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== Funding of climate change denial ==
== Funding of climate change denial ==


Toward the end of the 1980s, Exxon curtailed its own climate research and was a leader in [[climate change denial]].<ref name=icn20150916/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucsusa.org/news/press_release/ExxonMobil-GlobalWarming-tobacco.html |title= Scientists' Report Documents ExxonMobil’s Tobacco-like Disinformation Campaign on Global Warming Science |accessdate=April 24, 2009 |publisher=Union of Concerned Scientists}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://royalsociety.org/document.asp?tip=1&id=5851 |title= Royal Society and ExxonMobil |accessdate=April 24, 2009 |publisher=The Royal Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jul/08/exxon-climate-change-1981-climate-denier-funding |title=Exxon knew of climate change in 1981, email says – but it funded deniers for 27 more years |date=July 8, 2015 |accessdate=October 15, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |authorlink=Suzanne Goldenberg |first=Suzanne |last=Goldenberg}}</ref> Exxon helped to found and lead the [[Global Climate Coalition]] of businesses opposed to greenhouse gas emission regulation.<ref name=icn20150916/><ref name="ibt20151010"/> [[Lee Raymond]], Exxon and ExxonMobil [[chief executive officer]] from 1993 to 2006, was one of the most outspoken executives in the United States against regulation to curtail [[global warming]].<ref name="wsj20010829">{{cite news|first=Thaddeus |last=Herrick |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB999035936679805198 |title=Exxon CEO Lee Raymond's Stance On Global Warming Causes a Stir |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date= August 29, 2001}}</ref>
Toward the end of the 1980s, Exxon curtailed its own climate research and was a leader in [[climate change denial]].<ref name=icn20150916/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jul/08/exxon-climate-change-1981-climate-denier-funding |title=Exxon knew of climate change in 1981, email says – but it funded deniers for 27 more years |date=July 8, 2015 |accessdate=October 15, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |authorlink=Suzanne Goldenberg |first=Suzanne |last=Goldenberg}}</ref> Exxon helped to found and lead the [[Global Climate Coalition]] of businesses opposed to greenhouse gas emission regulation.<ref name=icn20150916/><ref name="ibt20151010"/> [[Lee Raymond]], Exxon and ExxonMobil [[chief executive officer]] from 1993 to 2006, was one of the most outspoken executives in the United States against regulation to curtail [[global warming]].<ref name="wsj20010829">{{cite news|first=Thaddeus |last=Herrick |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB999035936679805198 |title=Exxon CEO Lee Raymond's Stance On Global Warming Causes a Stir |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date= August 29, 2001}}</ref>


