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==Provisions==
==Provisions==
In June 2007, the Department of Labor estimated that of the 141.7 million workers in the United States, 94.4 million worked at FMLA-covered worksites, and 76.1 million were eligible for FMLA leave. Between 8 percent and 17.1 percent of covered and eligible workers (or between 6.1 million and 13.0 million workers) took FMLA leave in 2005.<ref>"Family and Medical Leave Act Regulations: A Report on the Department of Labor’s Request for Information." 28 June 2007. Department of Labor, Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division. ''Federal Register'', Vol. 72, No. 124. [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2007-06-28/html/07-3102.htm]</ref> The 2008 National Survey of Employers found no statistically significant difference between the proportion of small employers (79%) and large employers (82%) that offer full FMLA coverage.<ref>Galinsky, E., Bond, J., Sakai, K., Kim, S., Giuntoli, N. 2008. National study of employers. New York, NY: Families and Work Institute. [http://www.familiesandwork.org/site/research/reports/2008nse.pdf]</ref>
In June 2007, the Department of Labor estimated that of the 141.7 million workers in the United States, 94.4 million worked at FMLA-covered worksites, and 76.1 million were eligible for FMLA leave. Between 8 percent and 17.1 percent of covered and eligible workers (or between 6.1 million and 13.0 million workers) took FMLA leave in 2005.<ref>"Family and Medical Leave Act Regulations: A Report on the Department of Labor’s Request for Information." 28 June 2007. Department of Labor, Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division. ''Federal Register'', Vol. 72, No. 124. [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2007-06-28/html/07-3102.htm]</ref> The 2008 National Survey of Employers found no statistically significant difference between the proportion of small employers (79%) and large employers (82%) that offer full FMLA coverage.<ref>Galinsky, E., Bond, J., Sakai, K., Kim, S., Giuntoli, N. 2008. National study of employers. New York, NY: Families and Work Institute. [http://www.familiesandwork.org/site/research/reports/2008nse.pdf]</ref>

The United States Congress passed this bill with the understanding that “it is important for the development of children and the [[family]] unit that fathers and mothers be able to participate in early [[Parenting|childrearing]] … [and] the lack of employment policies to accommodate working parents can force individuals to choose between job security and parenting”.<ref>Congress. 1993. Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. Washington, D.C. pH.R.1–2 quoted</ref> Since the [[Bill (law)|bill]] was passed, studies have shown additional benefits of parental leave, including reduced [[infant mortality]] rates.<ref name="Tanaka"/> Although much of the research has been conducted on populations in other countries,<ref>Gregg,P.E., Washbrook et al. 2005. "The Effects of a Mother's Return to Work Decision on Child Development in the UK." ''The Economic Journal''. 115(501):F48-F80.</ref> Berger et al.<ref>Berger, L.M., Hill, et al. 2005. "Maternity Leave, Early Maternal Employment and Child Health Development in the US." ''The Economic Journal''. 115(501):F29-F47.</ref> found that children in the United States whose mothers return to work within the first 3 months after giving birth are less likely to be [[Breastfeeding|breastfed]], less likely to have all of their [[immunization]]s up to date (by 18 months), less likely to receive all of their regular medical checkups, and are more likely to exhibit behavior problems at age four. Chatterji and Markowitz <ref>Chatterji, P. and Markowitz, S. 2005. "Does the Length of Maternity Leave Affect Mental Health." ''Southern Economic Journal''. 72(1):16–41.</ref> also found an association between longer lengths of maternity leave and lesser incidence of [[Depression (mood)|depression]] among mothers.

In the creation of the bill, [[United States Congress|Congress]] also stressed that this piece of [[legislation]] was intended to provide leave protection for individuals “in a manner that accommodates the legitimate interests of employers”.<ref>Congress. 1993. Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. Washington, D.C. pH.R.1–2 quoted.</ref> In order to accomplish this, the FMLA places restrictions on which workers are eligible for the unpaid, job-protected leave. Workers are eligible if they have been employed for at least 12 months by their employer, and have worked at least 1,250 hours during the past 12 months for their employer (roughly equivalent to 25 hours per week). Employees who meet these conditions are not eligible, however, if their employer has fewer than 50 employees (either at that work site or within a 75 mile radius of that site). In addition, if a husband and wife have the same employer, “the aggregate number of workweeks of leave to which both may be entitled may be limited to 12 workweeks” <ref>Congress. 1993. Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. Washington, D.C. pH.R.1–6 quoted.</ref> if the employer so chooses.

