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'''HMS ''Bellona''''' was one of two {{sclass-|Boadicea|cruiser|0}} [[scout cruiser]]s built for the [[Royal Navy]] in the first decade of the 20th century. She led the [[2nd Destroyer Flotilla]] from completion until 1912. During World War I, she was assigned to [[battleship]] [[squadron (naval)|squadron]]s of the [[Grand Fleet]]. She was present at, but did not fight in, the [[Battle of Jutland]] in mid-1916. The ship was converted into a [[minelayer]] in mid-1917 and made four [[sortie]]s to lay her [[naval mine|mines]] before the end of the war. ''Bellona'' was [[Ship decommissioning|paid off]] in 1919 and sold for [[ship breaking|scrap]] in 1921.
'''HMS ''Bellona''''' was one of two {{sclass-|Boadicea|cruiser|0}} [[scout cruiser]]s built for the [[Royal Navy]] in the first decade of the 20th century. The ship served as the [[flotilla leader]] for the [[2nd Destroyer Flotilla (United Kingdom)|2nd Destroyer Flotilla]] from her completion in 1910 until 1913 when she was transferred to the [[1st Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|1st Battle Squadron]]. ''Bellona'' spent the bulk of [[World War I]] with the [[squadron (naval)|squadron]]. She was present at, but did not fight in, the [[Battle of Jutland]] in mid-1916. The ship was converted into a [[minelayer]] in mid-1917 and made four [[sortie]]s to lay her [[naval mine|mines]] before the end of the war. ''Bellona'' was reduced to [[Reserve fleet|reserve]] in 1919 and sold to be [[ship breaking|broken up]] for scrap in 1921.


==Design and description==
==Design and description==
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[[Displacement (ship)|Displacing]] {{convert|3350|LT|t}}, the ship had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|405|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|41|ft|6|in|m|1}} and a deep [[draft (ship)|draught]] of {{convert|14|ft|m|1}}. She was powered by two sets of [[Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company|Parsons]] [[steam turbine]]s, each driving two shafts. The turbines produced a total of {{convert|18000|ihp|lk=in}}, using steam produced by 12 [[Yarrow boiler]]s that burned both [[fuel oil]] and coal, and gave a maximum speed of {{convert|25|kn}}. She carried a maximum of {{convert|780|LT|t}} of coal and {{convert|189|LT|t}} of [[fuel oil]].<ref name=f5>Friedman 2009, p. 295</ref> Her crew consisted of 317 officers and enlisted men.<ref name=gg0/>
[[Displacement (ship)|Displacing]] {{convert|3350|LT|t}}, the ship had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|405|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|41|ft|6|in|m|1}} and a deep [[draft (ship)|draught]] of {{convert|14|ft|m|1}}. She was powered by two sets of [[Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company|Parsons]] [[steam turbine]]s, each driving two shafts. The turbines produced a total of {{convert|18000|ihp|lk=in}}, using steam produced by 12 [[Yarrow boiler]]s that burned both [[fuel oil]] and coal, and gave a maximum speed of {{convert|25|kn}}. She carried a maximum of {{convert|780|LT|t}} of coal and {{convert|189|LT|t}} of [[fuel oil]].<ref name=f5>Friedman 2009, p. 295</ref> Her crew consisted of 317 officers and enlisted men.<ref name=gg0/>


Her main armament consisted of six [[List of British ordnance terms#BL|breech-loading (BL)]] [[BL 4 inch naval gun Mk VII|four-inch Mk VII guns]]. The forward pair of guns were mounted side by side on a platform on the [[forecastle]], the middle pair were [[amidships]], one on each broadside, and the two remaining guns were on the centreline of the quarterdeck, one ahead of the other.<ref name=gg0/> The guns fired their {{convert|31|lb|adj=on}} shells to a range of about {{convert|11400|yd}}.<ref>Friedman 2011, pp. 75–76</ref> Her secondary armament was four [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing (QF)]] [[Ordnance QF 3-pounder Vickers|three-pounder ({{convert|47|mm|in|abbr=on}}) Vickers Mk I gun]]s and two submerged [[British 21-inch torpedo|21-inch (533&nbsp;mm)]] [[torpedo tube]]s. During the war, four additional four-inch guns were added amidships to increase her firepower. A [[QF 3-inch 20 cwt|QF three-inch 20 cwt]]<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for [[hundredweight]], 20 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> anti-aircraft gun was also added. In 1918 it was replaced by a four-inch gun.<ref name=gg0/>
Her main armament consisted of six [[List of British ordnance terms#BL|breech-loading (BL)]] [[BL 4 inch naval gun Mk VII|four-inch (102&nbsp;mm) Mk VII guns]]. The forward pair of guns were mounted side by side on a platform on the [[forecastle]], the middle pair were [[amidships]], one on each broadside, and the two remaining guns were on the centreline of the quarterdeck, one ahead of the other.<ref name=gg0/> The guns fired their {{convert|31|lb|adj=on}} shells to a range of about {{convert|11400|yd}}.<ref>Friedman 2011, pp. 75–76</ref> Her secondary armament consisted of four [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing (QF)]] [[Ordnance QF 3-pounder Vickers|three-pounder ({{convert|47|mm|in|disp=flip}}) Vickers Mk I gun]]s and two submerged [[British 21-inch torpedo|21-inch (533&nbsp;mm)]] [[torpedo tube]]s. During the war, four additional four-inch guns were added amidships to increase her firepower. A [[QF 3-inch 20 cwt|QF three-inch (76&nbsp;mm) 20-cwt]]<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for [[hundredweight]], 20 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> [[anti-aircraft gun]] was also added. In 1918 it was replaced by a four-inch gun.<ref name=gg0/>


