Jacques-Noël Sané: Difference between revisions
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| name = Jacques-Noël Sané |
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| image = Jacques-Noël Sané.jpg |
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'''Jacques-Noël Sané''' (18 February 1740 - 22 August 1831) was a French naval engineer, one of the most successful shipbuilders of the [[Age of Sail]]. |
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| alt = Lithograph of French naval engineer and shipwright Jacques-Nöel Sané by Julien Léopold Boilly. |
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| caption = Lithograph portrait of Jacques-Nöel Sané by [[Julien Léopold Boilly]]. |
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| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1740|02|18}} |
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| birth_place = [[Brest, France|Brest]] |
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| death_date = {{Death date and age|1831|08|22|1740|02|18}} |
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| death_place = [[Paris]] |
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| nationality = [[France|French]] |
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| other_names = |
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| occupation = [[Naval engineer]] |
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| known_for = |
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'''Jacques-Noël Sané''' ([[Brest, France|Brest]], 18 February 1740 — [[Paris]], 22 August 1831) was a [[France|French]] naval engineer. He was the conceptor of standardised designs for [[ship of the line|ships of the line]] and [[frigate]]s fielded by the [[French Navy]] in the 1780s, which served during the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] and the [[Napoleonic Wars]] and in some cases remained in service into the 1860s. Captured ships of his design were commissioned in the [[Royal Navy]] and even copied. |
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His achievements earned Sané the nickname of "naval Vauban"<ref group=notes>French: "''Vauban de la Marine", after [[Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban]] known for his breakthrough [[Fortifications of Vauban|fortifications]].</ref> |
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Sané studied under [[Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau|Duhamel du Monceau]]. His designs were so successful that he was nicknamed "The Naval [[Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban|Vauban]]". |
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== Biography == |
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Sané´s masterpiece was a design for a large 118-gun three-decker ship at first named ''Les États de Bougogne'', launched in 1790. His new design expressed itself fully with this ship, which was renamed four times between 1793 and 1795, eventually becoming the ''[[French ship Océan (1790)|Océan]]''; the hull was simple with straight lines, minimal ornaments, and curved sides. The stern was almost integrated in the hull. The ship was still in commission in 1848 and was considered one of the best sailing ships in the France fleet. |
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Born in Brest in a family of sailors, Sané became a student engineer in 1758 and joined the naval construction academy in Paris in 1765, graduating On 1 October 1766 as an assistant engineer.<ref>Jaquin, p.45</ref> In 1767, he worked under Ollivier the Elder on naval ships, and with [[Antoine Choquet de Lindu]] on merchant ships. In 1769, he embarked on the [[fluyt]] [[French ship Seine (1768)|''Seine'']], bound for [[Martinique]] with four [[scow]]s and a [[Dredging|dredger]] of his design.<ref>Jaquin, p.46</ref> |
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Promoted to engineer in 1774, he designed the [[Annibal-class ship of the line|''Annibal'' class]] [[74-gun]], comprising [[French ship Annibal (1779)|''Annibal'']] and [[French ship Northumberland (1780)|''Northumberland'']]. He then worked on several [[12-pounder long gun|12-pounder]] frigates.<ref>Gibouin, p. 217</ref><ref name=Jaquin48>Jaquin, p.48</ref> During the [[War of American Independence]], Navy minister [[Antoine de Sartine|Sartine]], his successor [[Charles Eugène Gabriel de La Croix|Castries]], and engineer [[Jean-Charles de Borda|Borda]] requested standard plans to standardise the production of [[18-pounder long gun|18-pounder]] frigates (equivalent to the British [[Fifth-rate]]), 74-gun ships of the line (equivalent to the British [[Third-rate]]), 80-gun [[two-decker]]s (without equivalent: similar to a [[Third-rate]], but longer than a [[Second-rate]] and with comparable firepower), and 118-gun [[three-decker]]s (equivalent to the British [[First-rate]]). Sané won three successive competiations: |
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The performance of his [[Ship of the line|ships of the line]] were almost comparable to those of a [[frigate]]. English shipyards of the time often copied the lines of French vessels which had been taken. |
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* in 1782, his [[Téméraire class ship of the line|''Téméraire'' class]] was selected for the 74-guns<ref>Debusscher, p. 36</ref> |
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* his [[Tonnant class ship of the line|''Tonnant'' class]] was later selected for the 80-guns<ref name=Jaquin51>Jaquin, p.51</ref> |