ExxonMobil funded organizations critical of the [[Kyoto Protocol]] and seeking to undermine public opinion about the scientific consensus that [[global warming]] is caused by the burning of [[fossil fuel]]s. According to ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones Magazine]]'', the company channeled at least $8,678,450 between the years 2000-2003 to forty different organizations that have employed disinformation campaigns including "skeptic propaganda masquerading as journalism" to influence opinion of the public and of political leaders about global warming.<ref name="Mooney">{{cite news |url=http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2005/05/some_like_it_hot.html |title=Some Like It Hot |magazine=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |date=May 2005 |accessdate=April 29, 2007 |first=Chris |last=Mooney |authorlink=Chris Mooney (journalist)}}</ref><ref name="motherjones.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2005/05/put-tiger-your-think-tank |title=Put a Tiger In Your Think Tank |date=May 2005 |magazine=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |accessdate=October 20, 2015}}</ref> According to ''[[The Guardian]]'', ExxonMobil has funded, among other groups, the [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]], [[George C. Marshall Institute]], [[Heartland Institute]], [[Congress on Racial Equality]], [[TechCentralStation.com]], and [[International Policy Network]].<ref name="guardian20060920">{{cite news |url=http://environment.guardian.co.uk/climatechange/story/0,,1876538,00.html |title=Royal Society Letter to Exxon |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=UK |date=September 20, 2006 |first=David |last= Adam |accessdate=October 22, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,6903,1361276,00.html |title=Claims by think-tank outrage eco-groups |work=The Guardian |location=UK |date=November 28, 2004 |first1=Antony |last1=Barnett |first2=Mark |last2=Townsend |accessdate=January 16, 2007 }}</ref>
ExxonMobil funded organizations critical of the [[Kyoto Protocol]] and seeking to undermine public opinion about the scientific consensus that [[global warming]] is caused by the burning of [[fossil fuel]]s. According to ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones Magazine]]'', the company channeled at least $8,678,450 between the years 2000-2003 to forty different organizations that have employed disinformation campaigns including "skeptic propaganda masquerading as journalism" to influence opinion of the public and of political leaders about global warming.<ref name="Mooney">{{cite news |url=http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2005/05/some_like_it_hot.html |title=Some Like It Hot |magazine=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |date=May 2005 |accessdate=April 29, 2007 |first=Chris |last=Mooney |authorlink=Chris Mooney (journalist)}}</ref><ref name="motherjones.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2005/05/put-tiger-your-think-tank |title=Put a Tiger In Your Think Tank |date=May 2005 |magazine=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |accessdate=October 20, 2015}}</ref> According to ''[[The Guardian]]'', ExxonMobil has funded, among other groups, the [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]], [[George C. Marshall Institute]], [[Heartland Institute]], [[Congress on Racial Equality]], [[TechCentralStation.com]], and [[International Policy Network]].<ref name="guardian20060920">{{cite news |url=http://environment.guardian.co.uk/climatechange/story/0,,1876538,00.html |title=Royal Society Letter to Exxon |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=UK |date=September 20, 2006 |first=David |last= Adam |accessdate=October 22, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,6903,1361276,00.html |title=Claims by think-tank outrage eco-groups |work=The Guardian |location=UK |date=November 28, 2004 |first1=Antony |last1=Barnett |first2=Mark |last2=Townsend |accessdate=January 16, 2007 }}</ref>

Revision as of 19:26, 26 January 2016

The Exxon Mobil climate change controversy describes ExxonMobil's activities related to climate change, including research, lobbying, grassroots lobbying, advertising, and grant making. Some activities were conducted with the purpose of delaying widespread acceptance and action on global warming.

From the late 1970s and through the 1980s, Exxon funded internal and university collaborations, broadly in line with the developing public scientific approach. After the 1980s, Exxon was a leader in climate change denial, opposing regulations to curtail global warming.[1][2] ExxonMobil funded organizations critical of the Kyoto Protocol and seeking to undermine public opinion about the scientific consensus that global warming is caused by the burning of fossil fuels. Exxon helped to found and lead the Global Climate Coalition of businesses opposed to the regulation of greenhouse gas emissions.[1][3]

In 2014, ExxonMobil publicly acknowledged climate change risks.[4] It nominally supports a carbon tax.[5]

From the late 1970s and through the 1980s, Exxon funded internal and university collaborations, broadly in line with the developing public scientific approach.[1][6]

In July 1977, long before global warming was a national issue, a senior company scientist from Exxon's Research & Engineering division warned company executives, at a meeting of Exxon's Management Committee in Exxon corporate headquarters, of the danger of atmospheric carbon dioxide increases from the burning of fossil fuels.[7][8] The next year, an internal memo summarizing a revised version of the presentation said that independent researchers estimated a doubling of carbon dioxide levels would increase average global temperatures by as much as 2 to 3 degrees Celsius.[1][8] Exxon launched a research program into climate change and climate modelling. Exxon outfitted their largest supertanker, the Esso Atlantic, with a laboratory and sensors to measure the absorption of carbon dioxide by the oceans, a critical factor in climate change. Exxon researchers and academic collaborators published peer reviewed research on climate change, and have continued to do so to date.[1][7][9] In 1981, Exxon shifted its research focus from sampling to climate modelling. Exxon's climate modelling efforts in the 1980s confirmed the emerging scientific consensus on the risks of global warming.[10]