As a scout cruiser, the ship was only lightly protected to maximize her speed. She had a curved protective [[deck (ship)|deck]] that was {{convert|1|in|mm|0|spell=in}} thick on the slope and {{convert|0.5|in}} on the flat.<ref name=f5/> Her [[conning tower]] was protected by four inches of armour.<ref name=gg0/>
As a scout cruiser, the ship was only lightly protected to maximize her speed. She had a curved protective [[deck (ship)|deck]] that was {{convert|1|in|mm|0}} thick on the slope and {{convert|0.5|in}} on the flat.<ref name=f5/> Her [[conning tower]] was protected by four inches of armour.<ref name=gg0/>


==Construction and service==
==Construction and service==
''Bellona'', the sixth ship of that name,<ref name=c5/> was ordered as part of the 1907 Naval Programme and was [[laid down]] on No. 5 [[Slipway]] at [[Pembroke Royal Dockyard]] on 15 June 1908 by Mrs. Kingsford, wife of the [[Captain-Superintendent]] of the dockyard, [[Rear-Admiral (Royal Navy)|Rear-Admiral]] [[Henry Kingsford]]. The ship was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 20 March 1908 by Lady Leonora, wife of [[John Philipps, 1st Viscount St Davids|John Philips]], Baron St Davids.<ref>Phillips, pp. 291–92</ref> She was completed in February 1910 under the command of [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Edwyn Alexander-Sinclair]], commander of the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla. He was relieved by Captain The Honourable [[Hubert Brand]] on 7 February 1911. Captain [[Reginald Tyrwhitt]] replaced him on 10 August 1912.<ref name="dn">{{cite web|title=H.M.S. Blonde (1910)|url=http://www.dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/H.M.S._Bellona_%281909%29|website=www.dreadnoughtproject.org|publisher=The Dreadnought Project|accessdate=26 April 2016}}</ref> The ship had been transferred to the 1st Battle Squadron as of 18 June 1913<ref>{{cite web|title=The Navy List|url=https://ia700804.us.archive.org/30/items/navylistjul1913grea/navylistjul1913grea.pdf|website=National Library of Scotland|date=18 June 1913|publisher=[[His Majesty's Stationery Office]]|location=London|accessdate=31 March 2016|page=269}}</ref> and Captain [[Percy Royds]] assumed command on 5 July.<ref name=dn/>
''Bellona'', the sixth ship of that name,<ref name=c5/> was [[Keel|laid down]] at [[Pembroke Royal Dockyard]], on 5 June 1908 and [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 20 March 1908. She was completed in February 1910 and became the leader of the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla through 1912.<ref name=gg0/> She was assigned to the [[1st Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|1st Battle Squadron]] of the Grand Fleet in [[Scapa Flow]] at the start of the war.<ref>Corbett, Vol. I, p. 439; Vol. II, pp. 412, 417</ref> On 17 December 1914, ''Bellona'' collided with the [[destroyer leader]] {{HMS|Broke|1914|2}}. Although both ships were seriously damaged, no lives were lost.<ref name="JellI p180-1">Jellicoe 1919, pp. 180–181.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Gordon|title=June–December 1914|work= World War 1 at Sea - Royal Navy Vessels Lost and Damaged|publisher=Naval-History.net|year=2011|url=http://www.naval-history.net/WW1NavyBritishBVLSaRN1408.htm|accessdate=1 June 2014}}</ref>


