Hu Yan: Difference between revisions
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When the army reached the border of Jin, Hu Yan made a great show of humility. He apologized for his faults while in Chong'er's service and, offering him a [[Bi (jade)|jade disk]], tendered his resignation. Poised to be the next duke of Jin, Chong'er threw the disk into the [[Yellow River]] and called upon it to witness that he would not forget those who had followed him in adversity.{{sfnp|Durrant & al.|2016|p=[https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=En_WDgAAQBAJ&pg=PR80 lxxx]}} [[Jie Zhitui]] was so disgusted by what he took to be presumption and insincerity on both sides that he withdrew silently from Chong'er's service. |
When the army reached the border of Jin, Hu Yan made a great show of humility. He apologized for his faults while in Chong'er's service and, offering him a [[Bi (jade)|jade disk]], tendered his resignation. Poised to be the next duke of Jin, Chong'er threw the disk into the [[Yellow River]] and called upon it to witness that he would not forget those who had followed him in adversity.{{sfnp|Durrant & al.|2016|p=[https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=En_WDgAAQBAJ&pg=PR80 lxxx]}} [[Jie Zhitui]] was so disgusted by what he took to be presumption and insincerity on both sides that he withdrew silently from Chong'er's service. |
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Hu Yan served Chong'er as a general in the Jin army.<ref name=theo/> In 635{{nbsp}}{{sc|bc}}, he led men from Jin in assisting the restoration of [[King Xiang of Zhou]] against the [[usurpation|usurper]] [[Shu Dai]] ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|叔|帶}}}}).<ref name=theo/> In 633{{nbsp}}{{sc|bc}}, he served as the assistant commander of the Central Army ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|中|軍|佐}}}}).{{efn|Other sources make him the lead general of the Upper Army ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|上|軍}}}}), with his brother Hu Mao as his lieutenant.<ref name=theo/>}} The next year, he was one of the leaders of the Jin contingent that secured [[Battle of Chengpu|a major victory]] over [[state of Chu|Chu]] at [[Chengpu]] ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|城濮}}}}) near present-day [[ |
Hu Yan served Chong'er as a general in the Jin army.<ref name=theo/> In 635{{nbsp}}{{sc|bc}}, he led men from Jin in assisting the restoration of [[King Xiang of Zhou]] against the [[usurpation|usurper]] [[Shu Dai]] ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|叔|帶}}}}).<ref name=theo/> In 633{{nbsp}}{{sc|bc}}, he served as the assistant commander of the Central Army ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|中|軍|佐}}}}).{{efn|Other sources make him the lead general of the Upper Army ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|上|軍}}}}), with his brother Hu Mao as his lieutenant.<ref name=theo/>}} The next year, he was one of the leaders of the Jin contingent that secured [[Battle of Chengpu|a major victory]] over [[state of Chu|Chu]] at [[Chengpu]] ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|城濮}}}}) near present-day [[Juancheng]], [[Shandong]].<ref name=theo/> Hu Yan was strongly supportive of the Jin position prior to the battle and even interpreted the [[Chong'er|Duke of Jin]]'s dream—in which the Duke of Chu bent him over and began sucking out his brains—as a favorable omen.{{sfnp|Durrant & al.|2017|p=[https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=En_WDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA417 417]}} |
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In 630{{nbsp}}{{sc|bc}}, he was one of the Jin representatives to the conference at [[Diquan]] ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|狄泉}}}}), near present-day [[Luoyang]] in [[Henan]], where Prince Hu ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|虎}}}}) tried to create a general alliance of the [[Zhou Kingdom]]'s [[ancient Chinese states|vassal states]] of [[state of Lu|Lu]], [[state of Song|Song]], [[state of Qi|Qi]], [[state of Chen|Chen]], [[state of Qin|Qin]], [[state of Cai|Cai]], and Jin.<ref name=theo/> |
In 630{{nbsp}}{{sc|bc}}, he was one of the Jin representatives to the conference at [[Diquan]] ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|狄泉}}}}), near present-day [[Luoyang]] in [[Henan]], where Prince Hu ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|虎}}}}) tried to create a general alliance of the [[Zhou Kingdom]]'s [[ancient Chinese states|vassal states]] of [[state of Lu|Lu]], [[state of Song|Song]], [[state of Qi|Qi]], [[state of Chen|Chen]], [[state of Qin|Qin]], [[state of Cai|Cai]], and Jin.<ref name=theo/> |
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Revision as of 20:22, 11 December 2017
| Hu Yan | |||||||||
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| Chinese | 狐偃 | ||||||||
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| Courtesy name | |||||||||
| Chinese | 子犯 | ||||||||
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| Other names | |||||||||
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| Jiu Ji | |||||||||
| Chinese | 臼季 咎季 | ||||||||
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| Jiu Fan | |||||||||
| Chinese | 舅犯 咎犯 | ||||||||
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| Sikong Jizi | |||||||||
| Chinese | 司空季子 | ||||||||
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Template:Chinese name Hu Yan (d. 622 BC) was a Di tribesman who served as a minister and general of Jin during the Spring and Autumn Period of Chinese history.