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In 1784, Sané had his only child, Amélie Fanny Gabrielle; she would later marry [[Aimé-Charles-Julien Delarue de la Gréardière|Captain Delarue de la Gréardière]], and die in December décembre 1812. |
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The masts were both thinner and higher, but also stronger than the 18th century designs. The aft sail plan on the mizzen had taken its definitive shape around 1780; [[Topgallant sail]]s were common, which allowed for varying the area of sail presented to the wind with more subtlety. This allowed to the ships to point further into the wind. The hull shape did not improve as much as sail design and the speed was not improved as much as became possible with later [[clipper]] hull designs which reduced [[leeway]]. |
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On 18 June 1787, Sané joined the [[Académie de Marine]].<ref name=Henwood>Henwood</ref> In April 1779, he arrived in [[Saint-Malo]] for the construction of [[Hébé-class frigate|''Hébé''-class]] [[French frigate Vénus (1782)|''Vénus'']], a 12-pounder 38-gun frigate. He furthermore drew the plans of the frigates [[French frigate Aigle (1782)|''Aigle'']], [[French frigate Cléopâtre (1781)|''Cléopâtre'']], [[French frigate Thisbé (1779)|''Thisbé'']] and [[French frigate Dryade (1783)|''Dryade'']].<ref name=Jaquin48 /> In 1789, he was promoted to sub-director of naval constructions. |
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In 1793, as director of Brest Harbour, he decided to [[Razee|raze]] the older ships [[French ship Diadème (1756)|''Brutus'']], [[French ship Pluton (1778)|''Pluton'']] and [[French ship Argonaute (1781)|''Argonaute'']].<ref name=Debusscher38>Debusscher, p. 38</ref> He was made a member of the [[French Academy of Sciences]] in 1796, and naval construction inspector on 7 July 1798, responsible for the coast of the Atlantic and of the English Channel; his duty comprised inspection of the harbours and selection of timbers from the forests in the [[Pyrenees]].<ref name=Jaquin53>Jaquin, p.53-54</ref> |
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The French navy of the time was organised around three ranks : |
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* The first with 118-gun three-deckers and 80-gun two-deckers |
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* The second with 74-gun two-deckers |
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* The third with 64-gun two-deckers |
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In 1800, Sané was made General inspector for naval engineering, an office he would retain until 1817. In 1807, Sané designed a type of [[corvette]] that remained in service until the end of the sailing navy.<ref name=Debusscher38 /> The same year, Napoléon required a collection of accurate ship models to document the French Navy; [[Denis Decrès]] tasked Sané with the project, known as the [[Trianon model collection]], for which 13 models were specially created and 6 others collected and upgraded.<ref>Hélène Tromparent-de Seynes, ''Jacques-Noël Sané, brillant ingénieur de la Marine'', p. 46.</ref><ref>[http://mnm.webmuseo.com/ws/musee-national-marine/app/collection/expo/5 Exposition virtuelle : La "Collection Trianon"]</ref> |
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Under Sané, 107 identical [[Seventy-four (ship)|74-gun ships of the line]] of the [[Téméraire class ship of the line|''Téméraire'' class]] were built, 35 80-gun and 9 118-gun of the [[Océan class ship of the line|''Océan'' class]]. The 118-gun ''Commerce-de-Marseille'', captured by the English, was said to "manoeuver like a frigate" in spite of her size. [http://perso.orange.fr/gerard.delacroix/118/plaquette-e.htm] |
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His plans for 18-pounder frigates were adopted in 1810; the same year, he was made a [[Nobility of the First French Empire|Baron of Empire]]. |
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Sané also designed numerous classes of smaller warships, including several designs of frigate, to which at least 143 were built. This included four classes of 18-pounder armed frigates (successively the 6-ship [[Hébé class frigate|''Hébé'']] (1782 design), 10-ship [[Virginie class frigate|''Virginie'']] (1793 design), 7-ship [[Hortense class frigate|''Hortense'']] (1801 design) and 54-ship [[Pallas class frigate (1808)|''Pallas'']] (1805 design) classes. |
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Under the Restauration, Sané was awarded the [[Order of Saint Michael]]. In 1820, aged 80, he was made president of the Construction comittee, although he never involved himself in the upcoming [[steamship]] revolution. The first steamer of the French Navy, [[French corvette Sphinx (1829)|''Sphinx'']], entered service in 1829. |
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== Achievements == |
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Sané died in Paris on 22 August 1831, aged 91. |
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<gallery> |
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Image:Achille mp3h9307.jpg|Scale model of the ''[[French ship Achille (1803)|Achille]]'', a typical French seventy-four of the beginning of the 19th century by Sané. |
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== Work == |
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File:Ocean class ship of the line.jpg|Scale model of the ''[[French ship Océan (1790)|Océan]]'', a 120-gun ship by Sané |
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Sané was responsible for |
