,<ref> http://www.radomes.org/museum/equip/fps-115.html </ref> and the SSPARS was modified in the '''Early Warning Radar Service Life Extension Program'''<ref name=Chapman>{{Cite book |last=Chapman |first=Bert |title=Space Warfare and Defense: A Historical Encyclopedia and Research Guide |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ae9f-7bV5w4C&pg=PA153&lpg=PA153&dq=%22Early+Warning+Radar%22+SSPARS&source=bl&ots=X4Ovg2YUnV&sig=9Vjgn3VAFgH9QDEuqfDtLinhceE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Ws0hU-b0EcfmkAfIoIDYCA&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22Early%20Warning%20Radar%22%20SSPARS&f=false |format=Google books |accessdate=2014-03-13 |quote=BMEWS was replaced by the Solid State Phased Array Radar System (SSPARS) in 2001. ... CINCAD (Command in Chief, Aerospace Defense Command)}}</ref> The US approved sale of an{{Which|reason=Was the Robins AFB PAVE PAWS the one sold to Taiwan?|date=March 2014}} AN/FPS-115 to Taiwan in 2000 [http://www.mda.mil/global/documents/pdf/uewr1.pdf] and it was introduced in 2006.[http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20130730000090&cid=1101]


==AN/FPS-132 Upgraded Early Warning Radar==
[[BAE Systems]] began a 2007 contract for SSPARS maintenance.[http://www.spacenews.com/article/military-space/39693bae-systems-to-continue-maintaining-sspars-radar-network-for-us-air] The SSPARS radar electronics was subsequently upgrated, e.g., the Beale radar [http://www.mda.mil/global/documents/pdf/uewr1.pdf] and the Fylingales FPS-126 each became an [[AN/FPS-132 Upgraded Early Warning Radar]] (UEWR)<ref> http://mostlymissiledefense.com/2013/08/07/u-s-to-sell-large-early-warning-radar-to-qatar-august-7-2013/ </ref> by [[Boeing Integrated Defense Systems]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fylingdales |url=http://www.raytheon.co.uk/ourcompany/facilities/fylingdales/index.html |publisher=Raytheon.co.uk |accessdate=2014-03-08}}</ref>
The '''AN/FPS-132 Upgraded Early Warning Radar (UEWR)''' is a series of [[phased array radar]] systems used for long-range [[Early-warning radar|early warning]] and [[space surveillance]], operating as part of the [[United States national missile defense|United State Missile Defence]] and [[Space Surveillance Network]].