ExxonMobil integrated climate change into its operational planning. In 1981, Exxon's in-house climate experts raised concerns regarding developing the offshore Natuna gas field off Indonesia, which is 70% carbon dioxide, the main contributor to climate change.[11][12][13] In 1984, Exxon's climate modellers reported that if the carbon dioxide in the Natuna gas field were released to the atmosphere in the course of extracting the field's natural gas, it would become "the world's largest point source emitter of CO2 and raises concern for the possible incremental impact of Natuna on the CO2 greenhouse problem."[14] In 1989, Exxon’s manager of science and strategy development made a presentation to the board of directors noting the scientific consensus that gases released by burning fossil fuels could raise global temperatures between 2.7 and 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit by the middle of the 21st century, raising sea levels “with generally negative consequences.”[15] In 1992, the senior ice researcher, leading a Calgary-based research team in Exxon’s Canadian subsidiary Imperial Oil, assessed how global warming could affect Exxon’s Arctic operations, and reported that exploration and development costs in the Beaufort Sea might be lower, while higher sea levels and rougher seas could threaten the company’s coastal and offshore infrastructure.[6][16]

Funding of climate change denial

Toward the end of the 1980s, Exxon curtailed its own climate research and was a leader in climate change denial.[1][17] Exxon helped to found and lead the Global Climate Coalition of businesses opposed to greenhouse gas emission regulation.[1][16] Lee Raymond, Exxon and ExxonMobil chief executive officer from 1993 to 2006, was one of the most outspoken executives in the United States against regulation to curtail global warming.[2]

ExxonMobil funded organizations critical of the Kyoto Protocol and seeking to undermine public opinion about the scientific consensus that global warming is caused by the burning of fossil fuels. According to Mother Jones Magazine, the company channeled at least $8,678,450 between the years 2000-2003 to forty different organizations that have employed disinformation campaigns including "skeptic propaganda masquerading as journalism" to influence opinion of the public and of political leaders about global warming.[18][19] According to The Guardian, ExxonMobil has funded, among other groups, the Competitive Enterprise Institute, George C. Marshall Institute, Heartland Institute, Congress on Racial Equality, TechCentralStation.com, and International Policy Network.[20][21]

Between 1998 and 2004, ExxonMobil granted $16 million to select advocacy organizations which disputed the impact of global warming, and that ExxonMobil used disinformation tactics similar to those used by the tobacco industry in its denials of the link between lung cancer and smoking, saying that the company used "many of the same organizations and personnel to cloud the scientific understanding of climate change and delay action on the issue", according to a 2007 analysis by the Union of Concerned Scientists.[22] Of 2005 grantees of ExxonMobil, 54 were found to have statements regarding climate change on their websites, of which 25 were consistent with the scientific consensus on climate change, while 39 "misrepresented the science of climate change by outright denial of the evidence," according to a 2006 letter from the the Royal Society to ExxonMobil. The Royal Society said ExxonMobil granted $2.9 million to US organizations which "misinformed the public about climate change through their websites."[23][24][9] According to Drexel University environmental sociologist Robert Brulle, ExxonMobil contributed about 4% of the total funding of what Brulle identifies as the "climate change counter-movement."[25]

In January 2007, ExxonMobil vice president for public affairs Kenneth Cohen said "we know enough now—or, society knows enough now—that the risk is serious and action should be taken". Cohen stated that, as of 2006, ExxonMobil had ceased funding of the Competitive Enterprise Institute and "'five or six' similar groups".[26] While the company did not publicly state which the other similar groups were, a May 2007 report by Greenpeace does list the five groups "at the heart of the climate change denial industry" it stopped funding as well as a list of 41 similar groups which are still receiving ExxonMobil funds.[27]

In May 2008, a week before their annual shareholder's meeting, ExxonMobil pledged in its annual corporate citizenship report that it would cut funding to "several public policy research groups whose position on climate change could divert attention" from the need to address climate change.[24][28] On July 1, 2009, The Guardian said that ExxonMobil continued to fund such organizations, including the National Center for Policy Analysis (NCPA) and the Heritage Foundation.[29] In December 2009 Mother Jones magazine said ExxonMobil was among the most vocal climate change deniers.[30][31] According to Brulle, by 2009 ExxonMobil had ceased funding the climate change counter-movement.[25]