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</gallery> |
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* 9 118-gun ships of the line of the ''Océan'' class |
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* 27 80-guns of the [[Tonnant-class ship of the line|''Tonnant'']] and [[Bucentaure-class ship of the line|''Bucentaure'']] classes |
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* 107 74-guns of the [[Annibal-class ship of the line|''Annibal'']] and [[Téméraire class ship of the line|''Téméraire'']] classes, between 1783 and as late as 1841 |
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* 65 18-pounder frigates of the [[Hébé-class frigate|''Hébé'']], [[Virginie-class frigate|''Virginie'']], [[Hortense-class frigate|''Hortense'']] and [[Pallas-class frigate (1808)|''Pallas'']] classes, built between 1781 and 1814. |
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== Legacy == |
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[[File:Sané-IMG 8768-black.jpg|thumb|Bust by [[Louis-Joseph Daumas]], on display at the [[Musée national de la Marine]] in Paris.]] |
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Three ships of the French Navy have been [[French ship Sané|named ''Sané'']] after Jacques-Noël Sané.<ref>Vichot</ref> The class of 2004 of the [[École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne]] was named in his honour. |
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== Sources and references == |
== Sources and references == |
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=== Sources === |
=== Sources === |
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* {{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title= |trans-title= |url= |language= |location= |publisher= |isbn= |access-date= }} |
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* {{cite book |last=Jaquin |first=Frédéric |date=2002 |title=Huit marins brestois, de l'Académie de marine à l'ordre de la libération |trans-title= |url= |language= |location= |publisher=Editions Verhest |isbn= |access-date= }} |
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* {{cite book |last=Gibouin |first=Eugène |date=1982-1983 |title=Un éminent ingénieur du Génie maritime, Jacques-Noël Sané 1740-1831, in Études d'histoire maritime |trans-title= |url= |language= |location= |publisher=Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, 107e-108e congrès national des sociétés savantes |isbn= |access-date= }} |
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* {{cite book |last=Debusscher |first=Guy |date=2005 |title=Jacques-Noël Sané - 1740-1831 : inspecteur général de Génie maritime |trans-title= |url= |language= |location= |publisher=Neptunia 238|isbn= |access-date= }} |
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* {{Citation |
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| last = Henwood |
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| first = Philippe |
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| year = 1987 |
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| title = La mer au siècle des encyclopédies, colloque international, Brest, 17-20 septembre 1984 |
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| chapter = L'Académie de marine à Brest au 18ème siècle |
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| series = Littérature des voyages |
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| publisher = Champion-Slatkine |
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| publication-place = Paris and Geneva |
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| page = 125-134 |
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| pages = 495 |
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}} |
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* {{Citation |
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| last = Vichot |
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| first = Jacques |
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| year = 1967 |
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| title = Répertoire des navires de guerre français |
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| chapter = L'Académie de marine à Brest au 18ème siècle |
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| series = Littérature des voyages |
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| publisher = Association des amis du Musée de la marine |
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| publication-place = Paris |
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| page = 126 |
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| pages = 148 |
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}} |
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Revision as of 10:41, 12 August 2015
Jacques-Noël Sané | |
|---|---|
 Lithograph portrait of Jacques-Nöel Sané by Julien Léopold Boilly. | |
| Born | Error: Invalid birth date for calculating age |
| Died | August 22, 1831 (aged 91) |
| Nationality | French |
| Occupation | Naval engineer |
| Notable work | Téméraire class Tonnant class |
Jacques-Noël Sané (Brest, 18 February 1740 — Paris, 22 August 1831) was a French naval engineer. He was the conceptor of standardised designs for ships of the line and frigates fielded by the French Navy in the 1780s, which served during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars and in some cases remained in service into the 1860s. Captured ships of his design were commissioned in the Royal Navy and even copied.