She was still assigned to the 1st Battle Squadron of the Grand Fleet in [[Scapa Flow]] at the start of the war.<ref>Corbett, Vol. I, p. 439; Vol. II, pp. 412, 417</ref> On 17 December 1914, ''Bellona'' collided with the [[destroyer leader]] {{HMS|Broke|1914|2}}. Although both ships were seriously damaged, no lives were lost.<ref>Jellicoe, pp. 180–81</ref> Captain Arthur Dutton relieved Royds on 24 April 1916.<ref name=dn/> ''Bellona'' was at the [[Battle of Jutland]] but was assigned to a position at the rear of the squadron and did not fire her guns.<ref>Corbett, Vol. III, p. 345</ref> Royds was relieved in his turn by Captain Claud Sinclair on 28 August and was replaced by Captain Ernest Denison on 1 February 1917.<ref name=dn/> The ship was on detached duty by May<ref>{{cite web|title=Supplement to the Monthly Navy List Showing the Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officer's Commands, &c.|url=https://ia700709.us.archive.org/21/items/navylistapr1917grea/navylistapr1917grea.pdf|website=National Library of Scotland|publisher=Admiralty|date=May 1917|accessdate=1 April 2016|page=14}}</ref>, probably for her conversion to a [[minelayer]] the following month,<ref name=gg0/> and was briefly assigned to the 4th Battle Squadron by July<ref>{{cite web|title=Supplement to the Monthly Navy List Showing the Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officer's Commands, &c.|url=https://ia700709.us.archive.org/21/items/navylistjul1917grea/navylistjul1917grea.pdf|website=National Library of Scotland|publisher=Admiralty|date=July 1917|accessdate=1 April 2016|page=10}}</ref> before rejoining the 1st Battle Squadron in August.<ref name=dn/> ''Bellona''{{'}}s stay was destined to short-lived as the ship was transferred to the 2nd Battle Squadron by October.<ref>{{cite web|title=Supplement to the Monthly Navy List Showing the Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officer's Commands, &c.|url=https://ia700709.us.archive.org/21/items/navylistoct1917grea/navylistoct1917grea.pdf|website=National Library of Scotland|publisher=Admiralty|date=October 1917|accessdate=1 April 2016|page=10}}</ref> ''Bellona'' laid mines at the entrance to the [[Kattegat]] on the nights of 18/19 and 24/25 February 1918,<ref>Smith, pp. 32–37</ref> part of her total of 306 mines laid in four missions.<ref name=gg0/> Captain Theodore Bigg relieved Denison on 15 November.<ref name=dn/> After the war, the ship was relieved of her assignment with the 2nd Battle Squadron and assigned to [[HMNB Devonport|Devonport Dockyard]] in February 1919<ref>{{cite web|title=Supplement to the Monthly Navy List Showing the Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officer's Commands, &c.|url=https://ia700709.us.archive.org/21/items/navylistfeb1919grea/navylistfeb1919grea.pdf|website=National Library of Scotland|publisher=Admiralty|date=1 February 1919|accessdate=1 April 2016|page=20}}</ref> and placed in reserve there the following month.<ref>{{cite web|title=Supplement to the Monthly Navy List Showing the Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officer's Commands, &c.|url=https://ia700709.us.archive.org/21/items/navylistmar1919grea/navylistmar1919grea.pdf|website=National Library of Scotland|publisher=Admiralty|date=1 March 1919|accessdate=1 April 2016|page=20}}</ref> By 18 December, she had been listed for sale<ref>{{cite web|title=The Navy List|url=https://ia700804.us.archive.org/30/items/navylistjan1920grea/navylistjan1920grea.pdf|website=National Library of Scotland|date=18 December 1919|publisher=[[His Majesty's Stationery Office]]|location=London|accessdate=31 March 2016|page=1105}}</ref> and sold for scrap on 9 May 1921 to [[Thomas William Ward (industrialist)|T. W. Ward]] at [[Lelant]].<ref name=c5>Colledge, p. 37</ref>
''Bellona'' was at the [[Battle of Jutland]] but was assigned to a position at the rear of the squadron and did not fire her guns.<ref>Corbett, Vol. III, p. 345</ref> She was converted to a [[minelayer]] in June 1917 and laid 306 mines in four missions.<ref name=gg0/> After the war she was in 1919 and sold for scrap on 9 May 1921 to [[Thomas William Ward (industrialist)|T. W. Ward]] at [[Lelant]].<ref name=c5>Colledge, p. 37</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 81: Line 81:
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Gardiner|editor1-first=Robert|editor2-last=Gray|editor2-first=Randal|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906–1921|year=1984|location=Annapolis, Maryland|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=0-85177-245-5|lastauthoramp=y}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Gardiner|editor1-first=Robert|editor2-last=Gray|editor2-first=Randal|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906–1921|year=1984|location=Annapolis, Maryland|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=0-85177-245-5|lastauthoramp=y}}
*{{cite book|last=Jellicoe|first=John|title=The Grand Fleet 1914–1916: Its Creation, Development and Work|publisher=Cassell and Company|location=London|year=1919}}
*{{cite book|last=Jellicoe|first=John|title=The Grand Fleet 1914–1916: Its Creation, Development and Work|publisher=Cassell and Company|location=London|year=1919}}
*{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Peter C.|title=Into the Minefields: British Destroyer Minelaying 1916 - 1960|date=2005|publisher=Pen & Sword Maritime|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=1-84415-271-5}}