===History===
The [[Solid State Phased Array Radar System]] began replacing PAVE PAWS when the first AN/FPS-115 face was taken off-line for the radar upgrade. New [[AN/FPS-123]] Early Warning Radars became operational in (Beale) and (Cape Cod) in each base's existing PAVE PAWS "Scanner Building".<ref name=HAER>{{Cite report |title=Photographs [and<nowiki>]</nowiki> Written Historical and Descriptive Data: Cape Cod Air Station Technical Facility/Scanner Building and Power Plant |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/ma/ma1600/ma1633/data/ma1633data.pdf |accessdate=2014-06-10 |quote=Technical
Facility/Scanner Building (HAER No. MA-151-A), which houses the AN/FPS-1152 radar and related equipment… PAVE PAWS Site 1 … AN/FSS-7…designed by [[Avco|Avco Electronics Division]]… The first two PAVE PAWS sites in Massachusetts and California represented the first two-faced phased array radars deployed by the U.S.}}</ref> [[RAF Fylingdales|The UK]] and [[Clear Air Force Station|Alaska]] BMEWS stations became SSPARS radar stations when their respective [[Raytheon AN/FPS-126 Solid State Phased Array Radar|AN/FPS-126]] radar <ref name=Radomes>{{Cite web |title=AN/FPS-115, AN/FPS-120, AN/FPS-123, AN/FPS-126 |url=http://www.radomes.org/museum/equip/fps-115.html |publisher=Radomes.org |accessdate=2014-06-11}}</ref> and 2001 [[Raytheon AN/FPS-120 Solid State Phased Array Radar|AN/FPS-120]] became operational.<ref name=CRU> http://radomes.org/museum/documents/BMEWSSite2ClearAKnewradar032001.html "...relocation of existing electronic equipment from a decommissioned PAVE PAWS site in Eldorado, Texas, to the newly constructed facility at Clear. By relocating the two 102-foot diameter transmitter/receiver arrays, electronic cabinets and computers"</ref> In 2007, 100 owners/trustees of amateur radio repeaters near AN/FPS-123 radars were notified to lower their power output to mitigate interference,<ref>http://www.w5yi.org/ama_news_article.php?id=191 </ref> and AN/FPS-123s were part of the [[Air Force Space Surveillance System]] by 2009.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chatters |first1=Maj Edward P, IV |last2=Crothers |first2=Maj Brian J. |year=2009 |title=AU-18 Space Primer |url=http://aupress.maxwell.af.mil/digital/pdf/book/AU-18.pdf |chapter=Chapter 19: Space Surveillance Network |chapterurl=http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/space/au-18-2009/au-18_chap19.pdf |publisher=Air University |page=252 |accessdate=2014-06-06 |quote=Perimeter Acquisition Vehicle Entry Phased-Array Weapons System (PAVE PAWS)}}</ref> [[BAE Systems]] began a 2007 contract for SSPARS maintenance.[http://www.spacenews.com/article/military-space/39693bae-systems-to-continue-maintaining-sspars-radar-network-for-us-air] The SSPARS radar electronics was subsequently upgrated, e.g., the Beale radar [http://www.mda.mil/global/documents/pdf/uewr1.pdf] and the Fylingales FPS-126 each became an [[AN/FPS-132 Upgraded Early Warning Radar]] (UEWR)<ref> http://mostlymissiledefense.com/2013/08/07/u-s-to-sell-large-early-warning-radar-to-qatar-august-7-2013/ </ref> by [[Boeing Integrated Defense Systems]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fylingdales |url=http://www.raytheon.co.uk/ourcompany/facilities/fylingdales/index.html |publisher=Raytheon.co.uk |accessdate=2014-03-08}}</ref> The Beale AN/FPS-123 was upgraded to a Boeing '''AN/FPS-132 (UEWR)''' with capabilities to operate in the [[Ground-based Midcourse Defense]] (GMD) ABM system—the Beale UEWR included "Avionics", "[http://www.aviationtoday.com/av/topstories/Northrop-Grumman-Sets-TR-Module-Standard_73016.html#.U5cyXUnnb4Y T/R modules",] "FEX/TTG", "BSG", "Signal Processor", and other changes.<ref> http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/logistics_material_readiness/contracts/HQ0006-01-C-0001.pdf </ref> After additional UEWR installations for GMD at Thule Site J and the UK (contracted 2003<ref name="radomes.org">http://www.radomes.org/museum/documents/CCAFS%20Tri-fold%20Brochure_10Jan08.pdf</ref>), a 2012 ESD/XRX [[Request for Information]] for replacement, and remote operation, of the remaining "PAVE PAWS/BMEWS/PARCS systems" at Cape Cod, Alaska, and North Dakota was issued.<ref name=FBO2f3973>{{Citation |format=Solicitation |date=January 23, 2012 |title=PAVE PAWS, BMEWS, and PARCS Radar Systems |url=https://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=2f3973d6a7d33a330f489cad72702494&tab=core&_cview=0 |number=01262012 |publisher=FedBizOpps.gov |accessdate=2014-06-11 |quote=The PAVE PAWS and BMEWS Beam Steering Unit (BSU), Receiver Exciter (REX), Receiver Beam Former (RBF), Array Group Driver (AGD), Radio Frequency Monitor (RFM), Frequency Time Standard (FTS), and the Corporate Feed (CFD) were built for these five radars in the late 1970's and were upgraded in the 1980's. … The PARCS Signal Processing Group (SPG) has received only "band-aid" fixes since the site's Initial Operating Capability (IOC) in 1975}}</ref> The Alaska AN/FPS-132 was contracted in fall 2012<ref>http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/BMEWS-Radar-Upgrades-Clear-AFS-Goes-from-Warning-to-BMD-Targeting-07532/ </ref> and the Cape Cod installation in 2013.<ref name=MDA>http://www.mda.mil/global/documents/pdf/uewr1.pdf</ref>