A final [[stipulation]] of eligibility deals with “highly compensated employees” who are defined as “a salaried eligible employee who is among the highest paid 10 percent of the employees employed by the employer within 75 miles of the facility at which the employee is employed”.<ref name="Congress 1993">Congress. 1993. Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. Washington, D.C. pH.R.1–8 quoted.</ref> These highly paid individuals are eligible for the leave, but their employers are not required to restore them to their original position (or an equivalent position with equivalent pay and benefits, as is guaranteed to other employees) if the employer determines that denying the employee their position is “necessary to prevent substantial and grievous economic injury to the operations of the employer” <ref name="Congress 1993"/> and the employer provides the worker with notice of this decision, though no time frame for providing this notice is established.

If, after meeting all of the above requirements, an employee is determined to be eligible and takes the job-protected leave, it is in an unpaid status unless the employer either elects to provide paid compensation for the leave, or if the employee elects to use their annual and/or sick leave for this time. In addition, the legislation allows for the ability of the employer to require that the employee use their accrued paid leave time while taking leave under the FMLA.<ref>Congress. 1993. Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. Washington, D.C.</ref>

As a result of the many conditions attached to eligibility for leave under the FMLA, many American workers find themselves ineligible to take job-protected leave upon the birth or adoption of a child. Han and Waldfogel, in their analysis of the impact of the FMLA, note that “only about 60% of private sector workers are covered” <ref>Han, W.-J. and Waldfogel, J. 2003. "Parental Leave: The Impact of Recent Legislation on Parents' Leave-Taking." ''Demography''. 40(1):191–200. p191 quoted.</ref> due to the clause stipulating a minimum number of employees, and once the clause stipulating a minimum number of hours worked is added, only 46% of private sector workers are eligible for leave under the FMLA.


===Benefits for employees mandated by the law===
===Benefits for employees mandated by the law===

Revision as of 01:24, 8 May 2015

Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993
Great Seal of the United States
Long titleAn Act To grant family and temporary medical leave under certain circumstances.
Acronyms (colloquial)FMLA
Enacted bythe 103rd United States Congress
Citations
Public lawPub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 103–3
Statutes at Large107 Stat. 6
Legislative history

The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) is a United States federal law requiring covered employers to provide employees job-protected and unpaid leave for qualified medical and family reasons. Qualified medical and family reasons include: personal or family illness, family military leave, pregnancy, adoption, or the foster care placement of a child.[1] The FMLA is administered by the Wage and Hour Division of the United States Department of Labor.

The bill was a major part of President Bill Clinton's agenda in his first term. President Clinton signed the bill into law on February 5, 1993 (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 103–3; 29 U.S.C. sec. 2601; 29 CFR 825) and it took effect on August 5, 1993, six months later.

The FMLA was intended "to balance the demands of the workplace with the needs of families."[2] The Act allows eligible employees to take up to 12 work weeks of unpaid leave during any 12-month period to attend to the serious health condition of the employee, parent, spouse or child, or for pregnancy or care of a newborn child, or for adoption or foster care of a child. In order to be eligible for FMLA leave, an employee must have been at the business at least 12 months, and worked at least 1,250 hours over the past 12 months, and work at a location where the company employs 50 or more employees within 75 miles. The FMLA covers both public- and private-sector employees, but certain categories of employees are excluded, including elected officials and their personal staff members.[3]

Provisions

In June 2007, the Department of Labor estimated that of the 141.7 million workers in the United States, 94.4 million worked at FMLA-covered worksites, and 76.1 million were eligible for FMLA leave. Between 8 percent and 17.1 percent of covered and eligible workers (or between 6.1 million and 13.0 million workers) took FMLA leave in 2005.[4] The 2008 National Survey of Employers found no statistically significant difference between the proportion of small employers (79%) and large employers (82%) that offer full FMLA coverage.[5]