==External links==
==External links==

Revision as of 02:02, 29 April 2016

For other ships with the same name, see HMS Bellona.
History
United Kingdom
NameHMS Bellona
NamesakeBellona
BuilderPembroke Royal Dockyard
Laid down5 June 1908
Launched20 March 1909
CompletedFebruary 1910
Decommissioned1919
FateSold for scrap, 9 May 1921
General characteristics
Class and typeTemplate:Sclass- scout cruiser
Displacement3,350 long tons (3,400 t) (normal)
Length405 ft (123.4 m) (o/a)
Beam41 ft 6 in (12.6 m)
Draught14 ft (4.3 m)
Installed power
Propulsion
Speed25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph)
Complement317
Armament
Armour

HMS Bellona was one of two Template:Sclass- scout cruisers built for the Royal Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. The ship served as the flotilla leader for the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla from her completion in 1910 until 1913 when she was transferred to the 1st Battle Squadron. Bellona spent the bulk of World War I with the squadron. She was present at, but did not fight in, the Battle of Jutland in mid-1916. The ship was converted into a minelayer in mid-1917 and made four sorties to lay her mines before the end of the war. Bellona was reduced to reserve in 1919 and sold to be broken up for scrap in 1921.

Design and description

Designed to provide destroyer flotillas with a command ship, Bellona proved too slow in service from the start of her career. Her 25-knot (46 km/h; 29 mph) speed was barely capable of matching the speeds of the Template:Sclass2- destroyers she led in her flotilla in 1909 and proved inadequate to match the speed of later destroyers.[1]

Displacing 3,350 long tons (3,400 t), the ship had an overall length of 405 feet (123.4 m), a beam of 41 feet 6 inches (12.6 m) and a deep draught of 14 feet (4.3 m). She was powered by two sets of Parsons steam turbines, each driving two shafts. The turbines produced a total of 18,000 indicated horsepower (13,000 kW), using steam produced by 12 Yarrow boilers that burned both fuel oil and coal, and gave a maximum speed of 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph). She carried a maximum of 780 long tons (790 t) of coal and 189 long tons (192 t) of fuel oil.[2] Her crew consisted of 317 officers and enlisted men.[1]

Her main armament consisted of six breech-loading (BL) four-inch (102 mm) Mk VII guns. The forward pair of guns were mounted side by side on a platform on the forecastle, the middle pair were amidships, one on each broadside, and the two remaining guns were on the centreline of the quarterdeck, one ahead of the other.[1] The guns fired their 31-pound (14 kg) shells to a range of about 11,400 yards (10,400 m).[3] Her secondary armament consisted of four quick-firing (QF) three-pounder (1.9 inches (47 mm)) Vickers Mk I guns and two submerged 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes. During the war, four additional four-inch guns were added amidships to increase her firepower. A QF three-inch (76 mm) 20-cwt[Note 1] anti-aircraft gun was also added. In 1918 it was replaced by a four-inch gun.[1]

As a scout cruiser, the ship was only lightly protected to maximize her speed. She had a curved protective deck that was 1 inch (25 mm) thick on the slope and 0.5 inches (13 mm) on the flat.[2] Her conning tower was protected by four inches of armour.[1]

Construction and service

Bellona, the sixth ship of that name,[4] was ordered as part of the 1907 Naval Programme and was laid down on No. 5 Slipway at Pembroke Royal Dockyard on 15 June 1908 by Mrs. Kingsford, wife of the Captain-Superintendent of the dockyard, Rear-Admiral Henry Kingsford. The ship was launched on 20 March 1908 by Lady Leonora, wife of John Philips, Baron St Davids.[5] She was completed in February 1910 under the command of Captain Edwyn Alexander-Sinclair, commander of the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla. He was relieved by Captain The Honourable Hubert Brand on 7 February 1911. Captain Reginald Tyrwhitt replaced him on 10 August 1912.[6] The ship had been transferred to the 1st Battle Squadron as of 18 June 1913[7] and Captain Percy Royds assumed command on 5 July.[6]