===System overview===
* [[Solid-state (electronics)|Solid-state]] [[phased array radar]]
** Each radar installation has multiple faces, where each face provides a 120-degree coverage.<ref name=MDA />
* Operating frequency: [[Ultra high frequency]] (UHF)<ref name=MDA />
* Range: 3000 miles<ref name=MDA />

===Locations===
Active:
* [[Beale Air Force Base]], [[California]]
* [[RAF Fylingdales]], [[United Kingdom]]
* [[Thule Site J]] ([[Thule Air Base]]), [[Greenland]]
Planned:
* [[Clear Air Force Station]], [[Alaska]]
* [[Cape Cod Air Force Station]], [[Massachusetts]]



{{External media
{{External media

Revision as of 15:08, 3 May 2015

This article is about a ballistic missile warning system of systems that incorporated the "U.S. PAVE PAWS network" and replaced[1] BMEWS. For disambiguation, see missile warning system.
Coverage of the original PAVE PAWS and BMEWS systems, later upgraded to SSPARS and eventually to UEWR

The Solid State Phased Array Radar System[2] (SSPARS, colloquially "BMEWS radar network'" as late as 2004)[3] is a USAF radar, computer, and communications system for missile warning and space surveillance "at five (5) geographically separated units worldwide including Beale AFB, CA, Cape Cod, AFS, MA, Clear AFS, AK, RAF Fylingdales, UK, and Thule AB, Greenland."[4] SSPARS completed replacement of the RCA 474L Ballistic Missile Early Warning System when the last SSPAR (phased array radar with 2500 "solid state transmitter" modules)[5] was operational at Clear in 2001,[2] the year SSPARS equipment included:

  • Raytheon AN/FPS-123 PAVE PAWS Radar[6] at Beale (FPS-115 IOC April 4, 1980) and Cape Cod (FPS-115 IOC August 15, 1980)[7]
  • Raytheon AN/FPS-120 Solid State Phased Array Radar at Thule ("2QFY87")[8] with greater radar capabilities than the FPS-115 PAVE PAWS radars
  • Raytheon AN/FPS-126 Solid State Phased Array Radar at Fylingdales with three faces for 360 degree coverage (constructed August 1989-October 1992).[9]
  • Raytheon AN/FPS-120[10] Solid State Phased Array Radar using an older antenna from the 1987 PAVE PAWS EWR in Texas (groundbreaking April 16, 1998,[10] for the "Clear Radar Upgrade")[11]

After the Fylingdales BMEWS radars had been replaced by Raytheon/Cossor AeroSpace and Control Data Corporation (embedded CDC-Cyber computer) at a cost of US $100M,[citation needed] in February 1995 the "missile warning center at Cheyenne Mountain AS [was] undergoing a $450 million upgrade program".[12] The entire SSPARS became operational on January 31, 2001 when the "SSPARS Site" at Clear AFS (separate from the BMEWS site) had Initial Operational Capability.[13] The Clear AN/FPS-120 was subsequently "upgraded to the AN/FPS-123 model" SSPA Radar,[14] and the SSPARS was modified in the Early Warning Radar Service Life Extension Program[2] The US approved sale of an[which?] AN/FPS-115 to Taiwan in 2000 [1] and it was introduced in 2006.[2]

AN/FPS-132 Upgraded Early Warning Radar

The AN/FPS-132 Upgraded Early Warning Radar (UEWR) is a series of phased array radar systems used for long-range early warning and space surveillance, operating as part of the United State Missile Defence and Space Surveillance Network.