Prior to 2014, ExxonMobil funded the work of solar physicist Wei-Hock "Willie" Soon, who said that most global warming is caused by solar variation.[32]

In February 2001, the early days of the administration of US President George W. Bush, ExxonMobil's head lobbyist in Washington wrote to the White House urging that "Clinton/Gore carry-overs with aggressive agendas" be kept out of "any decisional activities" on the US delegation to the working committees of the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, recommending their replacement by scientists highly critical of the prevailing scientific consensus on climate change.[9]

Between 2007 and 2015, ExxonMobil gave $1.87 million to Congressional climate change deniers and $454,000 to the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC). ExxonMobil denied funding climate denial.[33] ExxonMobil is a member of ALEC's “Enterprise Council“, its corporate leadership board.[34]

Stockholder activism and public acknowledgement of climate change

Beginning in 2004, the descendants of John D. Rockefeller, led mainly by his great-grandchildren, through letters, meetings, and shareholder resolutions, attempted to get ExxonMobil to acknowledge climate change, to abandon climate denial, and to shift towards clean energy.[35][36] In 2007, ExxonMobil for the first time disclosed to stockholders the financial risks to profitability of climate change.[3] On February 13, 2007, ExxonMobil CEO Rex W. Tillerson acknowledged that the planet was warming while carbon dioxide levels were increasing, "but in the same speech gave an unalloyed defense of the oil industry and predicted that hydrocarbons would dominate the world’s transportation as energy demand grows by an expected 40 percent by 2030. [Tillerson] stated that there is no significant alternative to oil in coming decades, and that ExxonMobil would continue to make petroleum and natural gas its primary products."[37][38]

In April 2014, ExxonMobil released a report publicly acknowledging climate change risk for the first time. ExxonMobil predicts that a rising global population, increasing living standards and increasing energy access will result in lower greenhouse gas emissions.[39]

In December 2015, following similar earlier announcements, Exxon noted that if carbon regulations became a requirement, the best approach would be a carbon tax.[5]

State and federal investigations

On October 14, 2015, Ted Lieu and Mark DeSaulnier, Democratic members of The United States House of Representatives from California, wrote to the United States Attorney General requesting an investigation into whether ExxonMobil violated any federal laws by "failing to disclose truthful information" about climate change.[40][41][42][43] On October 30, 2015, more than 40 leading US environmental and social justice organizations wrote to United States Attorney General Loretta Lynch requesting a federal investigation into Exxon Mobil deceiving the American public about the risks of climate change.[44]

The New York Attorney General is investigating whether ExxonMobil misled the public or stock holders regarding the impact of climate change.[45][46] The Martin Act in New York state law gives the state Attorney General broad powers to investigate financial fraud.[47]

Beginning in 2002, ExxonMobil has invested up to US$100m over a ten-year period to establish the Global Climate and Energy Project at Stanford University, which "would focus on technologies that could provide energy without adding to a buildup of greenhouse gases".[48][49]