She was still assigned to the 1st Battle Squadron of the Grand Fleet in Scapa Flow at the start of the war.[8] On 17 December 1914, Bellona collided with the destroyer leader Broke. Although both ships were seriously damaged, no lives were lost.[9] Captain Arthur Dutton relieved Royds on 24 April 1916.[6] Bellona was at the Battle of Jutland but was assigned to a position at the rear of the squadron and did not fire her guns.[10] Royds was relieved in his turn by Captain Claud Sinclair on 28 August and was replaced by Captain Ernest Denison on 1 February 1917.[6] The ship was on detached duty by May[11], probably for her conversion to a minelayer the following month,[1] and was briefly assigned to the 4th Battle Squadron by July[12] before rejoining the 1st Battle Squadron in August.[6] Bellona's stay was destined to short-lived as the ship was transferred to the 2nd Battle Squadron by October.[13] Bellona laid mines at the entrance to the Kattegat on the nights of 18/19 and 24/25 February 1918,[14] part of her total of 306 mines laid in four missions.[1] Captain Theodore Bigg relieved Denison on 15 November.[6] After the war, the ship was relieved of her assignment with the 2nd Battle Squadron and assigned to Devonport Dockyard in February 1919[15] and placed in reserve there the following month.[16] By 18 December, she had been listed for sale[17] and sold for scrap on 9 May 1921 to T. W. Ward at Lelant.[4]

Notes

  1. ^ "Cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 20 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.

Footnotes

Template:Research help

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Gardiner & Gray, p. 50
  2. ^ a b Friedman 2009, p. 295
  3. ^ Friedman 2011, pp. 75–76
  4. ^ a b Colledge, p. 37
  5. ^ Phillips, pp. 291–92
  6. ^ a b c d e f "H.M.S. Blonde (1910)". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. The Dreadnought Project. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  7. ^ "The Navy List" (PDF). National Library of Scotland. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. 18 June 1913. p. 269. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  8. ^ Corbett, Vol. I, p. 439; Vol. II, pp. 412, 417
  9. ^ Jellicoe, pp. 180–81
  10. ^ Corbett, Vol. III, p. 345
  11. ^ "Supplement to the Monthly Navy List Showing the Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officer's Commands, &c" (PDF). National Library of Scotland. Admiralty. May 1917. p. 14. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
  12. ^ "Supplement to the Monthly Navy List Showing the Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officer's Commands, &c" (PDF). National Library of Scotland. Admiralty. July 1917. p. 10. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
  13. ^ "Supplement to the Monthly Navy List Showing the Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officer's Commands, &c" (PDF). National Library of Scotland. Admiralty. October 1917. p. 10. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
  14. ^ Smith, pp. 32–37
  15. ^ "Supplement to the Monthly Navy List Showing the Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officer's Commands, &c" (PDF). National Library of Scotland. Admiralty. 1 February 1919. p. 20. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
  16. ^ "Supplement to the Monthly Navy List Showing the Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officer's Commands, &c" (PDF). National Library of Scotland. Admiralty. 1 March 1919. p. 20. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
  17. ^ "The Navy List" (PDF). National Library of Scotland. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. 18 December 1919. p. 1105. Retrieved 31 March 2016.

Bibliography

  • Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.
  • Corbett, Julian. Naval Operations to the Battle of the Falklands. History of the Great War: Based on Official Documents. Vol. I (2nd, reprint of the 1938 ed.). London and Nashville, Tennessee: Imperial War Museum and Battery Press. ISBN 0-89839-256-X.
  • Corbett, Julian (1997). Naval Operations. History of the Great War: Based on Official Documents. Vol. II (reprint of the 1929 second ed.). London and Nashille, Tennessee: Imperial War Museum in association with the Battery Press. ISBN 1-870423-74-7.
  • Corbett, Julian (1997). Naval Operations. History of the Great War: Based on Official Documents. Vol. III (reprint of the 1940 second ed.). London and Nashille, Tennessee: Imperial War Museum in association with the Battery Press. ISBN 1-870423-50-X.
  • Friedman, Norman (2009). British Destroyers From Earliest Days to the Second World War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-081-8.
  • Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.
  • Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1984). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  • Jellicoe, John (1919). The Grand Fleet 1914–1916: Its Creation, Development and Work. London: Cassell and Company.
  • Smith, Peter C. (2005). Into the Minefields: British Destroyer Minelaying 1916 - 1960. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Maritime. ISBN 1-84415-271-5.
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