History

The Solid State Phased Array Radar System began replacing PAVE PAWS when the first AN/FPS-115 face was taken off-line for the radar upgrade. New AN/FPS-123 Early Warning Radars became operational in (Beale) and (Cape Cod) in each base's existing PAVE PAWS "Scanner Building".[15] The UK and Alaska BMEWS stations became SSPARS radar stations when their respective AN/FPS-126 radar [16] and 2001 AN/FPS-120 became operational.[17] In 2007, 100 owners/trustees of amateur radio repeaters near AN/FPS-123 radars were notified to lower their power output to mitigate interference,[18] and AN/FPS-123s were part of the Air Force Space Surveillance System by 2009.[19] BAE Systems began a 2007 contract for SSPARS maintenance.[3] The SSPARS radar electronics was subsequently upgrated, e.g., the Beale radar [4] and the Fylingales FPS-126 each became an AN/FPS-132 Upgraded Early Warning Radar (UEWR)[20] by Boeing Integrated Defense Systems.[21] The Beale AN/FPS-123 was upgraded to a Boeing AN/FPS-132 (UEWR) with capabilities to operate in the Ground-based Midcourse Defense (GMD) ABM system—the Beale UEWR included "Avionics", "T/R modules", "FEX/TTG", "BSG", "Signal Processor", and other changes.[22] After additional UEWR installations for GMD at Thule Site J and the UK (contracted 2003[23]), a 2012 ESD/XRX Request for Information for replacement, and remote operation, of the remaining "PAVE PAWS/BMEWS/PARCS systems" at Cape Cod, Alaska, and North Dakota was issued.[24] The Alaska AN/FPS-132 was contracted in fall 2012[25] and the Cape Cod installation in 2013.[26]

System overview

Locations

Active:

Planned:


External image
image icon AN/FPS-132 UEWR

References

  1. ^ https://fas.org/spp/military/program/nssrm/initiatives/eldorad.htm
  2. ^ a b c Chapman, Bert. Space Warfare and Defense: A Historical Encyclopedia and Research Guide (Google books). Retrieved 2014-03-13. BMEWS was replaced by the Solid State Phased Array Radar System (SSPARS) in 2001. ... CINCAD (Command in Chief, Aerospace Defense Command)
  3. ^ Carter, Master Sgt. Austin; & Mattorano, Tech. Sgt. Gino, ed. (2004). Space Command Almanac 2004-2005 (PDF) (Report). HQ AFSPACECOMM Public Affairs.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  4. ^ "Operations, Maintenance and Support for the Solid State Phased Array Radar System (SSPARS) at 5 Geographically Separated Units WorldWide". FedBizOpps.gov. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
  5. ^ http://www.geo.uzh.ch/microsite/rsl-documents/research/SARlab/GMTILiterature/PDF/Skolnik90.pdf
  6. ^ Communications-Electronics (C-E) Managers Handbook (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 2014-03-13. AN/FPS-49 has a traditional azimuth bearing assembly (race and steel balls) while the AN/FPS-92 has a hydrostatic bearing (antenna floats on a high pressure film of hydraulic fluid). AN/FPQ-16 Radar Set, Perimeter Acquisition Radar Attack Characterization System - PARCS: PARCS is a single faced phased array radar system consisting of AN/FPQ-16 radar and an AN/FSQ-100 computer system located at Cavalier AFS, ND. The primary mission of the PARCS is to provide the CMC with TW/AA data on all SLBMs penetrating the coverage area. ... FORCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (FMS) PROVIDES THE CONUS NORAD REGION COMMANDER WITH TIME SENSITIVE INFORMATION
  7. ^ http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/pavepaws.htm
  8. ^ https://fas.org/spp/military/program/nssrm/initiatives/clearu.htm)
  9. ^ Stocker, Jeremy (2004). Britain and Ballistic Missile Defence 1942-2002 (PDF). Frank Cass. ISBN 0-203-30963-4. ISSN 1473-6403. Retrieved 2014-03-09. in March 1963 an Air Ministry review of ABM systems said of MIDAS that 'performance to date has been disappointing'.78 … A teletype circuit was established between NORAD and the ADOC in Britain to pass information derived from Site 1 at Thule.95 This was supplemented by a voice circuit with agreed formatted messages, and both were operational by October 1960. … AN/FPS-49 Range resolution 240 nm Maximum range 2,650 nm Minimum target at 1,650 m 2.8 m2 Impact accuracy North America 135 nm {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ a b http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/facility/clear.htm
  11. ^ "AN/FPS-120 Solid State Phased-Array System [SSPARS]: Clear Radar Upgrade". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
  12. ^ Orban, SSgt. Brian (February 1995). "The trip wire". Guardian. Air Force Space Command. p. 6. North American Aerospace Defense Command and U.S. Space Command command center. ... For more than 30 years, the crews operating the missile warning center inside Cheyenne Mountain have maintained an early warning trip line [for] incoming ballistic missiles
  13. ^ "Clear AFS, AK". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2014-03-05.
  14. ^ http://www.radomes.org/museum/equip/fps-115.html
  15. ^ Photographs [and] Written Historical and Descriptive Data: Cape Cod Air Station Technical Facility/Scanner Building and Power Plant (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 2014-06-10. Technical Facility/Scanner Building (HAER No. MA-151-A), which houses the AN/FPS-1152 radar and related equipment… PAVE PAWS Site 1 … AN/FSS-7…designed by Avco Electronics Division… The first two PAVE PAWS sites in Massachusetts and California represented the first two-faced phased array radars deployed by the U.S. {{cite report}}: line feed character in |quote= at position 10 (help)
  16. ^ "AN/FPS-115, AN/FPS-120, AN/FPS-123, AN/FPS-126". Radomes.org. Retrieved 2014-06-11.
  17. ^ http://radomes.org/museum/documents/BMEWSSite2ClearAKnewradar032001.html "...relocation of existing electronic equipment from a decommissioned PAVE PAWS site in Eldorado, Texas, to the newly constructed facility at Clear. By relocating the two 102-foot diameter transmitter/receiver arrays, electronic cabinets and computers"
  18. ^ http://www.w5yi.org/ama_news_article.php?id=191
  19. ^ Chatters, Maj Edward P, IV; Crothers, Maj Brian J. (2009). "Chapter 19: Space Surveillance Network". AU-18 Space Primer (PDF). Air University. p. 252. Retrieved 2014-06-06. Perimeter Acquisition Vehicle Entry Phased-Array Weapons System (PAVE PAWS) {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ http://mostlymissiledefense.com/2013/08/07/u-s-to-sell-large-early-warning-radar-to-qatar-august-7-2013/
  21. ^ "Fylingdales". Raytheon.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
  22. ^ http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/logistics_material_readiness/contracts/HQ0006-01-C-0001.pdf
  23. ^ http://www.radomes.org/museum/documents/CCAFS%20Tri-fold%20Brochure_10Jan08.pdf
  24. ^ PAVE PAWS, BMEWS, and PARCS Radar Systems (Solicitation), FedBizOpps.gov, January 23, 2012, retrieved 2014-06-11, The PAVE PAWS and BMEWS Beam Steering Unit (BSU), Receiver Exciter (REX), Receiver Beam Former (RBF), Array Group Driver (AGD), Radio Frequency Monitor (RFM), Frequency Time Standard (FTS), and the Corporate Feed (CFD) were built for these five radars in the late 1970's and were upgraded in the 1980's. … The PARCS Signal Processing Group (SPG) has received only "band-aid" fixes since the site's Initial Operating Capability (IOC) in 1975
  25. ^ http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/BMEWS-Radar-Upgrades-Clear-AFS-Goes-from-Warning-to-BMD-Targeting-07532/
  26. ^ a b c d http://www.mda.mil/global/documents/pdf/uewr1.pdf
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