Political influence on the IPCC has been documented by the release of a memo by ExxonMobil to the Bush administration, and its effects on the IPCC's leadership. The memo led to strong Bush administration lobbying, evidently at the behest of ExxonMobil, to oust Robert Watson, a climate scientist, from the IPCC chairmanship, and to have him replaced by Pachauri, who was seen at the time as more mild-mannered and industry-friendly.[50][51]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Banerjee, Neela; Song, Lisa; Hasemyer, David (September 16, 2015). "Exxon's Own Research Confirmed Fossil Fuels' Role in Global Warming Decades Ago". InsideClimate News. Retrieved October 14, 2015. Exxon helped to found and lead the Global Climate Coalition, an alliance of some of the world's largest companies seeking to halt government efforts to curb fossil fuel emissions.
  2. ^ a b Herrick, Thaddeus (August 29, 2001). "Exxon CEO Lee Raymond's Stance On Global Warming Causes a Stir". The Wall Street Journal.
  3. ^ a b Lieberman, Amy; Rust, Susanne (December 31, 2015). "Big Oil braced for global warming while it fought regulations". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  4. ^ "Exxon Mobil Acknowledges Climate Change Risk - You Read That Correctly". Investing.com. 1 April 2014. Retrieved 2016-01-15.
  5. ^ a b Hasemyer, David; Simison, Bob (2015-12-31). "Exxon's Support of a Tax on Carbon: Rhetoric or Reality?". InsideClimate News. Retrieved 2016-01-15.
  6. ^ a b Jerving, Sara; Jennings, Katie; Hirsch, Masako Melissa; Rust, Susanne (October 9, 2015). "What Exxon knew about the Earth's melting Arctic". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
  7. ^ a b Banerjee, Neela; Song, Lisa; Hasemyer, David (September 17, 2015). "Exxon Believed Deep Dive Into Climate Research Would Protect Its Business". InsideClimate News. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  8. ^ a b Breslow, Jason M. (September 16, 2015). "Investigation Finds Exxon Ignored Its Own Early Climate Change Warnings". Frontline. PBS. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
  9. ^ a b c Hasemyer, David; Cushman Jr., John H. (October 22, 2015). "Exxon: The Road Not Taken, Exxon Sowed Doubt about Climate Science for Decades by Stressing Uncertainty". InsideClimate News. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
  10. ^ Song, Lisa; Banerjee, Neela; Hasemyer, David (September 22, 2015). "Exxon Confirmed Global Warming Consensus in 1982 with In-House Climate Models". InsideClimate News. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  11. ^ Goldenberg, Suzanne (July 8, 2015). "Exxon knew of climate change in 1981, email says – but it funded deniers for 27 more years". The Guardian. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  12. ^ "Former Exxon Employee Says Company Considered Climate Risks as Early as 1981; New Report Finds that Despite Decades of Scientific Warnings, Fossil Fuel Companies Continued to Mislead Public, Policymakers". Cambridge, Massachusetts: Union of Concerned Scientists. July 8, 2015. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  13. ^ "A Range of Opinions on Climate Change at Exxon Mobil". New York Times. November 6, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  14. ^ Banerjee, Neela; Song, Lisa (October 8, 2015). "Exxon's Business Ambition Collided with Climate Change Under a Distant Sea". InsideClimate News. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  15. ^ Jennings, Katie; Grandoni, Dino; Rust, Susanne (October 23, 2015). "How Exxon went from leader to skeptic on climate change research". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  16. ^ a b Whitman, Elizabeth (October 10, 2015). "Exxon Arctic Drilling Benefitting From Global Warming: Oil Company Denied Climate Change Science While Factoring It Into Arctic Operations, Report Shows". International Business Times. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
  17. ^ Goldenberg, Suzanne (July 8, 2015). "Exxon knew of climate change in 1981, email says – but it funded deniers for 27 more years". The Guardian. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
  18. ^ Mooney, Chris (May 2005). "Some Like It Hot". Mother Jones. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
  19. ^ "Put a Tiger In Your Think Tank". Mother Jones. May 2005. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
  20. ^ Adam, David (September 20, 2006). "Royal Society Letter to Exxon". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
  21. ^ Barnett, Antony; Townsend, Mark (November 28, 2004). "Claims by think-tank outrage eco-groups". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved January 16, 2007.
  22. ^ "Smoke Mirrors & Hot Air" (PDF). Union of Concerned Scientists. February 2007. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
  23. ^ Ward, Bob (September 4, 2006). "Letter from Royal Society to ExxoMobil" (PDF). London: The Guardian. Royal Society. Retrieved October 18, 2006.