Names
Hu Yan is a Chinese name: Hu is the lineage name and Yan is the given name. His courtesy name was Zifan.[1] He is also called Jiu Ji, Jiu Fan, and Sikong Jizi.[1]
Life
Hu Yan was born into the leadership of one of the Di tribes who lived north of China during the Zhou. His father was Hu Tu (狐突), his brother Hu Mao (狐毛), and his sister Hu Ji (狐姬).[1] The family was closely tied to the branch of the Ji clan who ruled Jin in present-day Shanxi. Some sources even make the Hu descendants of Shu Yu and thus distant cousins of the dukes of Jin and the kings of Zhou.[1][2] Hu Tu served as the charioteer for the Jin prince Shensheng against the Red Di tribes (赤狄) of Gaoluo (皋落).[2] Hu Ji became one of the wives of Duke Xian of Jin. When the machinations of the concubine Li Ji led to the ritual suicide of Shensheng in 656 BC, Hu Tu retired from public service and ceased to leave his home. Hu Ji's son Chong'er replaced him as crown prince. Hu Yan was counted among his 5 Worthies (五賢).[3] When Li Ji successfully framed him for an attempted rebellion, he was compelled to flee from his seat in Pu to his mother's tribe in the north. Hu Yan either fled with him from his court at Pu or joined his retinue among the Di.
After the Jin minister Li Ke (里克) had Li Ji, her son, and her nephew killed in 651 BC, he offered the throne to Chong'er but was declined. Another of Chong'er's younger half-brothers, Prince Yiwu (later the "Hui Duke"), then took his place. Yiwu was captured in battle by Duke Mu of Qin; upon his liberation and return to Jin, he found that many of his ministers supported his replacement by his half-brother Chong'er. Yiwu then sent assassins against him in 644 BC, causing Chong'er and his followers to flee the Di[a] and wander among the courts of China. The Discourses of the States records that it was Hu Yan who convinced Chong'er that it was necessary to leave.[5] Hu Yan, Hu Mao,[2] Xian Zhen (先軫),[b] Jie Zhitui, Zhao Cui, Wei Chou (魏犨), and Jia Tuo (賈佗) were among those who traveled with him from the Di to Qi. Its civil war forced them to flee again, this time to Cao. They then visited Song, Zheng, and Chu, passing through other states as they went. After the duke disrespected Chong'er while he was passing through Wei, the prince was ready to beat a peasant who offered him a clod of dirt instead of food. Hu Yan supposedly intervened, kowtowed to the peasant, and loaded the dirt into his wagon, taking it as a portent that Jin would later take the peasant's territory Wulu (五鹿).[4][7]
Chong'er, Hu Yan, and the others were invited to Qin after Yiwu's death. There, Duke Mu supported their overthrow of Yiwu's son Yu (the "Huai Duke"). During Yu's brief period of rule, he attempted to force Hu Tu to compel his sons to return to Jin and cease supporting the cause of Chong'er. When Hu Tu refused, he was executed.[2][8]
When the army reached the border of Jin, Hu Yan made a great show of humility. He apologized for his faults while in Chong'er's service and, offering him a jade disk, tendered his resignation. Poised to be the next duke of Jin, Chong'er threw the disk into the Yellow River and called upon it to witness that he would not forget those who had followed him in adversity.[9] Jie Zhitui was so disgusted by what he took to be presumption and insincerity on both sides that he withdrew silently from Chong'er's service.
Hu Yan served Chong'er as a general in the Jin army.[1] In 635 BC, he led men from Jin in assisting the restoration of King Xiang of Zhou against the usurper Shu Dai (叔帶).[1] In 633 BC, he served as the assistant commander of the Central Army (中軍佐).[c] The next year, he was one of the leaders of the Jin contingent that secured a major victory over Chu at Chengpu (城濮) near present-day Juancheng, Shandong.[1] Hu Yan was strongly supportive of the Jin position prior to the battle and even interpreted the Duke of Jin's dream—in which the Duke of Chu bent him over and began sucking out his brains—as a favorable omen.[10]
In 630 BC, he was one of the Jin representatives to the conference at Diquan (狄泉), near present-day Luoyang in Henan, where Prince Hu (虎) tried to create a general alliance of the Zhou Kingdom's vassal states of Lu, Song, Qi, Chen, Qin, Cai, and Jin.[1]
He died in 622 BC.[1]
Notes
- ^ The commentary on Confucius's Spring and Autumn Annals traditionally credited to Zuo Qiuming states that Chong'er and his followers were among the Di for 12 years.[4]
- ^ Other sources state that Hu Mao and Xian Zhen formed part of the court of Ji Yu (later the "Huai Duke"), the son of Chong'er's brother Ji Yiwu (the "Hui Duke"). When Chong'er and his followers invaded Jin with a Qin army, Hu and Xian refused to obey orders to oppose them. Hu Yan then recommended his brother to Chong'er, who appointed him general of his Upper Army.[6]
- ^ Other sources make him the lead general of the Upper Army (上軍), with his brother Hu Mao as his lieutenant.[1]
References
Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Theobald (2012), "Hu Yan".
- ^ a b c d Theobald (2012), "Hu Tu".
- ^ Theobald (2012), "Jia Tuo".
- ^ a b Durrant & al. (2016), p. 365
- ^ "Discourses of Jin", Discourses of the States, vol. Vol. X, §337
{{citation}}:|volume=has extra text (help). Template:Zh icon - ^ Theobald (2012), "Hu Mao".
- ^ "Discourses of Jin", Discourses of the States, vol. Vol. X, §338–9
{{citation}}:|volume=has extra text (help). Template:Zh icon - ^ Durrant & al. (2016), p. 363.
- ^ Durrant & al. (2016), p. lxxx.
- ^ Durrant & al. (2017), p. 417.
Bibliography
- Durrant, Stephen W.; et al., eds. (2016), Zuo Tradition, Classics of Chinese Thought, Seattle: University of Washington Press, ISBN 978-0-295-9991
{{citation}}: Check|isbn=value: length (help). - Theobald, Ulrich (Nov 2012), China Knowledge, Tübingen
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).