The United States Congress passed this bill with the understanding that “it is important for the development of children and the family unit that fathers and mothers be able to participate in early childrearing … [and] the lack of employment policies to accommodate working parents can force individuals to choose between job security and parenting”.[6] Since the bill was passed, studies have shown additional benefits of parental leave, including reduced infant mortality rates.[7] Although much of the research has been conducted on populations in other countries,[8] Berger et al.[9] found that children in the United States whose mothers return to work within the first 3 months after giving birth are less likely to be breastfed, less likely to have all of their immunizations up to date (by 18 months), less likely to receive all of their regular medical checkups, and are more likely to exhibit behavior problems at age four. Chatterji and Markowitz [10] also found an association between longer lengths of maternity leave and lesser incidence of depression among mothers.

In the creation of the bill, Congress also stressed that this piece of legislation was intended to provide leave protection for individuals “in a manner that accommodates the legitimate interests of employers”.[11] In order to accomplish this, the FMLA places restrictions on which workers are eligible for the unpaid, job-protected leave. Workers are eligible if they have been employed for at least 12 months by their employer, and have worked at least 1,250 hours during the past 12 months for their employer (roughly equivalent to 25 hours per week). Employees who meet these conditions are not eligible, however, if their employer has fewer than 50 employees (either at that work site or within a 75 mile radius of that site). In addition, if a husband and wife have the same employer, “the aggregate number of workweeks of leave to which both may be entitled may be limited to 12 workweeks” [12] if the employer so chooses.

A final stipulation of eligibility deals with “highly compensated employees” who are defined as “a salaried eligible employee who is among the highest paid 10 percent of the employees employed by the employer within 75 miles of the facility at which the employee is employed”.[13] These highly paid individuals are eligible for the leave, but their employers are not required to restore them to their original position (or an equivalent position with equivalent pay and benefits, as is guaranteed to other employees) if the employer determines that denying the employee their position is “necessary to prevent substantial and grievous economic injury to the operations of the employer” [13] and the employer provides the worker with notice of this decision, though no time frame for providing this notice is established.

If, after meeting all of the above requirements, an employee is determined to be eligible and takes the job-protected leave, it is in an unpaid status unless the employer either elects to provide paid compensation for the leave, or if the employee elects to use their annual and/or sick leave for this time. In addition, the legislation allows for the ability of the employer to require that the employee use their accrued paid leave time while taking leave under the FMLA.[14]

As a result of the many conditions attached to eligibility for leave under the FMLA, many American workers find themselves ineligible to take job-protected leave upon the birth or adoption of a child. Han and Waldfogel, in their analysis of the impact of the FMLA, note that “only about 60% of private sector workers are covered” [15] due to the clause stipulating a minimum number of employees, and once the clause stipulating a minimum number of hours worked is added, only 46% of private sector workers are eligible for leave under the FMLA.

Benefits for employees mandated by the law

To qualify for the FMLA mandate, a worker must be employed by a business with 50 or more employees within a 75-mile radius of his or her worksite, or a public agency, including schools and state, local, and federal employers (the 50-employee threshold does not apply to public agency employees and local educational agencies). He or she must also have worked for that employer for at least 12 months (not necessarily consecutive) and 1,250 hours within the last 12 months. (There are special hours rules for certain airline employees.[16])

The FMLA mandates unpaid, job-protected leave for up to 12 weeks a year:

  • to care for a new child, whether for the birth of a son or daughter, or for the adoption or placement of a child in foster care;
  • to care for a seriously ill family member (spouse, son, daughter, or parent) (Note: Son/daughter has been clarified by the Department of Labor to mean a child under the age of 18 or a child over the age of 18 with a mental or physical disability as defined by the American Disabilities Act, which excludes among other conditions, pregnancy and post-partum recovery from childbirth);[17]
  • to recover from a worker’s own serious illness;
  • to care for an injured service member in the family; or
  • to address qualifying exigencies arising out of a family member’s deployment.
  • twenty-six workweeks of leave during a single 12-month period to care for a covered servicemember with a serious injury or illness if the eligible employee is the servicemember’s spouse, son, daughter, parent, or next of kin (military caregiver leave).[18]

The FMLA further requires employers to provide for eligible workers:

  • the same group health insurance benefits, including employer contributions to premiums, that would exist if the employee were not on leave.
  • restoration to the same position upon return to work. If the same position is unavailable, the employer must provide the worker with a position that is substantially equal in pay, benefits, and responsibility.
  • protection of employee benefits while on leave. An employee is entitled to reinstatement of all benefits to which the employee was entitled before going on leave.
  • protection of the employee to not have their rights under the Act interfered with or denied by an employer.
  • protection of the employee from retaliation by an employer for exercising rights under the Act.
  • intermittent FMLA leave for his or her own serious health condition, or the serious health condition of a family member. This includes occasional leave for doctors’ appointments for a chronic condition, treatment (e.g., physical therapy, psychological counseling,chemotherapy), or temporary periods of incapacity (e.g., severe morning sickness, asthma attack).[19]

Non-eligible workers and types of leave

The federal FMLA does not apply to:

  • workers in businesses with fewer than 50 employees (this threshold does not apply to public agency employers and local educational agencies);
  • part-time workers who have worked fewer than 1,250 hours within the 12 months preceding the leave and a paid vacation;
  • workers who need time off to care for seriously ill elderly relatives (other than parents) or pets;
  • workers who need time off to recover from short-term or common illness like a cold, or to care for a family member with a short-term illness;
  • elected officials; and
  • workers who need time off for routine medical care, such as check-ups.

State-level FMLA benefits

Some states have enacted laws that mandate additional family and medical leave for workers in a variety of ways.

Dropping the employer threshold

The federal FMLA only applies to employers with 50 or more employees, within 75 miles. Some states have enacted their own FMLAs that have a lower threshold for employer coverage:

  • Maine: 15 or more employees (private employers)[20] and 25 or more (city or town employers).[21]
  • Maryland: 15 or more employees (private employers)Up to seven days for bone marrow donation. Up to 30 days for organ donation. [22][23]
  • Minnesota: 21 or more employees (parental leave only).[24]
  • Oregon: 25 or more employees.[25]
  • Rhode Island: 50 or more employees (private employers)[26] and 30 or more employees (public employers).[27]
  • Vermont: 10 or more employees (parental leave only)[28] and 15 or more employees (family and medical leave).[29]
  • Washington: 50 or more employees (FMLA reasons besides insured parental leave);[30] all employers are required to provide insured parental leave.[31][32]
  • District of Columbia: 20 or more employees.[33]

Expanding the definition of family

The federal FMLA only applies to immediate family—parent, spouse, and child. The 2008 amendments to the FMLA for military family members extend the FMLA’s protection to next of kin and to adult children. The Department of Labor on June 22, 2010 clarified the definition of "son and daughter" under the FMLA "to ensure that an employee who assumes the role of caring for a child receives parental rights to family leave regardless of the legal or biological relationship" and specifying that "an employee who intends to share in the parenting of a child with his or her same sex partner will be able to exercise the right to FMLA leave to bond with that child."[34]

In February 2015, the Department of Labor issued its final rule amending the definition of spouse under the FMLA in response to the decision in United States v. Windsor, effective March 27, 2015.[35] The revised definition of "spouse" extends FMLA leave rights and job protections to eligible employees in a same-sex marriage or a common-law marriage entered into in a state where those statuses are legally recognized, regardless of the state in which the employee works or resides.[36] Even if an employee works where same-sex or common law marriage is not recognized, that employee's spouse triggers FMLA coverage if the employee married in a state that recognized same-sex marriage or common law marriage.[37] Some states had already expanded the definition of family in their own FMLAs:

  • California: Domestic partner and domestic partner’s child.[38]
  • Connecticut: Civil union partner,[39] parent-in-law.[40]
  • Hawaii: Grandparent, parent-in-law, grandparent-in-law[41] or an employee's reciprocal beneficiary.[42]
  • Maine: Domestic partner and domestic partner’s child,[43] siblings.[44]
  • Maryland: Allows the employee to use time for immediate family under the same rules if taking it for themselves. Includes step, adopted and even people who were primary caregivers even if not related.[45]
  • New Jersey: Civil union partner and child of civil union partner,[46] parent-in-law, step parent.[47]
  • Oregon: Domestic partner,[48] grandparent, grandchild or parent-in-law.[49]
  • Rhode Island: Domestic partners of state employees, parent-in-law.[50]
  • Vermont: Civil union partner,[51] parent-in-law.[52]
  • Wisconsin: Parent-in-law.[53]
  • District of Columbia: Related to the worker by blood, legal custody, or marriage; person with whom the employee lives and has a committed relationship; child who lives with employee and for whom employee permanently assumes and discharges parental responsibility.[54]