His achievements earned Sané the nickname of "naval Vauban"[notes 1]
Biography
Born in Brest in a family of sailors, Sané became a student engineer in 1758 and joined the naval construction academy in Paris in 1765, graduating On 1 October 1766 as an assistant engineer.[1] In 1767, he worked under Ollivier the Elder on naval ships, and with Antoine Choquet de Lindu on merchant ships. In 1769, he embarked on the fluyt Seine, bound for Martinique with four scows and a dredger of his design.[2]
Promoted to engineer in 1774, he designed the Annibal class 74-gun, comprising Annibal and Northumberland. He then worked on several 12-pounder frigates.[3][4] During the War of American Independence, Navy minister Sartine, his successor Castries, and engineer Borda requested standard plans to standardise the production of 18-pounder frigates (equivalent to the British Fifth-rate), 74-gun ships of the line (equivalent to the British Third-rate), 80-gun two-deckers (without equivalent: similar to a Third-rate, but longer than a Second-rate and with comparable firepower), and 118-gun three-deckers (equivalent to the British First-rate). Sané won three successive competiations:
- in 1782, his Téméraire class was selected for the 74-guns[5]
- in 1785, his [Océan class ship of the line|Océan class]] was selected for the 118-guns
- his Tonnant class was later selected for the 80-guns[6]
In 1784, Sané had his only child, Amélie Fanny Gabrielle; she would later marry Captain Delarue de la Gréardière, and die in December décembre 1812.
On 18 June 1787, Sané joined the Académie de Marine.[7] In April 1779, he arrived in Saint-Malo for the construction of Hébé-class Vénus, a 12-pounder 38-gun frigate. He furthermore drew the plans of the frigates Aigle, Cléopâtre, Thisbé and Dryade.[4] In 1789, he was promoted to sub-director of naval constructions.
In 1793, as director of Brest Harbour, he decided to raze the older ships Brutus, Pluton and Argonaute.[8] He was made a member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1796, and naval construction inspector on 7 July 1798, responsible for the coast of the Atlantic and of the English Channel; his duty comprised inspection of the harbours and selection of timbers from the forests in the Pyrenees.[9]
In 1800, Sané was made General inspector for naval engineering, an office he would retain until 1817. In 1807, Sané designed a type of corvette that remained in service until the end of the sailing navy.[8] The same year, Napoléon required a collection of accurate ship models to document the French Navy; Denis Decrès tasked Sané with the project, known as the Trianon model collection, for which 13 models were specially created and 6 others collected and upgraded.[10][11]
His plans for 18-pounder frigates were adopted in 1810; the same year, he was made a Baron of Empire.
Under the Restauration, Sané was awarded the Order of Saint Michael. In 1820, aged 80, he was made president of the Construction comittee, although he never involved himself in the upcoming steamship revolution. The first steamer of the French Navy, Sphinx, entered service in 1829.
Sané died in Paris on 22 August 1831, aged 91.
Work
Sané was responsible for
- 9 118-gun ships of the line of the Océan class
- 5 110-gun ships of the Commerce de Paris class
- 27 80-guns of the Tonnant and Bucentaure classes
- 107 74-guns of the Annibal and Téméraire classes, between 1783 and as late as 1841
- 65 18-pounder frigates of the Hébé, Virginie, Hortense and Pallas classes, built between 1781 and 1814.
Legacy
Three ships of the French Navy have been named Sané after Jacques-Noël Sané.[12] The class of 2004 of the École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne was named in his honour.
Sources and references
References
- ^ Jaquin, p.45
- ^ Jaquin, p.46
- ^ Gibouin, p. 217
- ^ a b Jaquin, p.48
- ^ Debusscher, p. 36
- ^ Jaquin, p.51
- ^ Henwood
- ^ a b Debusscher, p. 38
- ^ Jaquin, p.53-54
- ^ Hélène Tromparent-de Seynes, Jacques-Noël Sané, brillant ingénieur de la Marine, p. 46.
- ^ Exposition virtuelle : La "Collection Trianon"
- ^ Vichot
Sources
-
{{cite book}}: Empty citation (help) - Jaquin, Frédéric (2002). Huit marins brestois, de l'Académie de marine à l'ordre de la libération. Editions Verhest.
- Gibouin, Eugène (1982–1983). Un éminent ingénieur du Génie maritime, Jacques-Noël Sané 1740-1831, in Études d'histoire maritime. Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, 107e-108e congrès national des sociétés savantes.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date format (link) - Debusscher, Guy (2005). Jacques-Noël Sané - 1740-1831 : inspecteur général de Génie maritime. Neptunia 238.
- Henwood, Philippe (1987), "L'Académie de marine à Brest au 18ème siècle", La mer au siècle des encyclopédies, colloque international, Brest, 17-20 septembre 1984, Littérature des voyages, Paris and Geneva: Champion-Slatkine, p. 125-134
{{citation}}: More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help) - Vichot, Jacques (1967), "L'Académie de marine à Brest au 18ème siècle", Répertoire des navires de guerre français, Littérature des voyages, Paris: Association des amis du Musée de la marine, p. 126
{{citation}}: More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help)
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Cite error: There are <ref group=notes> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=notes}} template (see the help page).