  24. ^ a b Adam, David (May 28, 2008). "Exxon to cut funding to climate change denial groups". The Guardian. London. Retrieved December 23, 2008.
  25. ^ a b "Robert Brulle: Inside the Climate Change "Countermovement"". Frontline. PBS. October 23, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2015. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  26. ^ "Exxon cuts ties to global warming skeptics". MSNBC. January 12, 2007. Retrieved May 9, 2007.
  27. ^ "Exxon still funding Climate Change Deniers" (Press release). Greenpeace. May 18, 2007. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  28. ^ Erman, Michael (May 23, 2008). "Exxon again cuts funds for climate change skeptics". Reuters. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
  29. ^ Adam, David (July 1, 2009). "ExxonMobil continuing to fund climate skeptic groups, records show". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
  30. ^ Harkinson, Josh (December 7, 2009). "The Deniers' Inconvenient Truthiness". Mother Jones. Retrieved December 21, 2015. Here's a guide to the dozen loudest components of the climate disinformation machine.
  31. ^ Harkinson, Josh (December 4, 2009). "The Dirty Dozen of Climate Change Denial". Mother Jones. Retrieved December 21, 2015. Meet the 12 loudest members of the chorus claiming that global warming is a joke and that CO2 emissions are actually good for you.
  32. ^ Justin Gillis; John Schwartz (February 21, 2015). "Deeper Ties to Corporate Cash for Doubtful Climate Researcher". New York Times. Retrieved 2015-02-21.
  33. ^ Goldenberg, Suzanne (July 15, 2015). "ExxonMobil gave millions to climate-denying lawmakers despite pledge". The Guardian. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
  34. ^ Frumhoff, Peter C.; Heede, Richard; Oreskes, Naomi (September 2015). "The climate responsibilities of industrial carbon producers". Climatic Change. 132 (2): 157–171. doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1472-5.
  35. ^ Foley, Stephen (October 23, 2011). "Rockefeller's descendants tell Exxon to face the reality of climate change". The Independent. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
  36. ^ Goldenberg, Suzanne (March 27, 2015). "Rockefeller family tried and failed to get ExxonMobil to accept climate change". The Guardian. London. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
  37. ^ Krauss, Clifford; Mouawad, Jad (February 14, 2007). "Exxon Chief Cautions Against Rapid Action to Cut Carbon Emissions". New York Times. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  38. ^ "Topics shift to the environment as oil executives meet in Texas". Los Angeles Times. February 14, 2007.
  39. ^ "Exxon Mobil Acknowledges Climate Change Risk - You Read That Correctly". Investing.com. 1 April 2014.
  40. ^ Phillis, Michael; Rust, Susanne. "Congressmen want probe of Exxon Mobil 'failing to disclose' climate change data". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
  41. ^ Goldenberg, Suzanne (October 16, 2015). "Exxon's climate change denial warrants federal inquiry, congressmen say". The Guardian. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
  42. ^ Hasemyer, David (October 16, 2015). "Two U.S. Representatives Seek Justice Department Inquiry into Exxon". InsideClimate News. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
  43. ^ McKibben, Bill (October 21, 2015). "Exxon Knew Everything There Was to Know About Climate Change by the Mid-1980s—and Denied It". The Nation. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
  44. ^ Gillis, Justin; Schwartz, John (October 30, 2015). "Exxon Mobil Accused of Misleading Public on Climate Change Risks". The New York Times. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  45. ^ Gillis, Justin; Kraussnov, Clifford (November 5, 2015). "Exxon Mobil Investigated for Possible Climate Change Lies by New York Attorney General". The New York Times. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  46. ^ Mooney, Chris (November 5, 2015). "New York is investigating Exxon Mobil for allegedly misleading the public about climate change". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  47. ^ Brumfiel, Geoff (November 6, 2015). "Did Exxon Mobil Lie To The Public About The Risks Of Climate Change?". Morning Edition. NPR. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  48. ^ Revkin, Andrew C. (November 21, 2002). "Exxon-Led Group Is Giving A Climate Grant to Stanford". New York Times. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  49. ^ Stanford GCEP project homepage. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
  50. ^ Pearce, Fred (19 April 2002). "Top climate scientist ousted". New Scientist. Retrieved 24 July 2007.
  51. ^ Borger, Julian (20 April 2002). "US and Oil Lobby Oust Climate Change Scientist". London: Guardian. Retrieved 24 July 2007.
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