Increasing the uses for FMLA leave

FMLA leave can be used for a worker’s serious health condition, the serious health condition of a family member, or upon the arrival of a new child. State FMLA laws and the new military family provisions of the FMLA have broadened these categories:

  • Connecticut: Organ or bone marrow donor.[55]
  • Maine: Organ donor;[56] death of employee’s family member if that family member is a servicemember killed while on active duty.[57]
  • Maryland: Maryland Family Leave Act (MFLA) – Organ donor, Person Standing in Loco Parentis, For Service Leave, and added a specific anti-retaliation penalty on top of FMLA recovery. Runs parallel to FMLA.
  • Oregon: Care for the non-serious injury or illness of a child requiring home care.[58]

Other unpaid leave statutes

Several states have passed FMLA-type statutes to give parents unpaid leave to attend their child’s school or educational activities. Examples include: California,[59] District of Columbia,[60] Massachusetts,[61] Minnesota,[62] Rhode Island,[63] Vermont.[64] Some states have passed FMLA-type statutes to give workers unpaid leave to take family members to routine medical visits, including Massachusetts[65] and Vermont.[66] And states have passed FMLA-type statutes to give workers unpaid leave to address the effects of domestic violence, stalking, or sexual assault. Examples include Colorado,[67] Florida,[68] Hawaii,[69] and Illinois.[70]

Controversy

Critics of the act have suggested that by mandating various forms of leave that are used more often by female than male employees, the Act, like the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978, makes women more expensive to employ than men. They argue that employers will engage in subtle discrimination against women in the hiring process, discrimination which is much less obvious to detect than pregnancy discrimination against the already hired. Supporters counter that the act, in contrast to the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978, is aimed at both women and men, and is part of an overall strategy to encourage both men and women to take family-related leave.

References

  1. ^ "Family and Medical Leave Act," Stephen Bruce. HR Daily Advisor. [1] Retrieved on 20 September 2011.
  2. ^ "Findings and Purposes," 29 U.S.C. § 2601 http://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/statutes/fmla.htm
  3. ^ 29 U.S.C. § 2611
  4. ^ "Family and Medical Leave Act Regulations: A Report on the Department of Labor’s Request for Information." 28 June 2007. Department of Labor, Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division. Federal Register, Vol. 72, No. 124. [2]
  5. ^ Galinsky, E., Bond, J., Sakai, K., Kim, S., Giuntoli, N. 2008. National study of employers. New York, NY: Families and Work Institute. [3]
  6. ^ Congress. 1993. Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. Washington, D.C. pH.R.1–2 quoted
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Tanaka was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Gregg,P.E., Washbrook et al. 2005. "The Effects of a Mother's Return to Work Decision on Child Development in the UK." The Economic Journal. 115(501):F48-F80.
  9. ^ Berger, L.M., Hill, et al. 2005. "Maternity Leave, Early Maternal Employment and Child Health Development in the US." The Economic Journal. 115(501):F29-F47.
  10. ^ Chatterji, P. and Markowitz, S. 2005. "Does the Length of Maternity Leave Affect Mental Health." Southern Economic Journal. 72(1):16–41.
  11. ^ Congress. 1993. Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. Washington, D.C. pH.R.1–2 quoted.
  12. ^ Congress. 1993. Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. Washington, D.C. pH.R.1–6 quoted.
  13. ^ a b Congress. 1993. Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. Washington, D.C. pH.R.1–8 quoted.
  14. ^ Congress. 1993. Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. Washington, D.C.
  15. ^ Han, W.-J. and Waldfogel, J. 2003. "Parental Leave: The Impact of Recent Legislation on Parents' Leave-Taking." Demography. 40(1):191–200. p191 quoted.
  16. ^ "Family and Medical Leave Act Airline sex Flight Crew Technical Amendments".
  17. ^ "DoL Opinion".
  18. ^ "Family and Medical Leave Act – Wage and Hour Division (WHD) – U.S. Department of Labor". Dol.gov. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
  19. ^ Vedder Price (January 26, 2011). "Struggling with Intermittent FMLA Leave". The National Law Review. Retrieved 2012-04-29.
  20. ^ 26 Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 26 § *843 (3)(A)
  21. ^ 26 Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 26 § 843 (3)(C)
  22. ^ FAMILY AND MEDICAL LEAVE ACT (FMLA) GUIDE (PDF). STATE OF MARYLAND. August 2013. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
  23. ^ "SENATE BILL 562" (PDF). February 5, 2009. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
  24. ^ Minn. Stat. § 181.940 (Subd. 3)
  25. ^ Or. Rev. Stat. § 659A.153 (1)
  26. ^ R.I. Pub. Laws §28-48-1(3)(i)
  27. ^ R.I. Pub. Laws § 28-48-1(3)(iii)
  28. ^ 23 VSA § 471(4)
  29. ^ 23 VSA § 471(3)
  30. ^ RCW § 49.78.020(5)
  31. ^ RCW § 49.86.010 (6)(a)
  32. ^ RCW § 50.50.080(1)
  33. ^ D.C. Code § 32-516(2)
  34. ^ "US Department of Labor clarifies FMLA definition of 'son and daughter'". U.S. Department of Labor. 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-14. News Release Number: 10-0877-NAT
  35. ^ Forman, Shira (27 February 2015). "DOL Issues Final Rule Amending FMLA Definition of "Spouse" to Include Same-Sex Marriages". Sheppard Mullin Richter & Hampton LLP. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  36. ^ Trotier, Geoffrey S. (24 February 2015). "FMLA "Spouse" Definition Now Includes Same-Sex Spouses and Common-Law Spouses". The National Law Review. von Briesen & Roper, s.c. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  37. ^ Gozdecki, Jeanine M. (25 February 2015). "FMLA Final Rule: "Spouse" Means Same-Sex Spouse (Even in Alabama)". The National Law Review. Barnes & Thornburg LLP. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  38. ^ Cal. Fam. Code § 297.5
  39. ^ Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-38nn
  40. ^ Conn. Gen. Stat. § 31-51kk (7)
  41. ^ Haw. Rev. Stat. § 398.1
  42. ^ Haw. Rev. Stat. § 398.3
  43. ^ 26 ME. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 843 (4)(D)
  44. ^ LD 2132
  45. ^ "SENATE BILL 562" (PDF). February 5, 2009. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
  46. ^ N.J. Stat. Ann. § 37:1-31
  47. ^ N.J. Stat Ann. § 34-11B(3)(h)
  48. ^ HB 2007
  49. ^ OR. Rev. Stat. § 659A.150 (4)
  50. ^ R.I. Pub. Laws § 24-48-1(5)
  51. ^ 23 VSA § 1204(a)
  52. ^ 23 VSA § 471(3)(B)
  53. ^ Wis. Stat. §103.10(1)(f)
  54. ^ D.C. Code 32-501(A), (B), (C)
  55. ^ Conn. Gen. Stat. § 31-51ll (2)(E)
  56. ^ 26 ME. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 843 (4)(E)
  57. ^ 26 ME. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 843 (4)(F)
  58. ^ OR. Rev. Stat. § 659A.159 (d)
  59. ^ Cal. Lab. Code § 230.8
  60. ^ D.C. Code 32-1202
  61. ^ Mass. Gen. Laws. Ch. 149 § 52(D)(b)(1)
  62. ^ Minn. Stat. § 181.9412
  63. ^ R.I. Pub. Laws § 24-48-12
  64. ^ 23 VSA § 472a (a)(1)
  65. ^ Mass. Gen. Laws. Ch. 149 § 52(D)(b)(2)&(3)
  66. ^ 23 VSA § 472a (a)(2)
  67. ^ Colo. Rev. Stat. § 24-34-402.7
  68. ^ FLA. STAT. § 741.313
  69. ^ Haw. Rev. Stat. § 378-72
  70. ^ 820 Ill. Comp. Stat. 180/1-180/45

External links

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